Module 2 Wave motion and Sound

Syllabus
 Simple Harmonic motion
 Free, forced, resonance, damped and un damped vibration
 Damped harmonic motion
 Force vibration and amplitude resonance
 Velocity resonance and energy intake

 Wave motion, transverse and longitudinal vibration

 Sound absorption and reverberation
 Sabine's formula and usage (excluding derivation)
 Acoustic of building

-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-

Prerequisite: 11th std Physics; Oscillation chapter

Introduction:
Physical System in motion can be described in two categories:
1) Regular motion
Motion which repeat in time, also known as Periodic Motion or Harmonic motion.
E.g. A clock, Pendulum, Swing, spring, Moon, Earth, etc….
2) Irregular motion: What is Irregular Motion?, Examples.

If a system or particle is in periodic motion and follows the same path back and forth about a
fixed point it is known as “Oscillation”

o We are surrounded by many verities of Oscillation; even our life can’t exist without
oscillations, Like Electromagnetic waves, Sound waves etc.
o Tacoma Narrow Bridge is one of the examples which show us the importance of the
study of Oscillation/ Vibration.

[email protected] @2024
 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TacomaNarrowsBridgeCollapse_in_color.jpg]

Which was a suspension bridge constructed (1st July 1940) at Washington U.S. collapsed ( 7th
Nov 1940) in very short period of time because normal speed winds produced an oscillation
(Aeroelastic flutter) that matched the bridge's natural frequency, due to a resonance.

 Harmonic and Non Harmonic Oscillation.

An oscillation which can be expressed as a single sine or cosine function
y  sin( w  t )
Non Harmonic Oscillations can be expressed as combination of more than one sine or cosine
function.
y  (sin( w  t )  cos(2w  t )  sin(5w  t ))

 What is SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATION

 It’s a special type of periodic or oscillation motion in which the Restoring force is
directly proportional to the displacement, which is always in negative direction to
the force.
 When an object move along a same path to and fro about a fixed point in regular
interval the object is in simple Harmonic Oscillation.
 Body is confined in within the well defined limits on either side.
 It’s sinusoidal Motion ( can be expressed as function of sin or cosine).
e.g.
Pendulum, Swing, spring, Moon, Earth, Tuning Fork. etc….

 SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR

 Object or body doing simple harmonic motion is known as Simple Harmonic
Oscillator.

 Mathematical Form of Simple Harmonic Oscillation.

y  A  sin ( wt   )
Amplitude Angular Phase
Frequency Difference

[email protected] @2024
Hook’s Law& spring constant with Natural frequency of
oscillation
“The displacement is proportional to the restoring force but in opposite direction in spring mass
system”

As shown in the figure spring mass system is on x-axes, where spring is at rest at x = 0 and
afterwards it’s displaced from x=0 to positive direction, so due to displacement of mass “m”
another restoring force will produce which is opposite to the displacement “x”.

As per the HOOK’s law,

F  X
---------------------------------(1)
 F  K  X

Where, “k” is proportionality constant also known as spring constant.

Now as per the Newton’s Second law,
F  m  a -----------------------------------(2)

Simple Harmonic motions can also be explained mathematically as

x  sin( w  t ) ----------------------------------(3)

If we take 1st order and 2nd order of derivative of it w.r.t. “t”, we will get
x   cos(  t )
x   w2 sin(  t )

Where using Eq. (3) we can write

x    2  x  a So, Acceleration  a    2 x ------------------(4)

From Eq. (2) we can write

[email protected] @2024
 F   m   2  x -------------------(5)

By comparing Eq. (5) and (1), we get

 K  x   m  2  x
 K  m  2 Where w is known as Natural frequency of Oscillator.
k
 
m

Differential equation for the Simple Harmonic Oscillator(Free Motion)

As shown in the Spring mass system is suspended along the y-axes,

where body of “m” mass is attached with spring, under the
displacement of mass in positive “y” direction spring mass system
undergoes in simple harmonic motion as per the Hook’s law, and it is
considered as free oscillation.

At t=0 , y= 0 no displacement . under the displacement condition

spring mass system experience forces one in downward Fgdirection
due to gravitational force and another exactly opposite to Fg in upward
direction F↓s

Mathematical Solution:

Fg   m  g  m  a
Fk    k  y d2y
Here,  2  y  0 is known as second order
dt 2
We can write that: differential equation for the Simple Harmonic Oscillator.
Which is a function of y and t variables. “y ” is dependent
ma   k  y which depends upon independent variable “t”.
d2y
m  ky 0 So the solution of this equation must satisfy the second
dt 2
order differential equation.
d2y k
  y 0
dt 2 m
d2y
d2y y  y  y so that  2  y  0 become
 2  y  0 dt 2
dt 2 zero.

-------------------------------------(1)

[email protected] @2024
Simple Harmonic Oscillation can be expressed by sinusoidal function sine or cosine for the solution.

Let’s consider y  A sin( w  t ) or y  A cos( w  t ) is the solution for the Eq. no. (1). To verify the
solution let us take the 1st and 2nd order of derivative of this solution w.r.t to “t”.

y  A sin(  t )

dy
  A  cos(  t )
dt

d2y
2
  A 2 sin(  t ) -------------------------(2)
dt

Eq. (2) can also be written as under (using the value of y  A sin(  t ) )

d2y
2
   2 y -----------------------------------(3)
dt

( a   2 y )

Using Eq. no (3) and (1) we can say that y  A sin(  t ) is the solution of SHM.

y  A sin(  t ) Can also be written as a general solution in this form

y  A  sin ( wt   )

[email protected] @2024
EXTRA>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Energy Equation for the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Energy of the Oscillator is summation of Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy, total energy of the
oscillator is not changed it is constant for free oscillations; varying quantity is kinetic and potential
energy.
Potential Energy:
P.E. at displacement “y” is, work done against a restoring force for moving mass from y = 0 to Ymax
y
1 2

So P.E.  k y dy 
0
2
k y -------------------------------- (1)

k k
 so  2  : k  m  2 using this value in equation no (1)
m m

1
P.E.  m  2 y 2 ------------------------------------------(2)
2
For PE it is maximum at end point where Y = A
Draw the graph and check by your self
PE it is minimum at mid point where Y = 0
Kinetic Energy:
1
E m  2 ( A2  y 2 ) 
2 ------------------------------------------(3)

As per the solution of simple harmonic oscillator value of velocity of oscillator can be given by
dy
 v   A  cos(  t )
dt
y
So, y  A sin(  t )  sin(t )  , cos(t )   1  sin 2 (t )
A
y2
 cos(t )   1 
A2
dy y2
So velocity can be given as  v   A  cos(  t ) , v   A  1  2
dt A

So velocity of oscillator is v    A2  y 2 ------------------------------------(4)

Using value of equ (4) into equation no (3)

1
K . E.  m  2 ( A2  y 2 ) -------------------------------------------(5)
2
Equ. (2) + Equ. (5) Gives a total energy of the oscillator which is constant.
E = P.E. + K. E.
1 1
E.  m  2 y 2  m  2 ( A2  y 2 )
2 2

[email protected] @2024
 1 1 1
E.  m  2 y 2  m  2 A2  m  2 y 2
2 2 2
1
E.  m  2 A2 --------------------------------------------(6)
2
Equation (6) is the equation for the total energy which is constant

Types of Oscillation/Vibration
Oscillations are divided mainly in two parts (a) Free Oscillation and (b) Forced Oscillations

Free Oscillation:

o Oscillations without disturbance is known as Free Oscillation

o After displacement it oscillates with its natural frequency without any external force.
E.g. Simple pendulum displaced from its mid point(Equilibrium) without present of
external force.

NOTE: “ In reality no oscillations are free oscillation “

[email protected] @2024
 Free oscillation
20

-20

Forced Oscillation

o Oscillations with disturbance is known as Force Oscillation

o Here oscillator oscillates with frequency which other than natural frequency of oscillator
E.g. Sitar, Guitar, Swing, Suspension system of Car or Bike etc..

Forced oscillation
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15

Oscillation can also be divided in (a) Damped Oscillation and (b) Un-damped oscillation.

Damped Oscillation Un-damped Oscillation

[email protected] @2024
  SHO oscillates with decreasing amplitude,  SHO oscillates with constant
which changes with time. amplitude, which does not change
with time.
 Its energy is dissipates with time
 Its energy remains constant,
 Disturbing forces are present independent of time.
Frictional forces
Viscous forces etc.  Disturbing forces are absent

Damped Osci. Un-Damped Osci.

20 20

10 10

0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

Resonance
If the Oscillator oscillates in presence of external periodic force whose frequency is equal to the
natural frequency of the oscillator, Oscillator oscillates with maximum amplitude. This
phenomenon is known as Resonance.

(Experiment no 1 an d 2)

[email protected] @2024
 20
Y = 10 SIN (wt)
10
0
-10
-20
20
Y = 15 SIN (wt)
10

-10

-20
20 Y = 10 SIN (wt) + 15 SIN (wt)
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20

With combination of all waves

20 y = A cos (w t)
10
y = B sin ( wt)
0

-10 Z = A sin (w t) + B sin

-20 ( wt)

Damped Harmonic Oscillator

What is damped?
What it cause to SHM?

[email protected] @2024
Consider a Spring mass system where mass is submerged in liquid as shown in figure, mass m is moving
in y-axes direction, and its displacement is proportional to the restoring force in spring as per the SHM.
More over a Restoring force due to presence of Liquid another force will produce known as Damping
force (Which will resist the harmonic motion of oscillator).

The downward force is given by

∴𝐹 = 𝑚∙𝑔 = 𝑚∙𝑎 ↓

The Restoring force on oscillator is 𝐹 in upward direction.

∴ 𝐹 = −𝐾 ∙ 𝑦 ↑ , K is restoring constant

The damping force is denoted by 𝐹 in upward direction which is proportional to the velocity of the
oscillator

∴ 𝐹 = −𝜆 ∙ 𝑣 ↑ , where 𝜆 is Damping constant.

So the resultant force is,

𝐹 = 𝐹 + 𝐹

 ma   k y  v   v  k y

d2y dy
m 2
  k y
dt dt

d2y  dy k
 2
  y
dt m dt m

d 2 y  dy k
   y  O -----------------(1)
dt 2 m dt m

[email protected] @2024
  k
For convenient let’s consider  2  b and  0 2
m m

So equation no (1) can be written as

d2y dy
 2
2b  0 2 y  O ----------------------------------(3)
dt dt

Which is a second order differential equation with constant coefficients.

Let’s consider the solution of Eqa. (3) is y  A e t , to verify the solution let’s take a 1st and 2nd order
derivative of solution with respect to time “t”.

y  A e t

 y  A e t Equation (4)

 y  A 2 e t

Using Eqa.(4) in Equ. (3),

A  2 e t  2 b A  e t  0 2 A e t  O

 ( A  2  2 b   0 2 ) e t A  O

So, e t A cannot be zero.

 ( A 2  2 b   0 2 )  O

Which is a quadratic equation whose possible two solutions are

2 b  4 b 2  4 (1) ( 0 2 )
 
2

    b  b 2  0 2

So general solution of Eqa. (3) is

(  b  b 2  02 ) t (  b  b 2  02 ) t
y  Ae  Be
Where A and B are constant: Amplitude of the displacement

[email protected] @2024
 
Now depending upon the value of b and 0 three cases are possible,

1) b 2  0 2  0  b 2  0 2

2) b 2  0 2  0  b 2  0 2

3) b 2  0 2  0  b 2  0 2

For 1stcase b 2  0 2  0 , its root are real and distinct

So the solution is

b 2  0 2 t  b 2  0 2 t
y  e  bt ( A e  Be )

This solution contain a two terms where ebt is exponential negative term which die off
to zero. Such oscillations are known as Over Dumped Oscillation.

For 2nd case b 2  0 2  0  b 2  0 2 , its root are real and double

So the solution is

y  ebt ( A  B )
Such types of oscillation are known as Critical oscillation in which oscillator will not
oscillates. Like Suspension of car and bike

For 3rd case b 2  0 2  0  b 2  0 2 , its root are real and complex

Here b is less than, which means damping is low in compare to natural frequency of oscillator,
which is an example of the Under Damped Oscillation.

[email protected] @2024
 v0 e bt
y sin( 0 2  b2 ) t
0 2  b 2
Where v0 is velocity amplitude.

Example of this case is Simple pendulum in simple harmonicmotion.

(SHO = Simple Harmonic Oscillator ( ),

Figure:http://umdberg.pbworks.com/w/page/52049053/Damped%20oscillators

Forced Harmonic Oscillator:

Forced vibration and Amplitude Resonance
What is Forced Harmonic Oscillator?
How its different DampedHarmonic Oscillator?

Consider a Spring mass system where mass m is moving in y-axes direction, where Restoring force (−𝐾 ∙
𝑦)due to displacement and Damping force (−𝜆 ∙ 𝑣) (Which will resist the harmonic motion of oscillator)
is also existing. Moreover another external periodic force is applied to the system

Let’s consider the external periodic force is F ,

F  F0 cos t , F  F0 sin t

Here F0 is the amplitude and  is the angular frequency of Periodic force

The downward force is given by

∴𝐹 = 𝑚∙𝑔 = 𝑚∙𝑎 ↓

The Restoring force on oscillator is 𝐹 in upward direction.

∴ 𝐹 = −𝐾 ∙ 𝑦 ↑ , K is restoring constant

The damping force is denoted by 𝐹 in upward direction which is proportional to the velocity of the
oscillator

∴ 𝐹 = −𝜆 ∙ 𝑣 ↑ , where 𝜆 is Damping constant.

So the resultant force is,

[email protected] @2024
 d2y dy
m 2
    k y  F0 cos t
dt dt

d2y  dy k F
 2
  y  0 cos t
dt m dt m m

d2y dy F
 2
 2 b  0 2 y  0 cos t ----------------------------------------------(1)
dt dt m

 k
For convenient let’s consider  2  b and  0 2
m m

Now let’s consider the solution of this equation is y  R cos(t   ) ---------------------------(2)

y  R cos(t   )

 y  R cos t cos   R sin t sin 

Where putting, B  R sin  , A  R cos 

 y  A cos t  B sin t ------------------------------ (3)

To verify the solution let’s take a 1st order and 2nd order derivative of the above solution (3) with respect
to time ‘t’.

dy
 y    A  sin t  B cos t ----------------------------------------(4)
dt

d2y
 y  2
  A  2 cos t  B 2 sin t --------------------------------------(5)
dt

Using Equation (3), (4), and (5) in Eqa. (1).

F0
( A  2 cos t  B 2 sin t )  2b (  A  sin t  B cos t )  0 2 ( A cos t  B sin t )  cos t
m
F
  A  2 cos t  B 2 sin t  2b A  sin t  2b B cos t  0 2 A cos t  0 2 B sin t  0 cos t
m

F0
 (  A  2  2b B  0 2 A ) cos t  (  B 2  2b A   0 2 B ) sin t  cos t
m

Comparing both sides of equation, we get:

[email protected] @2024
 F0
 A  2  2b B  0 2 A  and ----------------------------------------- (6)
m

B 2  2b A   0 2 B  O ----------------------------------------------- (7)

From Equ. No. (7)

 B (0 2   2 )  2b A   O

2b A 
B  ---------------------------------------------------(8)
0 2   2

Using this value in Equ (6)

 2b A   F
  A  2  2b  2 2 
  0 2 A  0
 0    m

 2b A   F0
 0 2 A  A  2  2b  2 2 
 
 0    m

 2b A   F0
0 2 A  A  2  2b  2 2 
 
 0    m

 2b A   F0
 ( 0 2   2 ) A  2b   2 2 

 0    m

( 0 2   2 ) 2 A  4b2  2 A F0
 
( 0 2   2 ) m


( 0
2
  2 ) 2  4b 2  2  A

F0
( 0   )
2 2
m

F0
( 0 2   2 )
 A  m ------------------------------------------------ (9)

( 0 2   2 ) 2  4b 2  2 
And From Eqa (9) we can write Eqa (8) “B” as

2b 
B  A
0 2   2

[email protected] @2024
 F0
( 0 2   2 )
2b  m
B  ^.
0 2   2  ( 0 2   2 ) 2  4b 2  2 
F0
2b 
B  m

( 0 2   2 ) 2  4b 2  2 
We considered A and B as B  R sin  , A  R cos  in Equ no (3), we get.

R 2  A2  B 2

2 2
 F0   F0 
 ( 0 2   2 )   2b  
 R2   m m
  
 (  
0   )  4b 
2 2 2 2 2
  
 ( 0   )  4b 
2 2 2 2 2
 
   

2 2
 F0 2   F0 
 m ( 0   )    m 2b  
2

 R2     

( 0   )  4b 
2 2 2 2 2 2


 
2
 F0 

2
  ( 0 2   2 )  4b 2  2
m
 R2   
 
2
( 0 2   2 ) 2  4b 2  2

2
 F0 
 
R 2  m
( 0   2 ) 2  4b 2  2
2

 F0 
 
R  m ----------------------------------------------(10)
( 0 2   2 ) 2  4b 2  2

Which is the equation of Amplitude for the simple harmonic motion under the influence of external
periodic force. By using equation (10) we can write the displacement as

 F0 
m
y   cos(t   ) ---------------------------------------(11)
( 0   2 ) 2  4b 2  2
2

[email protected] @2024
Equation (11) shows the displacement of simple harmonic motion under the influence of external periodic
force. In which it oscillates with frequency of external periodic force. If the external periodic force is
absent, it will oscillate with natural frequency 0 .

Moreover the  can also be present as ration of A and B

F0
2b 
m

 tan  
B

 ( 0 2   2 ) 2  4b 2  2 
A F0
( 0 2   2 )
m
 ( 0   2 ) 2  4b 2  2
2

F0
2b 
m
( 0
2
  2 ) 2  4b 2  2  For Phase
 tan   ^
F0 difference
( 0 2   2 ) only
m
( 0
2
  2 ) 2  4b 2  2  Extra

2b 
 tan   -------------------------------------------------(12)
( 0 2   2 )

2b 
   tan 1
( 0 2   2 )

For Amplitude Resonance.

Now in Eqa (10) if denominator term becomes minimum its amplitude becomes maximum. Where it
depends upon value of  .When natural frequency 0 is equal to the external force frequency  : system
oscillates with maximum oscillations, which is known as resonance and Amplitude is known asAmplitude
Resonance denoted by

F0 F0
 Rm  
2mb  2mb 0

Amplitude is large for the lower value of b : which means for lower value of damping “ b ” Amplitude is
large and for higher value of the b Amplitude is small , In case of high value of damping resonance is
flat.

[email protected] @2024
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(See the graph)

Part 2 pending……

For   0,   0 ; no phase difference between applied force and displacement.


For 0   ,  
2

[email protected] @2024
[email protected] @2024
[email protected] @2024