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Lecture No. 01 - Types of Structures and Loads

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16 views14 pages

Lecture No. 01 - Types of Structures and Loads

Uploaded by

Usman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING


THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I (TOS-I)
CIV-2441

Lecture No. 01: TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS

Engr. Israr ul Haq


Assistant Professor

Date: May 10, 2020


Classification of Structures

Structural Elements

• Tie Rods

Structural members subjected to a tensile force


are often referred to as tie rods or bracing struts.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 3
Classification of Structures

Structural Elements

• Beams

Beams are usually straight horizontal members


used primarily to carry vertical loads. Beams are
primarily designed to resist bending moment;
however, if they are short and carry large loads,
the internal shear force may become quite large
and this force may govern their design.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 4
Classification of Structures

Structural Elements

• Columns
Members that are generally vertical and resist
axial compressive loads are referred to as
columns

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 5
Classification of Structures

Types of Structures

• Trusses
When the span of a structure is required to be large
and its depth is not an important criterion for design,
a truss may be selected. Trusses consist of slender
elements, usually arranged in triangular fashion.
Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in
the same plane and are frequently used for bridge
and roof support, whereas space trusses have
members extending in three dimensions and are
suitable for derricks and towers.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 6
Classification of Structures

Types of Structures

• Cables and Arches

Cables support their loads in tension

Arches support their loads in compression

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 7
Classification of Structures

Types of Structures

• Frames
Frame members are subjected to internal axial,
shear, and moment loadings

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 8
Classification of Structures

Types of Structures

• Surface Structures
The roof of the “Georgia Dome” in Atlanta,
Georgia can be considered as a thin membrane

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 9
Loads

Dead Loads Live Loads

Dead loads consist of the weights of the various Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude
structural members and the weights of any and location. They may be caused by the
objects that are permanently attached to the weights of objects temporarily placed on a
structure. Hence, for a building, the dead loads structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
include the weights of the columns, beams, and
girders, the floor slab, roofing, walls, windows,
plumbing, electrical fixtures, and other
miscellaneous attachments.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 10
Loads

Building Loads Highway Bridge Loads

The floors of buildings are assumed to be The primary live loads on bridge spans are
subjected to uniform live loads, which depend on those due to traffic, and the heaviest vehicle
the purpose for which the building is designed. loading encountered is that caused by a
series of trucks.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 11
Loads

Railroad Bridge Loads Impact Loads

Since train loadings involve a complicated series Moving vehicles may bounce or sidesway as
of concentrated forces, to simplify hand they move over a bridge, and therefore they
calculations, tables and graphs are sometimes impart an impact to the deck. The percentage
used in conjunction with influence lines to obtain increase of the live loads due to impact is
the critical load. Also, computer programs are called the impact factor, I.
used for this purpose.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 12
Loads
Other Examples of Live Load are;

Wind Loads

Snow Loads

Earthquake Loads

Hydrostatic Load and Soil Pressure

Effect of Blast

Temperature Changes

Differential Settlement of Foundation


THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I 13
THANKS

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