Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-

213)

Sr.
Title of Experiment LLO
#

Exploring digital logic trainer IDL-400 (digital logic kit), digital ICs and verification of the
1 1
truth tables of logic gates

2 Introduction to Multisim software and verification of the truth tables of basic logic gates 1

Implementing basic logic gates using universal logic gates (NAND & NOR) on IDL-400
3 1
digital logic kit and their truth table verification
Implementing basic logic gates through universal logic gates on Multisim software and their
4 1
truth table verification

5 Executing algebraic expressions on IDL-400 digital logic kit 1

6 Applying various algebraic expressions on Multisim software 1

7 Implementing complex expression through Multisim software 1

Simplifying complex expression through K-map and verifying the output on IDL-400 digital
8 1
logic kit and Multisim software

9 Executing 9’s complement circuit on IDL-400 digital logic kit & on Multisim software 1

10 Performing 10’s complement circuit on IDL-400 digital logic kit & on Multisim software 1

Implementing combinational code converter circuit on IDL400 digital logic kit and Multisim
11 1
software

12 Executing half and full adder circuit on IDL-400 logic kit & on Multisim software 1

13 Implementing half and full subtractor circuit on IDL-400 logic kit & on Multisim software 1R

14 Implementing encoder and decoder circuit on IDL-400 logic trainer & on Multisim software 1

15 Implementation of BCD-to-seven segment decoder through IDL-400 logic kit 1

Designed & Prepared by Mr. Zulqurnan Anjum (2023-BT-ELECT-01)

Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Sr.
Title of Experiment LLO
#

16 Applying Boolean function with multiplexers and de-multiplexers on IDL-400 1

17 Constructing, testing and investigating the operation of various latches and flip-flops using ICs 1

18 Implementing Binary counter and BCD counter using (IC#7493) 1

19 Implementing BCD counter with parallel load (IC#74160) 1

20 Executing BCD Up-Down Counter (IC#74190) 1

21 Implementing shift register with parallel load using IC 74195 1

22 Open Ended Lab/ BDTP 1

23 1

24 1

25 1

Designed & Prepared by Mr. Zulqurnan Anjum (2023-BT-ELECT-01)

Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Experiment No: 1
Exploring digital logic trainer IDL-400 (digital logic kit), digital ICs and verification of
the truth tables of logic gates.
Objective:
 To get familiar with the usage of the available lab equipment.
 To get familiar with Prototyping board (breadboard)
 To describe and verify the operation for the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,
XOR gates.
 To study the representation of these functions by truth tables, logic diagrams
and Boolean algebra
 To Introduce a basic knowledge in integrated circuit devices operation
 To practice how to build a simple digital circuit using ICs and other digital
components.
 Learn how to Wire a circuit

Apparatus/ Equipment Required:

 Prototyping board (breadboard)
 DC Power Supply 5V Battery
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 Digital ICs: 7404: Hex Inverter
7408: Quad 2 input AND
7432: Quad 2 input OR
7400: Quad 2 input NAND
7402: Quad 2 input NOR
7486: Quad 2 input EXOR
 Logic Probe
 Digital Logic Trainer IDL-400 Connecting Wires
Digital Logic Trainer IDL-400
IDL-400 Logic Trainer is a device which is used to study interaction of different logic and universal
gates.

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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“A”
Section A comprises of “POWER SWITCH” it is top left side of trainer. The function of this switch is to
use OFF or ON the power.

“B”
Section B comprises of “SHORT CIRCUIT INDICATOR”. The bulb of this section glows when the circuit
is short.

“C”
Section C consists of “8 BIT LED OUTPUT INDICATOR “. The bulb in this section glows when there is
logic 1 and remains off when there is logic 0.

“D”
Section D consists of “AND GATES”. It is a basic combinational logic device where all inputs must be
high for the output to be high.

“E”
Section E comprises of “OR GATES” It is a basic combination logic device where the output goes high
when any or two inputs will be high.

“F”
Section F consists of “NAND GATES”. It is a basic combinational logic device where all inputs must be
high for output to be low. A not and circuit. It is an inverted version of AND GATE.

“G”
Section G consists of “NOR GATES” it is a basic combinational logic device where all inputs must be low
for output to be high. A NOT OR circuit. It is an invert of OR. Its meaning No OR.

“H”
Section H consists of “XOR GATES” it is basic combinational logic device where an odd number of high
inputs generates a high output.

“I”
Section I consists of “NOT GATES” it is a basic combinational logic device where the output is always the
opposite from the input. It is also called an inverter.

“J”
Section J consists of “VOLTAGE SECTION” one port is of +5V, the other is for ground connection and
the third is of -5V.
Also, Section J consists of “VOLTAGE SECTION” one port is of +15V, the other is for ground connection
and the third is of -15V.

“L”
Section L consists of PULSE. It can be generator a pulse of 1 second, 0.1 second and 0.01 second.

“M”
Section M consists of DATA SWITCHES. There are four data switches in this trainer, and they have four
test point in their correspondence.
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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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“N”
Section N consists of “SOLDER LESS BREADBOARD OR PROTO BOARD” It is consisting of so many
holes.

Black Line on Proto Board

Black line shows that all the holes (test points) on below of this line are short circuit.

Red Line on Proto Board:

Red Line shows that all the holes (test points) above this line are short circuit.
Pin Diagrams:

Not Gate: IC 7404(HEX

Inverter)
14 Pin
Supply voltage :5V

AND Gate: IC 7408

14 Pin
Quad 2 input AND Gate
Supply voltage :5V

OR Gate: IC 7432
14 Pin
Quad 2 input OR Gate
Supply voltage :5V

NAND Gate: IC 7400

14 Pin
Quad 2 input NAND Gate
Supply voltage :5V

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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NOR Gate: IC 7402
14 Pin
Quad 2 input NOR Gate
Supply voltage :5V

EXOR Gate: IC 7486

14 Pin
Quad 2 input EXOR Gate
Supply voltage :5V

Theory:

A Digital Logic Gate is an electronic device that makes logical decisions based on the different
combinations of digital signals present on its inputs. Logic gates are blocks of digital circuits. Combinations
of logic gates form circuits designed with specific tasks in mind. They are fundamental to the design of
computers. Digital logic using transistors is often referred to as Transistor-Transistor Logic or TTL gates.
These gates are the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates.

AND Gate: A multi-input circuit in which the output is 1 only if all inputs are 1. The symbolic
representation of the AND gate is:

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if all its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used
to show the AND operation i.e. A.B.

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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OR gate: A multi-input circuit in which the output is 1 when any input is 1.
The symbolic representation of the OR gate is shown:

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high. A plus
(+) is used to show the OR operation.
NOT gate: The output is 0 when the input is 1, and the output is 1 when the
input is 0. The symbolic representation of an inverter is:

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output. It is also
known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known as NOT A. This is also
shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs.

NAND gate: AND followed by INVERT. It is also known as the universal gate. The symbolic
representation of the NAND gate is:

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all
NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the
output. The small circle represents inversion.

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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NOR gate: OR followed by inverter. It is also known as the universal gate. The symbolic representation
is:

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The output of all NOR gates
are low if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small
circle represents inversion.

EXOR gate: The output of the Exclusive –OR gate, is 0 when it’s two inputs are the same and its output
is 1 when its two inputs are different. It is also known as Anti-coincidence gate.

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but both of its two inputs are
high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to show the EOR operation.

Procedure:

1. Collect the components necessary to accomplish this experiment.

2. Plug the IC chip into the breadboard.
3. Connect the supply voltage and ground lines to the chips. PIN7 = Ground
and PIN14 = +5V.
4. According to the pin diagram of each IC mentioned above, wire only one
gate to verify its truth table.
5. Connect the inputs of the gate to the input switches of the LED.
6. Connect the output of the gate to the output LEDs.
7. Once all connections have been made, turn on the power switch of the
breadboard
8. Operate the switches and fill in the truth table (Write "1" if LED is ON and
"0" if LED is OFF Apply the various combination of inputs according to the truth table and observe the
condition of Output LEDs.
9. Repeat the above steps 1 to 5 for all the ICs.

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Observation Table:
LED ON (RED light): Logic 1
LED OFF (Green Light): Logic 0
Input variables: A, B
Output variable: Y
A B AND GATE OR GATE NOT GATE NAND GATE NOR GATE EXOR GATE
(A.B) (A+B) (A’) (A.B’) (A+B’) (A + B)

Table 1.1: verification of Logic Gates

Results and Analysis:

NOT Gate: When logic 1 is applied to one of NOT gate of 7404 IC, then output becomes zero. When
input LED is ON (RED), the output LED become OFF (Green) vice versa.

OR Gate: The output of an OR gate is A 1 if one or the other or both inputs are 1, but a 0 if both inputs
are 0. When one or the other or Both of the input LEDS are ON (RED Light), then output LED is
ON(RED) otherwise Output LED is OFF (Green Light)

AND Gate: The output of an AND gate is only 1 if both its inputs are 1. For all other possible inputs, the
output is 0. When the LEDS are On, then output LED is ON (RED Light) otherwise Output LED is OFF.

NOR Gate: The output of the NOR gate is A 1 if both inputs are 0 but A 0 if one or the other or both the
inputs are 1.

NAND Gate: The output of the NAND gate is A 0 if both inputs are 1 but A 1 if one or the other or both
the inputs are 0.

EXOR gate: The output of the XOR gate is A 1 if either but not both inputs are 1 and A 0 if the inputs
are both 0 and both 1.

Conclusion:

Designed & Prepared by Mr. Zulqurnan Anjum (2023-BT-ELECT-01)

Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Experiment No: 2
Introduction to Multisim software and verification of the truth tables of
basic logic gates.
Objective:
 Introduction of Multisim
 Implement basic gates on Multisim
Introduction of Multisim: Multisim is a powerful electronic circuit simulation software developed
by NI (National Instruments). It combines a user-friendly interface with advanced simulation capabilities,
making it a popular choice among engineers, educators, and students for designing, testing, and analyzing
electronic circuits.
Key Features:
Graphical Interface: Multisim offers an intuitive drag-and-drop interface that allows users to build
circuits visually. This makes it accessible for beginners while still providing depth for advanced users.

Comprehensive Component Library: The software includes a vast library of components,

ranging from basic resistors and capacitors to complex integrated circuits and microcontrollers. Users can
also create custom components.

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Mixed-Mode Simulation: Multisim supports both analog and digital simulations, enabling users to
analyze circuits in various operating conditions and scenarios.

Real-Time Simulation: Users can see how circuits behave in real time, which aids in understanding
and troubleshooting designs.
Integration with Other Tools: Multisim can be integrated with other NI products, such as lab view
and Ulti board, for further design and testing capabilities.
Educational Use: Many educational institutions use Multisim for teaching electronics concepts,
providing students with practical simulation experience.
Analysis Tools: The software includes tools for performing various analyses, such as DC and AC
analysis, transient analysis, and Fourier analysis, allowing for in-depth performance evaluation.
Applications:
Circuit Design: Engineers use Multisim to design and prototype electronic circuits before physical
implementation.
Education: It serves as an instructional tool in electronics and electrical engineering courses.
Research and Development: Multisim is utilized in R&D settings for testing and refining circuit
designs.
Implement basic gates on Multisim:
AND GATE: An AND gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction. It
outputs a true (1) only if all its inputs are true (1). If any input is false (0), the output will also be false (0).
AND GATE TABLE:
A B A.B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

AND GATE Using Multisim:

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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OR GATE: An OR gate is a basic digital logic gate that performs logical disjunction. It outputs a true
(1) if at least one of its inputs is true (1). The output will be false (0) only when all inputs are false (0).

OR GATE TABLE:

A B A+B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
OR GATE Using Multisim:

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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NOT GATE: A NOT gate, also known as an inverter, is a fundamental digital logic gate that performs
logical negation. It outputs the opposite value of its input: if the input is true (1), the output is false (0),
and vice versa.

NOT GATE TABLE:

A A’
0
1

NOT GATE Using Multisim:

NAND GATE: A NAND gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that performs a combination of an
AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It outputs false (0) only when all its inputs are true (1); otherwise, it
outputs true (1).

NAND GATE TABLE:

A B A.B’
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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NAND GATE Using Multisim:

EXOR GATE: An XOR (exclusive OR) gate is a digital logic gate that outputs true (1) only when the
number of true inputs is odd. For a two-input XOR gate, it outputs true when exactly one of the inputs is
true.
EXOR GATE TABLE:
A B A+B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

EXOR GATE Using Multisim:

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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NOR GATE: A NOR gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that performs logical disjunction
followed by negation. It outputs true (1) only when all its inputs are false (0); otherwise, it outputs false
(0).
NOR GATE TABLE:
A B (A+B)’
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

NOR GATE Using Multisim:

Conclusion:

Designed & Prepared by Mr. Zulqurnan Anjum (2023-BT-ELECT-01)

Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Experiment No: 3
Implementing basic logic gates using universal logic gates (NAND & NOR) on IDL-
400 digital logic kit and their truth table verification.
Objective:
 To learn about the Universal gates - NAND and NOR.
 To implement NOT, AND, and OR gates using NAND gates only.
 To implement NOT, AND, and OR gates using NOR gates only.
 Equivalent gates.
 Two-level digital circuit implementations using universal gates only.
 Two-level digital circuit implementations using other gates.

Apparatus Required:
 Prototyping board (breadboard)
 DC Power Supply 5V Battery
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 Digital ICs: 7400: Quad 2 input NAND
7402: Quad 2 input NOR
 Logic Probe
 Digital Logic Trainer IDL-400

Pin Diagram:

NAND Gate: IC 7400

14 Pin
Quad 2 input NAND Gate
Supply voltage :5V

NOR Gate: IC 7402

14 Pin
Quad 2 input NOR Gate
Supply voltage :5V

Fig 2.1: Pin diagrams of NAND & NOR gates

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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NAND Gate:
The NAND gate represents the complement of the AND operation. Its name is an abbreviation of NOT
AND.
The graphic symbol for the NAND gate consists of an AND symbol with a bubble on the output, denoting
that a complement operation is performed on the output of the AND gate.
The graphic symbol and the truth table of NAND gate are shown in the figure below,

Fig 2.2: Graphic symbol & Truth Table of NAND gate

The truth table clearly shows that the NAND operation is the complement of the AND.
NOR Gate:
The NOR gate represents the complement of the OR operation. Its name is an abbreviation of NOT OR.
The graphic symbol for the NOR gate consists of an OR symbol with a bubble on the output, denoting
that a complement operation is performed on the output of the OR gate. The graphic symbol and the truth
table of NOR gate are shown in the figure below,

Fig 2.3: Graphic symbol & Truth Table of NOR gate

The truth table clearly shows that the NOR operation is the complement of the OR.
Universal Gates:
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without needing to use any other
gate type.
The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and
are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.
In fact, an AND gate is typically implemented as a NAND gate followed by an inverter not the other way

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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around!!
Likewise, an OR gate is typically implemented as a NOR gate followed by an inverter not the other way
around!!
Procedure:
NAND Gate is a Universal Gate:
To prove that any Boolean function can be implemented using only NAND gates, we will show that the
AND, OR, and NOT operations can be performed using only these gates.
Implementing an Inverter Using only NAND Gate
The figure shows two ways in which a NAND gate can be used as an inverter (NOT gate).
1. All NAND input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’.
2. One NAND input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other input pins are connected to
logic 1. The output will be A’.

Fig 2.4: NOT gate Implementation using NAND gate

Implementing AND using only NAND Gates
An AND gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The AND is replaced by a NAND
gate with its output complemented by a NAND gate inverter).

Fig 2.5: AND gate Implementation using NAND gate

Implementing OR using only NAND Gates

An OR gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The OR gate is replaced by a NAND
gate with all its inputs complemented by NAND gate inverters).

Fig 2.6: OR gate Implementation using NAND gate

Thus, the NAND gate is a universal gate since it can implement the AND, OR and NOT functions.

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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NOR Gate is a Universal Gate:
To prove that any Boolean function can be implemented using only NOR gates, we will show that the
AND, OR, and NOT operations can be performed using only these gates.
Implementing an Inverter Using only NOR Gate:
The figure shows two ways in which a NOR gate can be used as an inverter (NOT gate).
1. All NOR input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’.
2. One NOR input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other input pins are connected to logic
0. The output will be A’.

Fig 2.7: NOT gate implementation using NOR Gate

Implementing OR Using only NOR Gates

An OR gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The OR is replaced by a NOR gate
with its output complemented by a NOR gate inverter).

Fig 2.9: OR gate implementation using NOR gate

Implementing AND Using only NOR Gates

An AND gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The AND gate is replaced by a NOR
gate with all its inputs complemented by NOR gate inverters).

Fig 2.10: AND gate implementation using NOR gate

Thus, the NOR gate is a universal gate since it can implement the AND, OR and NOT functions.

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Equivalent Gates:
The figure shown summarizes important cases of gate equivalence. Note that bubbles indicate a
complement operation (inverter).
A NAND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input OR gate.

Fig 2.11: Equivalent circuit of NAND gate

An AND gate is equivalent to an inverted input NOR gate.

Fig 2.12: Equivalent circuit of AND gate.

A NOR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input AND gate.

Fig 2.13: Equivalent circuit of NOR gate.

An OR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input NAND gate.

Fig 2.14: Equivalent circuit of OR gate

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Logic Circuits and Applications (ELT-
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Two Level Implementations:
We have seen before that Boolean functions in either SOP or POS forms can be implemented using 2-
Level implementations.
For SOP forms AND gates will be on the first level and a single OR gate will be on the second level.
For POS forms OR gates will be on the first level and a single AND gate will be on the second level.
Note that using inverters to complement input variables is not counted as a level.
Conclusion:

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