1.

Introduction to Internet and World Wide Web (WWW)

Aspect World Wide Web (WWW) Internet

A collection of interlinked web pages and A global network of interconnected computers
Definition
resources accessed via the internet. and devices.
ARPANET by the U.S. Department of Defense
Inventor Tim Berners-Lee (1989).
(1960s).
Provides information and services through Provides the infrastructure for communication
Purpose
web pages. and data exchange.
Limited to web-related services like Includes WWW, email, file sharing, online
Scope
browsing websites. gaming, VoIP, and more.
Web pages, URLs, hyperlinks, HTTP, and Routers, servers, protocols (TCP/IP), and
Components
browsers. physical hardware.
Accessed using web browsers like Chrome, Accessed using various services like browsers,
Accessibility
Firefox, etc. email clients, etc.
Includes HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, and many
Protocols Used Primarily HTTP/HTTPS.
others.
Facilitates sharing of multimedia content, Enables communication, data transfer, and
Functionality
information, and web services. connectivity worldwide.
Independent; does not depend on WWW for
Dependency Depends on the internet to function.
other services.
Sending an email, making a video call, or
Example Browsing a website like www.google.com.
downloading a file.
Summary:

• The Internet is the backbone infrastructure connecting devices worldwide, while the WWW is one
of the many services available over the internet.
• Think of the Internet as the highway, and the WWW as the cars traveling on it.

Internet

• A global network connecting millions of private, public, academic, and government systems.
• Operates on the TCP/IP protocol to transmit data.
• Provides a wide range of services like email, web browsing, online banking, and file sharing.

World Wide Web (WWW)

• A service available on the internet introduced by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

• Consists of interlinked webpages that can be accessed via web browsers.
• Key Components of WWW:
o HTML (HyperText Markup Language): Used to design web pages.
o HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Protocol for transferring data between web
browsers and servers.
o URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address used to access a web resource.

2. Basics of Computer Networks

What is a Network?

*1. Definition

• A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices (like computers, servers, printers, and
switches) that can communicate and share information with each other over transmission media such
as cables, fiber optics, or wireless signals.

**2. Types of Networks

• Local Area Network (LAN): A network that covers a small geographic area, such as a home, office,
or school. LANs typically use Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi for connectivity.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers a large geographic area, such as a city, country, or even
internationally. WANs connect multiple LANs using various technologies, including leased lines,
satellite links, and the internet.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, typically spans
a city or a large campus.
• Personal Area Network (PAN): A network that connects devices within a very short distance, like
Bluetooth or USB connections.

**3. Network Topology

• Star: All devices are connected to a central hub. It is easy to install and manage but is vulnerable if
the hub fails.
• Bus: Devices are connected along a single central cable. It’s simple and inexpensive but can suffer
from data collisions.
• Ring: Devices are arranged in a circular fashion. It reduces data collisions but can be complex to set
up.
• Mesh: Each device connects to every other device. It offers high reliability and fault tolerance but is
expensive and complex.
• Tree: A hybrid topology combining star and bus topologies. It supports large networks and is easy to
manage but can be expensive.

**4. Protocols

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Ensures reliable data transmission by establishing a

connection between the sender and receiver, checking data integrity, and retransmitting lost data.
• Internet Protocol (IP): Assigns unique addresses to devices and routes data across the network.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) / Secure HTTP (HTTPS): Protocols used for transferring
web pages on the World Wide Web.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Used to transfer files between computers on a network.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used for sending emails.
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on
a network.

**5. Transmission Media

• Wired Media:
o Twisted Pair Cable: Commonly used for telephone lines and Ethernet networks.
o Coaxial Cable: Used in cable TV and some Ethernet networks.
o Fiber Optic Cable: Transmits data as light and offers high speed and long-distance
communication.
• Wireless Media:
 o Wi-Fi: Uses radio waves to connect devices without cables.
o Bluetooth: Short-range communication for connecting devices like phones, laptops, and
speakers.
o Cellular Networks: Use radio waves to connect mobile devices to the internet.

**6. Internet and World Wide Web

• Internet: The global system of interconnected networks that enables communication and data
exchange between devices worldwide.
• World Wide Web (WWW): A subset of the internet consisting of interconnected web pages that
can be accessed via browsers.

**7. Security and Protocols

• Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predetermined security rules.
• Antivirus Software: Protects computers from malware, viruses, and other security threats.
• Encryption: Secures data by converting it into a code that only authorized users can access.

**8. Applications of Computer Networks

• Communication: Email, instant messaging, video calls.

• Resource Sharing: Files, printers, scanners.
• Information Access: Access to the internet, cloud storage.
• Collaboration: Sharing documents, project work, and presentations.
• Entertainment: Online gaming, streaming services.
• Automation: Smart home devices, remote monitoring

Types of Networks:

1. Local Area Network (LAN):

o Covers a small geographical area like an office or home.
o Example: Connecting computers in a school or office.
o Characteristics:
▪ High speed.
▪ Low setup cost.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN):
o Covers large geographical areas, such as cities or countries.
o Example: The Internet.
o Characteristics:
▪ Relatively slow speed compared to LAN.
▪ Expensive to set up.

Aspect LAN (Local Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

A network that connects devices within a small A network that spans large geographic
Definition
geographic area, such as a building or campus. areas, connecting multiple LANs.
Geographical Covers a small area like an office, school, or Covers a large area such as cities,
Range home. countries, or continents.
Typically owned, managed, and maintained by Often maintained by multiple
Ownership
a single organization or individual. organizations or service providers.
 Aspect LAN (Local Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)
High speed, usually ranging from 100 Mbps to Relatively slower, typically ranging
Speed
1 Gbps. from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
High cost due to expensive equipment
Cost Low installation and maintenance cost.
and infrastructure.
Complex setup requiring advanced
Setup Simple and easy to set up.
configurations and equipment.
More reliable due to less dependency on Less reliable as it depends on external
Reliability
external factors. service providers.
Data transfer rates are faster due to limited Data transfer rates are slower due to the
Data Transfer
devices and smaller distances. large distance and multiple devices.
Connecting computers in a school, library, or The Internet, connecting offices of a
Examples
office. multinational corporation globally.
Equipment Switches, hubs, routers, Ethernet cables, Wi-Fi Routers, modems, satellites, leased lines,
Used routers. and public networks.

Summary:

• LAN is suitable for localized, high-speed networks like offices or homes, while WAN is designed
for large-scale connectivity, such as connecting offices across cities or countries.
• Think of LAN as a neighborhood network and WAN as a global network connecting neighborhoods
together.Network Topology:

1. Star Topology

• Definition: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Each node is individually
connected to this central node.
• Advantages:
o Easy to set up and manage.
o Fault isolation—if one device fails, it does not affect the entire network.
o High performance due to direct connection to the central hub.
• Disadvantages:
o If the central hub fails, the entire network goes down.
o Expensive due to the need for a dedicated cable for each device.
• Applications: Suitable for small networks like home networks and small offices.

2. Bus Topology

• Definition: All devices are connected to a single central cable (the backbone) which connects all
nodes in a linear fashion.
• Advantages:
o Easy to install and extend.
o Cost-effective.
o Only one cable is needed.
• Disadvantages:
o Performance degrades as the network load increases.
o If the backbone fails, the entire network goes down.
o Signal degradation over longer distances.
• Applications: Often used in situations where fewer cables are needed, like laboratories or older
offices.
3. Ring Topology

• Definition: Each device connects to two other devices, forming a circular data path. Data
travels around the ring in one direction.
• Advantages:
o Easy to install and extend.
o Data collisions are minimized.
o Provides a dedicated line for each node.
• Disadvantages:
o If one device fails, the whole network is affected.
o Difficult to troubleshoot.
o Complex to install and maintain.
• Applications: Common in older LANs, token ring networks, and broadband networks.

4. Mesh Topology

• Definition: Every device is connected to every other device directly. It provides redundant
paths for data transmission.
• Advantages:
o Highly reliable with multiple paths for data.
o Fault tolerance—if one connection fails, data can still be transmitted through
alternative paths.
o Scalability—easily expandable.
• Disadvantages:
o Expensive to implement due to high cabling costs.
o Complex to set up and manage.
• Applications: Ideal for large, complex networks like WANs and data centers.

5. Tree Topology

• Definition: A hybrid of bus and star topologies, combining multiple star topologies with a
backbone.
• Advantages:
o Easy to manage.
o Supports large networks.
o Fault tolerance—isolates faults within individual branches.
• Disadvantages:
o Expensive to implement due to multiple hubs and switches.
o Complex to set up and maintain.
• Applications: Common in large organizational networks and large-scale WANs.

6. Hybrid Topology

Definition:
A hybrid topology is a combination of two or more basic network topologies, such as star, ring, bus, or tree,
to form a more complex and scalable network structure. It leverages the strengths of multiple topologies to
meet specific requirements and accommodate various network sizes and functionalities.

Key Features of Hybrid Topology

1. Flexibility:
 o Combines the advantages of different topologies to cater to the specific needs of an
organization or setup.
2. Scalability:
o New topologies or nodes can be added to the network without disrupting the existing system.
3. Custom Design:
o Tailored to fit the application, ensuring optimal performance and cost-effectiveness.

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Adaptability:
o It can be customized based on organizational requirements, such as bandwidth, security, or
fault tolerance.
2. Fault Tolerance:
o Failure in one part of the network does not necessarily affect the entire system, as redundancy
can be built into the design.
3. Scalable:
o New segments can be added without affecting the functionality of the network.
4. Efficient Performance:
o Hybrid topology takes advantage of the strengths of the combined topologies while
minimizing their weaknesses.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Complexity:
o The design and management of hybrid networks can be challenging and require skilled
professionals.
2. High Cost:
o Building and maintaining a hybrid network is expensive due to the use of multiple topologies
and network devices like hubs, switches, and routers.
3. Troubleshooting:
o Identifying and resolving issues can be complex due to the mix of multiple topologies.

Applications of Hybrid Topology

1. Large Enterprises:
o Organizations with different departments requiring varied network designs use hybrid
topology.
2. Data Centers:
o Combines high-speed, fault-tolerant networks with scalable architecture.
3. Campus Networks:
o Universities and research centers use hybrid topology to connect multiple buildings with
different requirements.

Examples of Hybrid Topology

 1. Star-Bus Hybrid:
o Combines the simplicity of a bus topology with the centralized structure of a star topology.
o Example: In a corporate office, different departments (star networks) are connected using a
common bus backbone.
2. Star-Ring Hybrid:
o Combines star topology for local connections with a ring topology for interconnection.
o Example: A campus network where each building is a star network, and all buildings are
connected in a ring structure.

3. Internet and Applications of the Internet

Internet

Definition:
The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices that communicate using
standardized protocols. It enables data sharing, communication, and access to vast resources such as
websites, emails, and cloud-based applications.

Key Features of the Internet

1. Global Connectivity:
o Connects millions of private, public, academic, and government networks worldwide.
 2. Decentralized Network:
o No central governing authority; multiple nodes manage the traffic and operations.
3. Uses Protocols:
o Communication relies on protocols like TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) for data exchange.
4. Accessibility:
o Open to all users with a valid connection, offering unrestricted access to information.
5. Dynamic and Evolving:
o Constantly expanding with new technologies, websites, and services.

Applications of the Internet

The internet serves various purposes across different domains. Here’s a detailed look at its applications:

1. Communication

• Email: Exchange messages, documents, and files via services like Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo Mail.
• Instant Messaging: Real-time text or voice chats through platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, and
Slack.
• Video Conferencing: Tools like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet enable face-to-face
interaction.
• Social Networking: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn connect individuals and
organizations.

2. Information Sharing and Research

• Web Browsing: Access information through search engines like Google, Bing, and DuckDuckGo.
• Educational Resources: Platforms like Khan Academy, Coursera, and Wikipedia provide learning
materials.
• Research Papers and Journals: Scholars access databases like PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and
Springer.

3. Entertainment

• Streaming Media: Watch videos on YouTube, Netflix, Amazon Prime, or Hulu.

• Online Gaming: Multiplayer games like PUBG, Fortnite, and Call of Duty use the internet for
interaction.
• Music Streaming: Services like Spotify, Apple Music, and Gaana provide access to millions of
songs.

4. E-Commerce

• Online Shopping: Platforms like Amazon, Flipkart, and eBay offer products and services.
• Banking and Financial Services: Internet banking allows money transfers, bill payments, and stock
trading.

5. Cloud Computing and Storage

• Data Storage: Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive store data accessible from any
device.
 • SaaS Applications: Software like Microsoft Office 365 and Adobe Creative Cloud runs via the
internet.

6. E-Governance and Public Services

• Government Portals: Citizens can access services like tax filing, passport applications, and utility
bill payments.
• Public Health: Online platforms provide health information and telemedicine services.

7. Remote Work and Collaboration

• Work From Home: Tools like Slack, Asana, and Jira facilitate remote team management.
• Document Sharing: Platforms like Google Docs allow collaborative work in real-time.

8. Education and E-Learning

• Virtual Classrooms: Platforms like Google Classroom, Zoom, and Blackboard connect teachers and
students.
• Online Exams and Certifications: Conduct tests and offer accredited certificates through platforms
like edX and Udemy.

9. Navigation

• Maps and GPS Services: Google Maps and Waze provide real-time navigation and traffic updates.

10. Healthcare

• Telemedicine: Patients consult doctors remotely via video calls and specialized apps.
• Health Monitoring: Wearables like Fitbit and Apple Watch sync with the internet for health data
analysis.

11. IoT (Internet of Things)

• Smart Homes: Devices like smart thermostats, lights, and security systems connect via the internet.
• Industrial IoT: Factories and machinery use the internet for monitoring and automation.

12. Marketing and Advertising

• Digital Marketing: Promote brands via Google Ads, Facebook Ads, and SEO.
• Social Media Marketing: Businesses engage customers through platforms like Instagram and
Twitter.

Benefits of Internet Applications

• Global Reach: Connects users across the world.

• Cost-Effective: Reduces costs for communication, travel, and resource sharing.
• Real-Time Updates: Access information instantly.
• Convenience: Enables access to services anytime and anywhere.
• Scalability: Accommodates both personal and business needs.
 4. Website Address and URL

Website Address

A website address is the location or identity of a website on the internet. It is often represented in the form
of a domain name (e.g., www.google.com). The website address allows users to access a particular website
by typing it into a browser.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Definition:
A URL is the complete web address used to locate a specific resource (like a webpage, image, or document)
on the internet. It provides the exact location of the resource and specifies the protocol used to access it.

Components of a URL

A URL consists of multiple parts, each serving a specific purpose. Below is the breakdown:

1. Protocol:
o Defines the method of communication. Common protocols include:
▪ HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Used for general websites.
▪ HTTPS: A secure version of HTTP with encryption for secure communication.
o Example: https://
2. Domain Name:
o The name of the website or resource's host.
o Example: www.google.com
3. Subdomain (Optional):
o A part of the domain that can be used to separate sections of the website.
o Example: blog.google.com (where "blog" is the subdomain).
4. Port (Optional):
o Specifies the port number on the server to access the resource. Defaults are often implied
(e.g., 80 for HTTP, 443 for HTTPS).
o Example: :443
5. Path:
o The specific location of a resource or file on the server.
o Example: /search
6. Query String (Optional):
o Provides additional parameters to the resource, often used for dynamic content or filtering.
o Example: ?q=example
7. Fragment (Optional):
o Refers to a specific section within a webpage.
o Example: #section2

Example of a URL
https://www.google.com/search?q=internet

• Protocol: https://
• Domain Name: www.google.com
• Path: /search
• Query String: ?q=internet

Difference Between Website Address and URL

Aspect Website Address URL

Definition The address of a website on the internet. The full web address of a specific resource or page.
Scope Limited to the homepage of the website. Can point to any specific resource or page.
Example www.google.com https://www.google.com/search?q=example

5. Popular Web Browsers

1. Google Chrome:
o Developed by Google.
o Fast and lightweight with extensions and security features.
2. Mozilla Firefox:
o Open-source browser with excellent privacy settings.
3. Microsoft Edge (formerly Internet Explorer):
o Integrated with Windows OS, provides fast performance.
4. Opera:
o Known for built-in VPN and data-saving features.

6. Popular Search Engines

1. Google: The most widely used search engine with advanced algorithms.
2. Bing: Developed by Microsoft, provides visual search features.
3. Yahoo: Offers web search, email, and news services.
4. DuckDuckGo: Focuses on user privacy, does not track searches.

7.Searching on the Internet

• Search Engines

• Tools to find information (e.g., Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo).

• Use keywords or phrases to query.

• Steps to Search
 • Open a browser → Go to search engine → Enter keywords → Review results → Refine search if
needed.

• Effective Techniques

• Use Specific Keywords: Avoid generic terms.

• Quotation Marks: For exact matches (e.g., "machine learning").
• Boolean Operators: Use AND, OR, and NOT for better results.
• Filters: Narrow results by date, file type, or language.
• Site Search: Use site: to search within specific sites (e.g., site:wikipedia.org).

• Applications

• Education: Research, learning resources.

• Professional: Jobs, tools, and services.
• Daily Life: Recipes, shopping, travel.
• Entertainment: Streaming, games, music.

• Tips

• Use credible sources.

• Avoid typos and suspicious links