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Objective

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Kushagra Pandey (Rishi)
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9 views4 pages

Objective

Uploaded by

Kushagra Pandey (Rishi)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objective

To study the relationship between the resistance of a conductor and


temperature using Ohm’s Law.

Introduction

Ohm's Law states that V=IRV = IRV=IR, where V is voltage, I is current,


and R is resistance. The resistance of materials like metals and
semiconductors changes with temperature. Metals typically have an
increase in resistance with temperature, while semiconductors show a
decrease. This project explores this variation experimentally.

or

Electric resistance is a fundamental property of materials that


determines how much they oppose the flow of electric current. Ohm’s
Law establishes a simple relationship between voltage (V), current (I),
and resistance (R) through the equation:V=IR

While this law holds true under constant temperature conditions,


resistance often changes with temperature. For most conductors,
resistance increases with a rise in temperature, while for
semiconductors and some insulators, resistance decreases as
temperature increases.

Materials Required

1. Resistor (e.g., nichrome wire)


2. Power supply (DC source or batteries)
3. Ammeter
4. Voltmeter
5. Thermometer
6. Heating element (e.g., immersion heater or heat gun)
7. Ice for cooling
8. Water beaker
9. Connecting wires
10. Stand and clamps

Theory

Resistance (R) depends on temperature (T) as:


RT=R0(1+αΔT)
Where:

 RTR_TRT: Resistance at temperature TTT


 R0R_0R0: Resistance at a reference temperature (e.g., room
temperature)
 α\alphaα: Temperature coefficient of resistance
 ΔT\Delta TΔT: Change in temperature

For metals, α>0 (positive temperature coefficient). For semiconductors,


α<0.

For Conductors (Metals):

In metals, the conduction of electricity occurs through free electrons.


As temperature increases, atomic vibrations (thermal agitation)
become more intense, leading to more frequent collisions between
electrons and atoms. This increased scattering results in higher
resistance.

Metals typically have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance


(α>0), meaning resistance increases linearly with temperature over
moderate ranges.

For Semiconductors:

In semiconductors, electrical conductivity is largely determined by the


availability of charge carriers (electrons and holes). At low
temperatures, very few charge carriers are available. As temperature
rises, more electrons gain sufficient energy to move to the conduction
band, significantly reducing resistance.

Semiconductors exhibit a negative temperature coefficient of


resistance (α<0\alpha < 0α<0), and their resistance decreases non-
linearly with temperature.

Observations:

1. The relationship between resistance and temperature is material-


dependent.
2. For moderate temperature changes, the resistance of conductors
varies linearly with temperature.
3. Extreme temperature ranges may cause deviations from the linear
model due to material-specific physical changes.

Procedure

Step 1: Set up the Circuit

1. Connect the resistor, ammeter, and power supply in series.


2. Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the resistor.

Step 2: Measure Initial Values

1. Record the room temperature using a thermometer.


2. Turn on the circuit, and measure the voltage (V) and current (I).
3. Calculate the initial resistance (R=V/I)

Step 3: Heat the Resistor

1. Place the resistor in a water bath.


2. Gradually heat the water using the immersion heater.
3. Record the temperature of the water and corresponding V and I
readings at regular intervals.
4. Calculate R for each temperature.

Step 4: Cool the Resistor

1. Cool the water by adding ice and repeat measurements for


decreasing temperatures.

Observations

Create a table to record your data:

Temperature (°C) Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance

Results

1. The resistance of the material varies with temperature.


2. For metals, R increases with T.

Conclusion

The experiment verifies the dependence of resistance on temperature.


The behavior is consistent with the theoretical prediction of Ohm’s Law
and the material's temperature coefficient of resistance.

Applications

1. Design of temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors, RTDs).


2. Understanding material behavior in electronics under varying
temperatures.

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