Theory Questions

Design of Mechanical Systems

Module-I:
Q1. Draw flow chart for design methodology and explain with example ?

Design Methodology:

To prepare Specification List

Rough sketches of possible Mechanism

Block diagram/General layout for selected mechanism

Design individual components

Prepare Blue-print of design

Fig. Flow Chart of Design Methodology

Fig above shows the flowchart of Design Methodology. Following are the steps of Design
methodology

Step1: To prepare list of specification including the requirement of the products. These
requirements include output capacity of product, its service life, Cost, Reliability for some cases. It
may also include
To prepare Specification List
Rough sketches of possible Mechanism
Block diagram/General layout for selected mechanism
Design individual components
Prepare Blue-print of design
the dimensions and weights of the components. For example: In the design of Motor Bike, the list
of the specification will be
1. Fuel Consumption
2. Maximum Speed
3. Carrying Capacity
4. Overall Dimensions (Length, Width and Height)
5. Weight
6. Cost

Step 2: To prepare rough sketches of different possible mechanism. After carefully study of
requirements of the product, the designer prepare rough sketches of different possible
mechanism. For Example: In the design of punching and blanking, the following mechanism are
possible.
1. Mechanism involving crank and connecting rod mechanism, converting rotary motion of the
shaft into the translatery motion of the punch.
2. Mechanism involving nut and screw. It is simple and cheap configuration but having poor
efficiency.
3. Mechanism involving Hydraulic Cylinder, Piston and Valves which is costly but highly efficient.
All possible mechanism are compared with each other depending upon their cost competitiveness,
availability of raw materials and manufacturing facility and Best mechanism is selected.

Step 3: To prepare a Block diagram of general layout of selected configuration. For example the
layout of EOT crane will include following components.
1. Motor for the supply of power
2. Clutch to connect and disconnect the motor at the will of operator
3. Coupling to connecting main shaft and clutch shaft.
4. Gear Box to reduce speed from motor speed to required speed.
5. Rope Drum to convert rotary motion to translatery motion of the wire rope.
6. Rope, pulley system and Hook to attach the load.

Step 4. To design individual components which involve following steps.

1. Determine the forces acting on the components.
2. Select the material of the components, depending upon the functional requirement such as
strength, rigidity, hardness, wear resistance, fatigue resistance.
3. Determine the most likely mode of failure and depending upon it select the criteria of the failure
such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, fatigue strength and permissible deflection.
4. Determine the dimensions of the components by assuming suitable factor of safety and the
dimensions for the manufacturing facility.

Step 5: To prepare blue print of the design of assembly and components. The dimensions,
tolerances surface finish and manufacturing methods are specified on the drawing.

Q2.What is Morphology. Explain seven phases of morphology?

Morphology of design
Morphology of design implies step by step procedure involved in the phase of design process. The
flow chart for the morphology is as below.
Design process begin with the realization of unfulfilled need of the society and ends with satisfying
them. Feasibility study, Preliminary design and detailed design are the primary design phases and
remaining are phases in production consumption cycle.
1. Feasibility Study involves:
• Verifying current existence of need.
• Exploring design problem with constraints.
• Effort to seek number of feasible solution.
• Sorting of potential useful solution from feasible set.

Fig.Morphology of Design
2. Preliminary design involve:
• Formation of mathematical model.
• Sensitivity analysis, Compatibility analysis, Stability analysis.
• Formal optimization.
• Projection in future.
• Testing design concept and simplification.
(Methods like FEA, CFD are used for design analysis)

3. Detailed Design involves

• Exploration in the large scale come to an end.
• Simulation analysis may be tried.
• Components and partial prototype can be tested.

4. Planning for Manufacturing involves

• The decision to produce.
• Economic commitment and financial capabilities
• Business condition before arriving at a final decision.

5. Planning for Distribution involves

• Designing the packaging of the product.
• Planning warehouse system.
• Planning Promotional activities.

6. Planning for Consumption involves

• Design for maintenance.
• Design for reliability.
• Design for safety.
• Aesthetic feature and operational economy.
• Adequate duration of service.

7. Planning for Retirement

• Often goods are retired more frequently because of technical obsolescence than for physical
deterioration.
• Sometime it may be deliberate attempt from the industry so as to bring in new

Q3.What is Optimum Design and system concept in design ? Write optimum design
procedure for normal specification?
Optimum design is the process of selecting the best possible design satisfying certain criteria
among many feasible designs or adequate design.
In optimum design desirable effects are maximized and undesirable effects are minimized.
For Optimization minimizing parameters are cost, weight, size, stress, deflection etc. and
maximizing parameters are Power transmitting capacity, load carrying capacity, energy storing
capacity etc.
There are three design parameters:
1) Functional required parameter,
2) Material parameter and
3) Geometrical parameters.
For Optimum design, Johnson method is popular method. In this method Johnson suggested three
different equation.
1) Primary Design Equation (PDE): These are most important equations which takes care of cost,
weight and significant undesirable effect to be minimised.
2) Subsidiary Design Equation (SDE): These are other than primary design equations like stress
equation.
3) Limit Equation (LE): Ranges of certain parameters are expressed in Limit Equation.
There are three categories of optimum design 1) Normal Specification 2) Redundant Specification
and 3) Independent Specification.

System is a collection of various entities put together to get desired output.

There are many complex system, examples are missiles, space shuttle, human body, a group of
interacting mechanical and electrical components and many more.
For design and development of a system lot of issues need to take into accounts. System design
made systematic approach to reduce error or avoid accident.
In a complex system design life cycle approach is very important where design, development,
deployment, maintenance and disposal of the system are taken care.
A mechanical system consists of (i) a power source and actuators that generate forces and
movement, (ii) a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific
application of output forces and movement, and (iii) a controller with sensors that compares the
output to a performance goal and then directs the actuator input.
This can be seen in EOT crane, where the power is provided by motor to hoisting drum through
gear box and the rotation of the drum converted to linear movement of the rope and hence hoisting
load. Similarly Belt Conveyor system, Centrifugal pump, Gear pump, IC Engine and Gear Box system
are designed for desire output.

Optimum Design Procedure for Normal Specification

1. Selection of geometrical parameters.
2. Decide basis for optimum design.
3. Write Primary Design Equations (PDE).
4. Write all Subsidiary Design Equation (SDE) and Limit Equation (LE).
5. Classified all parameters from PDE, SDE and LE.
6. Combine SDE with PDE and eliminate common unspecified parameter.
7. Combined PDE with LE and eliminate common parameters.
8. Using PDE, find the material selection parameters.
9. Determine optimum values of eliminated parameters using original SDE.

Module -III
Q1. “Modern Hoisting and conveying machinery is at the heart of modern inline production
systems and transfer line” explain with example.

Material handling equipments play an important role in the manufacturing processes.

In manufacturing plants at every process the material is handled by crane till finished product
leaves a factory.
For pouring Raw materials into a furnace, for rolling hot metal to specific thickness, for tempering,
annealing and for storing purpose an overhead crane is used.
For lifting finished product and loading in truck or train an overhead crane is used.
Many industries including automobile uses an overhead crane to handle the steel, raw material
and finished product in the factory.
Small cranes, such as jib cranes handle lighter loads in a work area, such as CNC mill or saw. In the
refinement plants of metals like steel, copper, aluminum etc.
For regular maintenance in paper mills like removal of heavy press rolls and other equipment
bridge cranes are required.
For installing drying drums and other massive equipment, the bridge cranes are used.
Belt Conveyors are traction type conveyors and a powerful material handling tool.
Belt conveyor can be more economical than railways and automotive transport over a distance of
25km and even 100km when the tonnage to be hauled amounts to 25 million tons per year.
Using material handling systems is a good way to reduce the risks of musculoskeletal damage in
tasks or processes that involve manual handling, as they reduce the need for cyclic lifting and
carrying. They offer the opportunity to improve productivity, reduce product handling and
damage, and minimize labor content in a manufacturing or distribution facility.
Due to the above applications and advantages that modern conveying and hoisting mechanisms
offer it can be said that “Modern Hoisting and conveying machinery is at the heart of modern
inline production systems and transfer line”

Q2.Classify the wire ropes based on twisting of wires in a strand and state their specific use?
On the basis of twisting of wires in a strand, wires ropes can be divided into two types
Parallel lay or Lang Lay
Cross Lay or Regular lay
The lay of the rope refers to the manner in which the wires are helically laid into strands and strand
into the rope.

If the wires in the strand are

twisted in the same directions as
the strands, then the rope is called
a Lang’s lay rope.
In these ropes the same direction of twisting results in outer wires being bent on a larger arc of
circle. These ropes are less resistant to crushing and distortion.
They are likely to untwist unless both ends are permanently fastened.

If the wires in the strand are twisted in the opposite directions as the strands, then the rope is
called a Regular Lay rope.
The balance resulting from the opposite direction of twisting the strands of the wires is
advantageous.
These ropes have more stability
They have more resistance to crushing and distortion
There are lesser possibilities of kinking.

Q3.Give the basic constructional details of different types of ropes used in EOT crane. What
do you understand by 6x37 rope?
A rope is a group of yarns, plies, or strands that are twisted or braided together into a larger and
stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting, but are too
flexible to provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be used for pushing or similar
compressive applications. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string,
and twine. Ropes made from metal strands are called wire rope as shown in fig

Rope may be constructed of any long, stringy, fibrous material, but generally is constructed of
certain natural or synthetic fibres.
Initially separate wires are twisted to form the strands and strands are again twisted to form
rope.construction of ropes is indicated by two numbers, 6×7, 6×19, 6×37
where 6 for No. of strands and
7,19,37 for No. of wires in each strands.
More the number of wires in each strand, more the flexible the rope will be. If number of wire is
less the rope is stiffer.
6×7 > rope is made up of heavy wires and provides maximum resistance to wear and vibration.
6×19 > good compromise between flexibility and wear. It is most popular and widely used.
6×37 > Extra flexible are used where abrasion and wear are not very severe. Relatively sharp
bends can be tolerated.

The constructions of wire rope are shown in Figure above. The wire rope consists of a number of
strands, each strand comprising several steel wires. The number of wire in each strand is generally
7, 19 or 37, while the number of strands is usually six. The individual wires are first twisted into
the strand and then the strands are twisted around a fibre or steel core.

Q3.What are the advantages of multifall system in a hoisting mechanism?

The following shortcomings due to direct suspension of loads from the rope end or from employing
simple pulleys for a gain in force in hoisting system.
1. The rope parts in one plane and this may cause the load to sway
2. Large diameter of ropes and pulleys
3. The load being lifted moves in a horizontal direction because a rope coiling on a drum moves
along its length.
These shortcoming can be avoided, especially in the hoisting mechanisms of winches and cranes
with an electric drive, by using multiple pulley systems which raise the load in strictly vertical
direction and keep it more stable. A multiple pulley system is shown below

These systems carry the load with

twice as many parts as a similar pulley system
In crane design, always multiple pulley system are used. Multiple pulley system is also known as
multi-fall system.
It is done to get mechanical advantage and to reduce the load per strand of rope.
It enables us to use small cross-section of rope.
This in turn reduces the size of pulley and cost of pulley. So that for assembly we can go for light
weight construction.

Q4.What is the importance of Bend in rope design, also state the function of compensating
pulley?
Bend is considered as a point where there is relative motion between the rope and the pulley and
where rope either moves over the pulley or leaves the pulley.

A bend is considered as double bend where direction of pulley changes and rope undergoes
complete reversal of spaces.
Life of rope is always depends on number of bends. Hence select system with minimum number of
bends so that life can be increased.

In order to reduce the stresses in the rope it would be necessary to increase the diameter of pulley.
Hence as number of bends increases, 𝑫𝒑/𝑫𝒓 ratio increases.
Individual wire in loaded bend Rope experiences a complex stresses consisting of tension, bending,
twisting stresses combined with material compression and rubbing of the wires and strands. As a
result the total stress can be determined analytically only to a certain degree of approximation the
rope life is approximately inversely proportional to the number of bends.
One bend is assumed to mean the transition of the rope from its straight position to bent one or
from a bent position into a straight one. Reverse bending reduces the life approximately by one
half or it is equal to two single bends towards the same side.
Following figure show the bend measurement for two cases. 1. Bend toward same side, 2. Reverse
bend.

Compensating Pulley
Compensating pulley is located at the centre of the system and in normal course, compensating
pulleys do not rotate.
If for lifting purpose, the hook assembly is pulled on one side then only the compensating
pulley will rotate and adjust the length of rope. Sometimes for higher heights, the weight of the
ropes in the suspension will cause an imbalance on the driving mechanisms. The ropes over the
compensating pulley help in maintaining appropriate balance. Compensating pulley diameter can
be considered as 60percent of the movable pulley diameter.
Module-IV:
Q1. Draw neat sketch of belt conveyor assembly and explain the function of Snub pulley and
take up arrangement.

Snub pulleys
These are used to increase the angle of wrap of the belt and overall for all the necessary changes
in belt direction in the areas of counterweight tensioner, mobile unloader etc.
The choice of the optimum conveyor system and its project design and rationalization depends on
full knowledge of the construction characteristics and the forces involved that apply themselves
to all the system components.

Tension units/Take up arrangement

The force necessary to maintain the belt contact to the drive pulley is provided by a tension unit
which may be a screw type unit, a counterweight or a motorised winch unit.
The counterweight provides a constant tensional force to the belt independent of the conditions.
Its weight designed according to the minimum limits necessary to guarantee the belt pull and to
avoid unnecessary belt stretch.
The designed movement of the counterweight tension unit is derived from the elasticity of the belt
during its various phases of operation as a conveyor. The minimum movement of a tension unit
must not be less than 2% of the distance between the centres of the conveyor using textile woven
belts, or 0.5% of the conveyor using steel corded belts.
Main functions of take up are:
1. Ensuring adequate tension of the belt leavingthe drive pulley so as to avoid any slipping of the
belt.
2. Permanently ensuring adequate belt tension at the loading point and at any other point of the
conveyor to keep the troughed belt in shape and limit belt sag between carrying idler
3. compensating for operating belt length variation due to physical factors (instantaneous
tensions, permanent elongation, outside temperature, temperature of conveyed material,
dampness, etc.)
4. Making available, if needed, an adequate extra length of belt to enable re-joining without having
to add an extra piece of belt.

Types of Tension Take-up unit

Q2.Why cleaning of belt is necessary for belt conveyor. List down usual types of cleaners?
CLEANING DEVICES
Requirements:
It is necessary to clean the belt when snub pulleys or tandem drive pulleys make contact with the
dirty side of the belt on the return run. This is especially the case when handling materials which
are likely to pack on the belt, such as sticky and wet materials, or those that are likely to have damp,
greasy or oily patches which eventually rot the belt.
Types:
There are three main types of external automatic belt cleaners:
.

Where cleaning is of primary importance, two cleaners may be provided so that one can be
removed at any time for servicing. In any case, arrange pulleys at the discharge end to allow ample
room for cleaning equipment including dribble chute of flume. The blades of the spring type
cleaner shall engage the belt only where it is straight, never on a pulley. One cleaner shall generally
have at least 300 mm of straight belt, two cleaners not less than 750 mm.
It is sometimes necessary to use steel scrappers on the rims of snub pulleys. Tripper pulleys and
deflector pulleys that engage the carrying side of belt, in order to prevent accumulation of material,
may hurt the surface of the belt or cause it to run out of line. The blade shall be located so that the
scrapings can be disposed of.

Module-V
Q1.What are the materials used for the following IC engines components justify.
a.)Cylinder block b.) Crank shaft c.) Connecting rod d.) Gudgeon Pin

Cylinder block
A cylinder and cylinder head of a multi cylinder engine are cast as a one block known as cylinder
block. Therefor the preferred material for manufacturing a cylinder block is Cast iron.
Crank shaft
The crankshaft of a IC engine is subjected to alternating stresses both bending and torsion. Due to
which the crankshaft may fail by fatigue failure. Hence preferred material to manufacture a crank
shaft is mild steel, or alloy steel.
Connecting Rod
The connecting rod is under tremendous stress from the reciprocating load represented by the
piston, actually stretching and being compressed with every rotation, and the load increases to the
third power with increasing engine speed. Steel is normally used for construction of automobile
connecting rods because of its strength, durability, and lower cost
Gudgeon Pin
The Gudgeon pin of a IC engine is subjected to alternating bending stresses,Due to which the
crankshaft may fail by fatigue failure. Hence preferred material to manufacture a Gudgeon pin is
mild steel, or alloy steel.

Q2. Explain how the approach of Petrol engine design differs from Diesel Engine design ?
Petrol engine works on the Otto Cycle, whereas Diesel engine works on the Diesel cycle.

Otto Cycle (Petrol Engine) Diesel Cycle (Diesel Engine)

 As seen from the figure the maximum pressure developed in Petrol Engine is more than the
maximum pressure developed in a diesel engine. Therefore the cylinder of a Petrol Engine will be
thicker than that of the diesel engine.
In addition to this, In a petrol engine The fuel is ignited with the help of a spark plug therefore the
cylinder head of a petrol engine will have openings for the sparkplug in addition to the opening for
the inlet and exhaust valves.
In case of Diesel engines the fuel is sprayed at the end of compression stroke, therefore a diesel
engine will require a fuel spraying system.

Q3.What are different types of stresses induced in Liner. State the requirements of liner
material?
Stresses on Liners:
Basically two types of stresses occurs in case of liners
1. Mechanical stresses, 2. Thermal stresses
Mechanical stresses:
In super charged engines maximum firing pressure is about 90 to 100 bars and for non-super
charged it’s about 75-85 bar. This pressure produces following two types of stresses:
1. Circumferential (hoop) stress
2. Longitudinal stress
But hoop stress is twice than that of longitudinal stress so only hoop stress is to be considered.
Thermal stresses:
Resistance to heat flow through liner material produces temperature gradient across the liner
hence inner wall expands more relative to the outer wall. Thicker liner will increase the
temperature gradient and hence increasing the thermal stresses but thicker liner has good
resistance to mechanical stresses this is the reason why liner design becomes complex. Also liner
inner surface temperature must be sufficiently low to retain oil film and also high enough to avoid
acid dew.
Major requirements of liner material is as follows:
i. Strength to resist the gas pressure.
ii. Good wear resistance
iii. Strength to resist thermal stresses
iv. Corrosion resistance
v. Good Surface structure
vi. It should be symmetrical in shape to avoid unequal deflection and expansion
vii. No distortion of the inner surface.

Q4. Why Liners are used. Explain types of Liners?

A cylinder wall in an engine is under high temperature and high pressure, with the piston and
piston rings sliding at high speeds.
In particular, since longer service life is required of engines for trucks and buses, cast iron
cylinders that have excellent wear-resistant properties are only used for cylinder parts.
Also, with the recent trend of lighter engines, materials for engine blocks have been shifting from
cast iron to aluminum alloys.
However, as the sliding surface for the inner cylinder, the direct sliding motion of aluminum alloys
has drawbacks in deformation during operation and wear-resistance. For that reason, cast iron
cylinder liners are used in most cases.
There are two basic types of Liners
Dry Liner & Wet Liner
Incase of the dry liner the liner is not in contact with the water pockets for cooling purpose ,
Whereas incase of the wet liners the liner is directly in contact with the water pocket which
ensures better cooling. Fig below shows types of Liners

Q5.Write down the different types of Piston Rings and its function?
A ring groove is a recessed area located around the perimeter of the piston that is used to retain a
piston ring.
A piston ring is an expandable split ring used to provide a seal between the piston and the cylinder
wall.
Piston rings seal the combustion chamber, conduct heat from the piston to the cylinder wall, and
return oil to the crankcase. Piston ring size and configuration vary depending on engine design
and cylinder material.
Piston rings commonly used on small engines include the compression ring, wiper ring, and oil
ring. Fig below shows the type of Piston rings
The compression ring is the top or closest ring to combustion gases and is exposed to the greatest
amount of chemical corrosion and the highest operating temperature. The compression ring
transfers 70% of the combustion chamber heat from the piston to the cylinder wall.

The wiper ring, sometimes called the scraper ring, Napier ring, or back-up compression ring, is the
next ring away from the cylinder head on the piston. The wiper ring provides a consistent
thickness of oil film to lubricate the running surface of the compression ring

An oil ring includes two thin rails or running surfaces. Holes or slots cut into the radial center of
the ring allow the flow of excess oil back to the oil reservoir. Oil rings are commonly one piece,
incorporating all of these features

Module-VI
Q1.State the significance of specific speed and NPSH in design of Centrifugal Pump?
Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH
The Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH - can be defined as the difference between the Suction Head,
and the Liquids Vapour Head and can be expressed as,
NPSH = hs – hv
Available NPSH – NPSH a or NPSHA
The Net Positive Suction Head available from the application to the suction side of a pump is often
named NPSHa. The NPSHa can be estimated during the design and the construction of the system,
or determined experimentally by testing the actual physical system
Required NPSH - NPSHr or NPSHR
The NPSHr, called as the Net Suction Head as required by the pump in order to prevent cavitation
for safe and reliable operation of the pump. The required NPSHr for a particular pump is in general
determined experimentally by the pump manufacturer and a part of the documentation of the
pump.
Significance of NPSH
The available NPSHa of the system should always exceeded the required NPSHr of the pump to
avoid vaporization and cavitation of the impellers eye.
The available NPSHa should in general be significant higher than the required NPSHr to avoid that
head loss in the suction pipe and in the pump casing, local velocity accelerations and pressure
decreases, start boiling the fluid on the impellers surface.

Q2.What is water hammer in case of Centrifugal pump ? How to avoid it ?

Water hammer:
In a piping installation, energy necessary to move the water through the pipeline is achieved by
the pump. If a valve is suddenly closed at the end of the discharge line, the moving water column
is brought to a stop.
The kinetic energy given to the water column must be dissipated.
Since flow is stopped, the water column gets compressed, the pressure rises and some of the
kinetic energy is transformed to internal energy.
If the pressure rise in the pipe is sufficient it may rupture the pipe.
The pressure wave which started at the closed valve travels back upstream continuing its
dissipation of energy within the water and pipe wall. This will continue until the kinetic energy is
fully converted to internal energy.
When there is sudden power failure, the kinetic energy of the rotating parts of the pump becomes
so small that it cannot maintain flow against the discharge head. The pump speed reduces and the
flow through the pump reverses. The pump starts immediately behaving like a turbine.
The above phenomenon is perceived as s series of shocks sounding like hammer blows and known
as water hammer.
Protective measures against water hammer:
To reduce the effect of water hammer the rise in pressure has to be checked and that is possible
by reducing the flow velocity. The following means can help in accomplishing the reduction of
velocity.
1. Pipe systems designed with low velocity.
2. Automatically controlled quick closing valve.
3. Pressure relief valves.
4. Accumulators / surge tanks / air vessels.
5. Flywheels.
6. Automatically controlled bypasses.

Q3.How to select the types of blade in a centrifugal pump? Number of blades depend upon
which parameter
Blades
Blades of the impeller should have adequate mechanical strength it should have less fluidic
friction and shockless entry and exit .
There are three types of blades, 1. forward type 2. radial type and 3. backward types.

Forward type of blades are used for compressor and fans and its efficiency is 75% .
Radial types of blades are used for blowers and fan, its efficiency is 80 to 85% and
backward type blades are used for Centrifugal Pump its efficiency is 85 to 90%.
Theoretically the number of blades required are Infinity for preventing the back circulation flow
but increasing the number of blades frictional losses increases, so the compromisation between
two is required. Normally the number of blades are 2 to 3 for open type of impeller and 6 to 12 for
closed type of impeller .

Q4.Write down the difference between Gear pump and centrifugal pump ?
GEAR PUMPS CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
It is Positive displacement Pump. For every It is a rotodynamic pump and does not
revolution, it discharges constant quantity of necessarily deliver fixed quantity of liquid
liquid. in every revolution.
During working of pump, if the delivery valve is During working of centrifugal pump, if the
closed, the casing may burst as a result. Hence delivery valve is closed, No risk of
safety valves are provided in gear pumps. excessive pressure development.
This is Low discharge and high pressure pump. This is High discharge pump.
This pump is used for high viscosity liquid, may This pump is used for low viscosity fluids.
work with low viscosity fluid too.
Priming is not required as the pump will create Priming is required in Centrifugal Pump
negative pressure itself.

Q5.What are types of gear pump? Explain the working of any one Gear pump?
Gear pumps are of two types;
Internal Gear pump
It consist of internally meshing gear
External Gear pump
It consist of externally meshing gear
WORKING OF EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP:
The external gear pump consists of externally meshed two gears housed in a pump case as shown
in figure. One of the gears is coupled with a prime mover and is called as driving gear and another
is called as driven gear.
The rotating gear carries the fluid from the tank to the outlet pipe.
The suction side is towards the portion whereas the gear teeth come out of the mesh.
When the gears rotate, volume of the chamber expands leading to pressure drop below
atmospheric value. Therefore the vacuum is created and the fluid is pushed into the void due to
atmospheric pressure.
The fluid is trapped between housing and rotating teeth of the gears.
The discharge side of pump is towards the portion where the gear teeth run into the mesh and the
volume decreases between meshing teeth.
The pump has a positive internal seal against leakage; therefore, the fluid is forced into the outlet
port. The gear pumps are often equipped with the side wear plate to avoid the leakage. The
clearance between gear teeth and housing and between side plate and gear face is very important
and plays an important role in preventing leakage.
In general, the gap distance is less than 10 micro meters. The amount of fluid discharge is
determined by the number of gear teeth, the volume of fluid between each pair of teeth and the
speed of rotation

Q6.What is specific speed state its significance?

Specific speed
Specific speed is defined as the speed of rotation of a geometrically similar pump of such a size that
it ensure a delivery of 75 litres per second discharge at a height of 1 metre .
If Discharge Q, Speed N and Head H are known for the pump, specific speed for the pump is given
N Q
by N s 
H 3/4
Specific speed is not affected by the specific weight of the liquid being handled. Specific speed plays
important role in the selection of the pump.
By knowing the specific speed of the pump, the performance of the pump can be predicted.
Generally single stage centrifugal pump is design for the specific speed range 10 to 30.
For Ns < 10, Multistaging Centrifugal pump or Reciprocating pump is designed.