VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants 1st Edition Prakasam Tata download pdf
VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants 1st Edition Prakasam Tata download pdf
VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants 1st Edition Prakasam Tata download pdf
https://ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/voc-emissions-from-
wastewater-treatment-plants-1st-edition-prakasam-
tata/
https://ebookgate.com/product/safe-work-practices-for-wastewater-
treatment-plants-third-edition-spellman/
ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/biological-wastewater-treatment-third-
edition-daigger/
ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/industrial-wastewater-treatment-1st-
edition-ng-wun-jern/
ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/upgrading-water-treatment-plants-1st-
edition-renato-pinheiro/
ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/wastewater-treatment-advanced-processes-
and-technologies-1st-edition-d-g-rao-editor/
ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/co2-emissions-from-fuel-
combustion-2014-edition-edition-oecd/
ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/co2-emissions-from-fuel-
combustion-2013-ed-edition-oecd/
ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/food-and-agricultural-wastewater-
utilization-and-treatment-2nd-edition-sean-x-liu/
ebookgate.com
VOC Emissions
from
Wastewater
Treatment Plants
Characterization, Control,
and Compliance
TX68209_frame_fm Page 2 Thursday, February 27, 2003 3:22 PM
VOC Emissions
from
Wastewater
Treatment Plants
Characterization, Control,
and Compliance
Edited by
Prakasam Tata
Jay Witherspoon
Cecil Lue-Hing
LEWIS PUBLISHERS
A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
TX68209_frame_fm Page 4 Thursday, February 27, 2003 3:22 PM
Tata, Prakasam
VOC emissions from wastewater treatment plants : characterization, control, and
compliance / Prakasam Tata, Jay Witherspoon, Cecil Lue-Hing
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56676-820-9 (alk. paper)
1. Sewage disposal plants--Environmental aspects--United States. 2.Volatile organic
compound--Environmental aspects--United States. 3. Air quality management--United
States. I. Witherspoon, Jay. II. Lue-Hing, Cecil. III. Title.
TD888.S38T38 2003
628′.3 028‘6—dc21 2002041502
CIP
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or
internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page
photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923
USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56676-820-
9/01/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted
a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for
creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC
for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Dedication
Preface
In the mid-1980s, municipal agencies operating large publicly owned treatment
works (POTWs) shared concern and uncertainty about pending amendments to the
Clean Air Act. At the crux of the concern were maximum achievable control tech-
nology (MACT) regulations for emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from their facilities. Based on the knowledge — or lack of it — existing at that
time, most managers operating POTWs were concerned that they would probably
be required to add or redirect their air-quality-related functions to address VOC
emissions. This was particularly true for large POTWs in the extremely severe ozone
non-attainment areas of the United States.
The shared concern of many POTWs was the driving force behind intense efforts
to ensure that undue burden was not imposed on municipal agencies to control a
problem that was neither well defined nor understood. An organized group of utility
managers, engineering consultants, university researchers and others emerged under
the umbrella of the Association of Municipal Sewerage Agencies (AMSA) and this
group was committed to providing the tools, concepts, policies and information for
POTWs to develop or optimize air quality compliance activities. An impressive body
of information has resulted from the collective work of this group as well as from
the individual contributions of various municipal agencies and concerned industries.
A large amount of pertinent and valid information on the qualitative and quantitative
nature of VOCs entering POTWs and the annual rate of their emissions was also
generated to determine the extent of the problem related to VOC emissions. This
group has committed to providing the tools, concepts, policies and information for
POTWs to develop or optimize air quality compliance activities. The science-based
concept data developed under the auspices of AMSA were used in cooperative
industry efforts with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to
establish the complexity of air quality compliance at POTWs and to develop realistic
regulatory requirements.
The seeds of this book grew from these collaborative efforts. In a desire to create
a memento of years of professional camaraderie, the undersigned decided to capture
the significant information being generated and preserve it in book form. Thus, this
book is a “hands-on” record of a good deal of the information gathered by a number
of investigators who collectively collaborated to fill the gaps in the knowledge that
existed prior to the promulgation of the MACT standards rules that govern and
control the emission of VOCs from POTWs.
We wish to emphasize that this book has been made possible by a number of
contributors (listed elsewhere) who have provided key discussions and conceptual
input. We also wish to acknowledge the contribution of many others whose work
and studies are referenced so frequently in these pages.
TX68209_frame_fm Page 8 Thursday, February 27, 2003 3:22 PM
We believe that lessons learned from successful air quality compliance programs
at existing POTWs are a significant resource. Much good work has been done on
VOC emissions from POTWs, particularly in Chicago, Philadelphia, New York and
major metropolitan areas in northern and southern California. Our intent was to
gather this material so that others could use it. By sharing information and success
stories, utilities will not have to “reinvent the wheel,” but instead can select practices
and procedures that best match their own situations and objectives. The result should
be a comprehensive program that includes POTW-specific air emissions inventory
information, measurement techniques and viable control options. In addition, we
have also made an attempt to provide POTW managers a road-map approach using
a critical-mass concept to determine the required number of personnel in terms of
full-time equivalents (FTEs) to have a satisfactory air quality compliance program
at their facilities.
We are indebted to Ms. Deborah Messina for her untiring efforts and patient
disposition in providing her secretarial and wordprocessing skills in assembling the
draft chapters and carefully tracking the revisions made. We are also grateful to Ms.
Melissa Blanton for serving as the technical editor and providing expert advice and
to Ms. Jessica Habetler for providing additional wordprocessing skills.
Authors
Prakasam Tata, Ph.D., Q.E.P., recently retired, after 28 years of service, from the
Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (District) as the Assistant
Director of Research and Development. Currently, he is affiliated with the Illinois
Institute of Technology, Chicago as a research professor in the Chemical and Envi-
ronmental Engineering Department and previously taught several graduate level
courses. Prior to his retirement, he was responsible for the management of all envi-
ronmental monitoring and research activities of the District. He has more than 35
years’ experience in wastewater treatment, biosolids management, odor and VOC
control, animal waste treatment and environmental pollution problems of developing
countries.
Dr. Tata, who is a Qualified Environmental Professional (QEP), was active in
the Water Environment Federation by serving in leadership roles of various com-
mittees. He also served as co-chair of the Air Quality Committee of the Association
of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies. Currently, he is vice-chair of the Board of
Editorial Review of the Water Environment Research Journal. He also consulted on
wastewater treatment and water quality issues with various organizations such as
the United Nations Development Program, World Bank, United States Agency for
International Development and National Academy of Sciences. He authored, coau-
thored, or edited four books and published numerous articles and reports. Dr. Tata
is the recipient of several awards.
Jay Witherspoon, M.S., a CH2M HILL vice president in the firm’s Water
Business Group, has more than 22 years of experience in water and wastewater
regulatory compliance; biosolids management and odor control; air and odor emis-
sions monitoring, control and compliance; worker health and safety; and emergency
and facility security preparedness. He has worked with clients to assist in the
planning, design, selection and operation of industrial and municipal systems,
directed ongoing applied research studies and designs, written papers and books,
served in leadership roles in professional societies, taught university-level classes
and been progressively responsible for public- and private-sector engineering, man-
agement and administration of projects and programs. He is very active in the Water
Environment Federation and the Air and Waste Management Association and is
responsible for conducting several training and pre-conference workshops on air
emissions and air quality issues.
Mr. Witherspoon’s most recent accomplishments include the exploration of the
full range of program alternatives and development of systems that enabled clients
in California, Washington and the East Coast, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand,
Canada and Puerto Rico to successfully comply with federal, state and local regu-
lations. For his professional accomplishments within CH2M HILL, he has been
TX68209_frame_fm Page 10 Thursday, February 27, 2003 3:22 PM
awarded the honor of Fellow, which represents the highest level of capability that
is reserved for a select few technologists within the firm.
Contributors
Thomas R. Card Hugh Monteith
Environmental Management Consulting Enviromega, Inc.
Enumclaw, WA Dundas, ON
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction................................................................................................................1
Prakasam Tata, Jay Witherspoon and Cecil Lue-Hing
Chapter 2
U.S. Air Quality Regulations ....................................................................................7
Jay Witherspoon, William Desing and Prakasam Tata
Chapter 3
Occurrence of Volatile Organic Compounds in Wastewater...................................37
Prakasam Tata, Tom Card and Cecil Lue-Hing
Chapter 4
Source Characterization and VOCs of Importance.................................................59
Tom Card, Prakasam Tata, Cecil Lue-Hing and Jay Witherspoon
Chapter 5
Unit Processes and Emissions: An Overview .........................................................73
Jay Witherspoon, William Desing and Prakasam Tata
Chapter 6
VOC Emissions from Sewers..................................................................................97
David Olson, Richard Corsi and Prakasam Tata
Chapter 7
VOC Emissions from Preliminary and Primary Treatment..................................117
Al Pincince
Chapter 8
VOC Emissions from Dissolved Air Flotation .....................................................127
Hugh Monteith and Wayne Parker
Chapter 9
VOC Emissions from Biological Treatment Systems: Activated
Sludge Process .......................................................................................................145
Prakasam Tata and Cecil Lue-Hing
TX68209_frame_fm Page 14 Thursday, February 27, 2003 3:22 PM
Chapter 10
VOC Emissions from Fixed Film Processes.........................................................155
Hugh Monteith and Wayne Parker
Chapter 11
VOC Emissions from Biosolids’ Dewatering Processes.......................................171
Hugh Monteith and Wayne Parker
Chapter 12
Sampling and Analytical Methods for Hazardous Air Pollutants ........................189
Farhana Mohamed, Prakasam Tata and Ing-Yih Cheng
Chapter 13
VOC Emission Estimation Methods .....................................................................227
Prakasam Tata and Jay Witherspoon
Chapter 14
VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Facilities........................................253
Prakasam Tata, Jay Witherspoon and Cecil Lue-Hing
Chapter 15
Control Technologies.............................................................................................285
Jay Witherspoon, Prakasam Tata, Tom Card and Cecil Lue-Hing
Chapter 16
Control Technology Evaluation.............................................................................319
Jay Witherspoon and William Desing
Chapter 17
Epilog.....................................................................................................................335
Jay Witherspoon, Prakasam Tata and Cecil Lue-Hing
Appendix I ............................................................................................................361
Appendix II...........................................................................................................379
Index ......................................................................................................................399
TX68209.book1 Page 1 Thursday, February 27, 2003 2:48 PM
1 Introduction
Prakasam Tata, Jay Witherspoon and
Cecil Lue-Hing
CONTENTS
The nation’s publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) daily address a number of
planning, operations, maintenance, management and regulatory compliance issues
to provide cost-effective, environmentally sound and technically reliable collection,
treatment or disposal of wastewater for their ratepayers. Although most POTW
personnel are primarily concerned with the treatment of wastewater and residuals
and receiving water quality, POTW managers must also deal with air quality issues
relating to emissions of odors, criteria pollutants and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs).
This book focuses on air quality compliance challenges, especially the emission
of VOCs from POTWs and other air emissions in general. The objective of the
book’s authors and contributors is to provide the tools, concepts, policies and infor-
mation for POTWs to develop or optimize air quality compliance activities, partic-
ularly with respect to POTW VOC emissions and to assess labor and capital needs
to maintain an overall air quality compliance program’s long-term viability.
Because even the “best” air quality compliance programs require some fine-
tuning and adjustments, this book provides information that can be adapted to a
variety of POTW sizes, process trains and system complexities. Air emissions data
are presented for most typical POTW processes for use in air emissions inventory
and other permitting activities. The book also contains information on how to
characterize air emissions, air dispersion modeling and risk assessment methods and
much, much more. Readers are encouraged to use this information to assess, plan,
develop or refine and implement successful, fully compliant programs, as well as to
enter into meaningful, focused discussions with internal program funders on what
is or is not needed for a fully compliant program.
1566768209/03/$0.00+$1.50
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC 1
TX68209.book1 Page 2 Thursday, February 27, 2003 2:48 PM
1.1 OVERVIEW
All states are required to be in compliance with the federal Clean Air Act and an
increasingly stringent series of Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAAs). How POTWs
demonstrate, document, or show compliance with federal or state or local quality
laws and regulations varies significantly from POTW to POTW and from state to
state. Compliance is often based on the aggressiveness of the local, state or federal
air quality regulatory agency in implementing these laws and regulations and in their
enforcement actions and inspections. Another important factor is how proactive the
POTW is in meeting regulatory requirements. In the mid-1980s, as potential require-
ments of the pending CAAA were discussed, an issue of immense concern and
uncertainty to municipal agencies operating large POTWs was about how stringent
the maximum achievable control technology (MACT) regulations would be for the
control of VOCs from their facilities.
The main motivator for this book is the complexity of complying with require-
ments associated with the emission of VOCs, which occur throughout the wastewater
collection, -treatment and solids-handling processes. Other factors, such as emissions
of criteria pollutants, e.g., NOx, also affect air quality program compliance. However,
prior to the promulgation of the CAAA, addressing VOCs was generally the major
driver in whether a POTW achieved compliance.
Based on the knowledge — or the lack of it — that existed in the mid 1980s,
most managers operating POTWs felt that they would be required to add or redirect
their air-quality-related functions to address VOCs. This was particularly true for
POTWs in the extremely severe ozone non-attainment areas of the United States.
Intense efforts were made during this time by several major municipal agencies to
ensure that undue burden was not imposed on them to control a problem that was
not well defined or understood. These efforts were primarily directed at gathering
pertinent and valid information on the qualitative and quantitative nature of VOCs
entering a POTW and the annual rate of their emissions. This book compiles a good
deal of the information gathered by a number of investigators who collectively
collaborated to fill the gaps in the knowledge that existed prior to the promulgation
of the MACT standards rules that govern and control the emission of VOCs from
POTWs.
Many barriers currently prevent optimized air quality compliance from being fully
achieved. These include a lack of strict implementation of the promulgated regulations
and a lack of financial or human resources. Optimization will rely on specific steps to
assess a POTW’s needs and current practices, standards and resources and to evaluate
those practices, standards and resources with those of other utilities.
1.2 ORGANIZATION
This book contains information compiled by a team of experts who have been
working and interacting in the field of air quality research or program management
for many years. The combined chapters reflect many views and approaches built on
various backgrounds and air quality compliance and assessment experiences. Col-
lectively, these experiences can be used to develop a clear picture — or roadmap
TX68209.book1 Page 3 Thursday, February 27, 2003 2:48 PM
Introduction 3
• Sewers (Chapter 6)
• Preliminary and primary treatment (Chapter 7)
• Dissolved air flotation (Chapter 8)
• Biological systems/activated sludge (Chapter 9)
• Fixed film process (Chapter 10)
• Biosolids/dewatering (Chapter 11)
Each chapter provides a process description and presents results of recent modeling
analyses or other studies.
Introduction 5
III definition is not reliable. Models, however, can be used for screening purposes.
Furthermore, due to the highly conservative nature of the models, if the annual
emission rates of POTWs computed by the models are less than the limits specified
for major sources, it is safe to assume that the POTWs are not major sources.
Several technologies are potentially available to control emissions from POTWs.
Chapter 15, Control Technologies, divides these technologies into five basic cate-
gories: traditional vapor phase controls, nontraditional vapor phase controls, con-
tainment, process and practice modifications and source control. The applicability
of these technologies in controlling VOC emissions from POTWs varies. Chapter
15 focuses on thermal treatment, incinerators, flares, recuperative oxidizers, regen-
erative oxidizers, catalytic incineration, wet scrubbing, packed-tower scrubbers, mist
scrubbers, dry chemical scrubbing, carbon adsorption and biofiltration. General
descriptions are provided for these technologies, and factors such as removal effi-
ciency, potential operating problems and cross-media impacts are discussed. Costs
developed through studies and reported in the literature are also provided. The
information presented in this chapter can be used as part of the cost effectiveness
evaluation required when a control technology such as best available control tech-
nology (BACT) must be applied.
Huhtikuun 30 p:nä.
Toukokuun 2 p:nä.
Eilen illalla menimme siis Foli Bershääriin, ja se oli tosiaan
jumalaista. Tarkoitan, että se oli tosiaan kovin taiteellista, koska
siellä oli alastomia tyttöjä. Ja muuan tytöistä oli Luiin tuttavia, ja Luii
sanoi, että se oli oikein, oikein sievä tyttöjä vasta kahdeksantoista
vuotias. Mutta Dorothy vastasi: "Kyllä se on sinulle veistellyt, Luii,
sillä kuinka olisi kahdeksantoista vuotias tyttö ehtinyt tahria polvensa
noin paksuun likaan?" Silloin Luii ja Robäär tosiaan nauroivat kovin,
kovin äänekkäästi. Tarkoitan, että Dorothy oli kovin epähieno Foli
Bershäärissä. Mutta minusta ovat alastomat tytöt aina kovin
taiteellisia, ja ihmisestä, jolla on taiteen tajuntaa, se on kaunista,
enkä minä suinkaan nauraisi sellaisessa taiteellisessa paikassa kuin
Foli Bershäärissä.
Toukokuun 3 p:nä.
Eilinen päivä oli todella ihana. Tarkoitan, että Luii ja Robäär ostivat
Dorothylle ja minulle ihania lahjoja. Mutta sitten kaikki heidän
franginsa alkoivat loppua, minkävuoksi he alkoivat käydä
alakuloisiksi, mutta heti kun he alkoivat käydä alakuloisiksi, annoin
minä käsilaukkuni Robäärin haltuun, sillä välin kun menin
sivuhuoneeseen puseroa koettamaan. Siitä hän ilostui aika paljon,
mutta tietenkin Dorothy jäi heidän luokseen, ja piti silmällä Robääriä,
joten hän ei saanut tilaisuutta, mutta pelkkä laukun piteleminenkin
reipastutti häntä aika paljon.
Toukokuun 5 p:nä.
Sitten meillä oli vallan hauska ilta. Tarkoitan, että kaikki näymme
ymmärtävän toisiamme, sillä Dorothy ja minä voimme toki rakastaa
Robäärin ja Luiin kaltaisia herrasmiehiä plattoonisesti, niinkuin
hienosti sanotaan. Tarkoitan, että meidän välillämme on niinkuin
jotakin yhteistä, varsinkin kun yhdessä tulemme ajatelleeksi lady
Francis Beekmania.
Ja jahka lady Francis Beekman maksaa heille kaikki rahat, niin Luii
ja Robäär tarjoavat meidän kunniaksemme päivälliset Cirosissa. Ja
kun sitten herra Eisman saapuu tänne lauvantaina, pyydämme me
herra Eismania tarjoamaan päivälliset Luiin ja Robäärin kunniaksi
samassa paikassa, koska he ovat niin paljon auttaneet meitä kahta
ameriikkalaisia tyttöä ollessamme yksin Pariisissa osaamatta edes
franskan kieltä.
Sitten Luii ja Robäär pyysivät meitä tulemaan kutsuihin sisarensa
luo tänään, mutta Dorothy sanoo, että meidän on parasta olla
menemättä, koska sataa ja meillä molemmilla on erinomaisen sirot
uudenuutukaiset sateenvarjot. Ja Dorothy sanoi, ettei juolahtaisi
hänen mieleensäkään jättää uudenuutukaista sateenvarjoa
ranskalaisen naisen eteiseen. Eikä taas olisi hauskaa vieraisilla
ollessaan kaiken aikaa pidellä sateenvarjoa. Niin ollen meidän oli
parasta pysyä turvallisesti poissa. Soitimme siis Luiille ja ilmoitimme,
että meillä oli paha päänsärky, mutta kiitimme häntä kaikesta
vieraanvaraisuudesta. Sillä juuri se, että kaikki ranskalaiset ovat niin
vieraanvaraisia kuin Luii ja Robäär meille ameriikkalaisille, tekee
Pariisin todella jumalaiseksi.
KESKUSEUROOPPA
Toukokuun 16 p:nä.
Toukokuun 17 p:nä.
Toukokuun 19 p:nä.
Toukokuun 20 p:nä.
No, tänään herra Spoffard aikoo kuljettaa minua ympäri kaikissa
Mynhenin museoissa. Ne ovat täynnä kunstia, jota minun tosiaan
tulisi katsella. Mutta Dorothy sanoi, että häntä eilen illalla rangaistiin
kaikista synneistään, joten hän nyt aikoo aloittaa uuden elämän
lähtemällä saksalaisen herratuttavansa mukaan, joka vie hänet Hof
Broj-nimiseen paikkaan. Se on maailman avarin oluttupa. Ja Dorothy
sanoi, että minä saisin kernaastikin täyttää itseni kunstilla, mutta hän
täyttäisi itsensä mieluumminkin oluella. Mutta Dorothy ei
tosiaankaan koskaan tule täyteen muuta kuin epähienoutta.
Toukokuun 21 p:nä.