4th year 2008-2009

‫
ا ا  ا‬

Gas Dynamics Courses

Tables
 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

1 – Gas Dynamics Tables:

M P/P0 T/T0 ρ/ρ0 A/A* (PA)/(P0A*) M P/P0 T/T0 ρ/ρ0 A/A* (PA)/(P0A*)
0.02 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999 28.9421 28.9334 0.57 0.8022 0.8544 0.9390 1.2263 0.9837
0.03 0.9994 0.9996 0.9998 19.3005 19.2889 0.58 0.7962 0.8498 0.9370 1.2130 0.9658
0.04 0.9989 0.9992 0.9997 14.4815 14.4656 0.59 0.7901 0.8451 0.9349 1.2003 0.9484
0.05 0.9983 0.9988 0.9995 11.5914 11.5717 0.60 0.7840 0.8405 0.9328 1.1882 0.9315
0.06 0.9975 0.9982 0.9993 9.6659 9.6417 0.61 0.7778 0.8357 0.9307 1.1767 0.9152
0.07 0.9966 0.9976 0.9990 8.2915 8.2633 0.62 0.7716 0.8310 0.9286 1.1656 0.8994
0.08 0.9955 0.9968 0.9987 7.2616 7.2289 0.63 0.7654 0.8262 0.9265 1.1552 0.8842

2.37 0.0717 0.1522 0.4709 2.3377 0.1676 2.92 0.0307 0.0831 0.3696 3.9238 0.1205
2.38 0.0706 0.1505 0.4688 2.3593 0.1666 2.93 0.0302 0.0822 0.3681 3.9614 0.1196
2.39 0.0695 0.1488 0.4668 2.3811 0.1655 2.94 0.0298 0.0813 0.3665 3.9993 0.1192
2.40 0.0684 0.1472 0.4647 2.4031 0.1644 2.95 0.0293 0.0804 0.3649 4.0376 0.1183
2.41 0.0673 0.1456 0.4626 2.4254 0.1632 2.96 0.0289 0.0796 0.3633 4.0763 0.1178
2.42 0.0663 0.1439 0.4606 2.4479 0.1623 2.97 0.0285 0.0787 0.3618 4.1153 0.1173

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4th year 2008-2009

‫
ا ا  ا‬

Gas Dynamics Courses

The Normal-Shock Wave

 ‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬

 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

1 - Introduction:
Up to this point we have considered only
continuous flows, flow systems in which state
changes occur continuously and thus whose
processes can easily be identified and plotted.
shock wave is the accumulation of many sound
waves when they “run into” each other and make a
large difference. they appear as discontinuities in
the flow. The transition in the shock is in a very
narrow width.
Its speed is larger than the speed of sound waves
Pressure variation is very large before & after the
shock

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

2 - SHOCK ANALYSIS:
Figure shows a normal shock in a section of varying
area. The control volume includes the shock region
and an infinitesimal amount of fluid on each side of the
shock. It is important to recognize that since the shock
wave is
so thin (about 10−6 m),
1. The area on both sides
of the shock are
considered to be the same.
2. Frictional effects may be
omitted.
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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

We begin by applying the basic concepts of continuity,

energy, and momentum under the following
assumptions:

Steady one-dimensional flow

Adiabatic δq = 0 or ds = 0

No shaft work

Neglect potential dz = 0

Constant area A1 = A2

Neglect wall shear

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Continuity
m˙ = ρAV = constant
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2
But since the area is constant,
ρ1V1 = ρ2V2 ……..(1)

Energy
For adiabatic and no work, we have

h01= h1+V21/2 = h2+V22/2 = h02 …….(2)

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Momentum
The x-component of the momentum equation for steady
one-dimensional flow is:
. .
∑F x = m (VOut − Vin ) = m (V2 − V1 )

Fx = (P1 − P2)A, as A is constant & m is given by (1), we

got
P1 + ρ1V21 = P2+ρ2V22 …….(3)

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Equation of state:
P = ρRT ……………(4)

Knowing the fluid and the conditions before the shock,

predict the conditions that would exist after the shock.

The unknown parameters are then four in number (ρ2,

P2, h2, V2),

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

From equations (1) & (4), the continuity equation can

be written as follows:

P1M1 /√T1 = P2M2 /√T2 ……………(5)

Since we are now restricted to a perfect gas for which
enthalpy is a function of temperature only, we can say
that :
T01 = T02
But as we have seen before

T0 k -1 2
= (λ ) where λ = 1 + M
T 2
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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

We have the energy equation across a normal shock wave.

 k -1 2   k -1 2  ……………….(6)
T1 1 + M1  = T2 1 + M2 
 2   2 
To obtain the pressure relationship, we use the momentum equation (3)
&the equation of state :

P1 (1 + kM ) = P (1 + kM )
……………….(7)
2 2
1 2 2

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Finally, we look after a relationship between M1 & M2.

From equations (6) & (7). They can be substituted in equation (5):
1/ 2
 k -1 2 
M1 (1 + kM )  1 + 2 M 2
2

=
2

M 2 (1 + kM1 )  1 + k -1 M 2
2

 
1
2
The solution of this equation is (1): M1 = M2 , Or (2)

 2 
M 12 +  
……………….(8)

M2 =
2  k -1 
2k
M 12 − 1
k -1
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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

The variation of equation (8) is shown in the next

figure

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Relation between P01 & P02 & change en S:

Let us now examine why the flow ahead of a normal
shock wave must be supersonic:
The entropy change is given by the second law of
thermodynamics:

T2 P2
s2 - s1 = C p ln − R ln ……………….(9)
T1 P1
Substituting the values of T1/T2 & P2/P1 from equ. (6) &
(7)

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

We will obtain a function of M1, it is represented

in the following figure, and it shows that the
entropy change across the normal shock is also
a function of M1 only.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

We see that

Since it is necessary that s2 - s1 > 0 (positive)

from the second law, M1 > 1.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Stagnation conditions:
We now examine how the stagnation conditions
change across a normal shock wave. For a perfect
gas, the energy equation given by:

P1 (1 + kM12 ) = P2 (1 + kM 22 )
Or P0 k
k -1 2
= (λ ) k −1 where λ = 1 + M
P 2

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

We get the stagnation pressures ratio between (1) &

(2)

(1 + kM )  λ2 
k
2
P02 k −1
k -1 2
= where λ = 1 +
1
  M
P01 (1 + kM 2 ) 1 
2
λ 2

and by using equations (5) & (6):

k +1
P02 M1  λ2  2( k −1)
k -1 2 ……(10)
=   where λ = 1 + M
P01 M 2  λ1  2

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

The Critical Area A*:

If we consider A is the area where the normal shock
wave, we have:
A
A2* A1*
= *
A A2
A1*
But we have seen before:

k+1
A 1  2λ  2(k-1) k -1 2
=   where λ = 1 + M
A M  k +1 
*
2

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Then,

k +1
A M1  λ2 
* 2( k −1)
k -1 2……….(11)
1
=   where λ = 1 + M
A M 2  λ1 
*
2 2

We see that equ. (10) is equ. (11) ie

……………(12)

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Ex: Air has a temperature and pressure of 300

K and 2 bar abs., respectively. It is flowing with
a velocity of 868 m/s and enters a normal
shock. Determine the density before and after
the shock.
Solution:
The density is given by :

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

The speed of sound =(1.4 x 287 x 300)1/2=347 m/s

M1 = 868/347 = 2.5
From the shock table we obtain (or equs.)

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

SHOCKS IN NOZZLES

The nozzle empties into a large vessel in
which the ambient static pressure is fixed at
pb. Shown in the following, are the pressure
distributions through the nozzle for ten
different back pressures.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

The top 4 pressure distributions shown in color (green)

produce subsonic flow throughout the whole nozzle.

The back pressure is not set low enough to produce
supersonic flow throughout the whole nozzle.

The pressure at the exit plane (pe) must match the
back pressure (pb).

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

pb = pe1 When the back pressure is lowered

slightly below the critical back pressure (the
pressure at which the flow becomes sonic at
the throat), the flow accelerates to supersonic
speeds but a normal shock soon appears
downstream of the nozzle throat. Because
the flow becomes subsonic after it passes
through the shock, the flow decelerates to the
nozzle exit. Along with abrupt slowing of the
speed comes an increase in pressure
thoughout the diverging part of the nozzle.
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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

pb = pe2 Now the back pressure is lowered

even further. The flow is still supersonic, but a
normal shock appears further down the
length of the nozzle. As required, the flow s
subsonic after the shock with a corresponding
increase in static pressure.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

pb = pe3 Depicted in this condition is the back

pressure that produces a normal shock
exactly at the nozzle exit plane. Again, the
flow becomes subsonic and consequently, pe
= p b.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

pb = pe4 At a certain back pressure, noted here

as pb = pe4, the flow is completely supersonic
throughout the diverging portion of the duct
without the appearance of a shock. In this
condition, the nozzle is said to be fully
expanded. This is the design condition.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

pb = pe5 Here the flow is supersonic at the

nozzle exit, but the back pressure is higher
than the exit pressure for fully expanded
flow. In this condition, the flow is said to be
under-expanded. In order to adjust to the
back pressure, the flow passes through a
series of oblique shocks (a shock at an
angle) outside of the nozzle. These oblique
shock cannot be analyzed with the one-
dimensional shock theory developed here
since they are two-dimensional.
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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

pb = pe6 Again, the flow is supersonic at the

nozzle exit, but the exit pressure is lower than
the back pressure. The nozzle is said to be
over-expanded because the nozzle pressure
has expanded beyond that required for fully
expanded flow.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

the behavior of shock waves can be summarized

as follows:
1. The upstream flow is supersonic, and the
downstream flow is subsonic.
2. For perfect gases only a compression shock can
exist.
3. The entropy increases across a shock with
consequent decreases in stagnation pressure and
stagnation density and an increase in the effective
sonic-throat area.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Example:
Air flows from a reservoir where p 300 kPa and T 500 K
through a throat to section 1 in Fig, where there is a
normal-shock wave. Compute (a) p1, (b) p2, (c) p02, (d)
A*2, (e) p03, (f) A*3, (g) p3, (h) T03, and (i) T3.

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Solution
The reservoir conditions are the stagnation properties,
which, for assumed one-dimensional adiabatic
frictionless flow, hold through the throat up to section 1
P01= 300 kPa , T01 500 K
A shock wave cannot exist unless M1 is supersonic;
therefore the flow must have accelerated through a
throat which is sonic
At = A*1 = 1 m2
We can now find the Mach number M1 from the known
isentropic area ratio

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

A1/A*1= 2/1 = 2.0

From tables
M1 =2.20
The pressure p1 follows from the isentropic
relation

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

The pressure p2 is now obtained from M1 and the

normal-shock relation or Table

In similar manner, for M1 = 2.20, p02/p01=0.628

and A*2/A*1=1.592 by equation, or from tables
for these values. Thus

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

The flow from section 2 to 3 is isentropic

Knowing A*3, we can now compute p3 by finding

M3

From tables M3= 0.330

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

The pressure p3 then follows from the isentropic

relation

The flow is adiabatic throughout the duct; thus

T01=T02=T03=500 K

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 The Normal-Shock Wave (  ‫) ا ا‬

Therefore, finally, from the adiabatic relation

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