7 1

Second term revision 2023- 2024

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Providing Quality Education for Egyptian Students Overseas

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⚫ THE PARALLRLOGRAM & ITS PROPERTIES
⚫ THE SPECIAL CASES OF THE PARALLELOGRAME
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⚫ ROTATION

2
 Unit ( 1 ) Numbers

2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
s
Side length ⎯⎯⎯→ Area
⎯
A

Ex(1): A square whose side length 5 cm. Find its area.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
s3
Edge length  Volume
3
V
Ex(2): A cube whose edge length 5 cm. Find its volume.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
Remarks:
0
a
 If is a rational number, then where a  0
a
  = 1
b b
"Any number of power zero = 1 except zero"
− a
m m
  
a
=   when m is an even number.
 b  b
− a
m m
  
 b 
a
= − 
b
when m is an odd number.

3
[1] Choose the correct answer

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

4
 sheet ( 1 )
Complete:
3 −4 3
1) ( )1 = ……………… 2) ( ) = ………………
4 3
−2 1
3) ( ) 4 = …………..... 4) ( ) 6 = ……………….
3 2
1 0 1
5) ( ) = ……………. 6) (− ) 0 = ……………
5 5
−1 −1 3 3
7) ( ) 2  ( ) 3 = …………… 8) ( ) 7  ( ) 5 = ………………
2 2 5 5
2 5 3 5 1 3 4
9) ( )  ( ) = ……………… 10) ( ( ) ) = ……………..
5 4 2
5 2 3 −5 5 −5 3
11) ( ( ) ) = …………….. 12) ( )  ( ) = ……………
9 6 6
3 3 3 1
13) ( ) 7  ( )3 = …………… 14) ( )5  ( )5 = ……………..
4 4 5 2
3
5 ........ 3 a b3
15) 3
=( ) 16) ( )3  = ……………….
3 ...... b a
− 23 .......... ............ 1
17) 3
= (− ) 18) (2x) 2× = …………..
5 .......... x
1 ............. 4
19) ( 4n )3 = ………….. 20) (1 ) = (
4
) = ............
5
2 ...........
3 2
21) ( x y )3 = ……………. 22) (x y a
) b = ………….
2
z

y2 2
23) ( x n )n = ……………. 24) ( ) = ……………….
x

a 3
25) (–3 x ) = ……………

Find the numerical value of each of the following in the simplest form : -
−1 3 −3
If x = ,y= and Z =
2 4 2
3 2 2
a) X ÷Y ×Z = ……………………………………………………………..

xy 2
b) ( ) =…………………………………………………………………………
z

5
Rules:

n m n+ m
a a a
     =  
b b b
n m n− m
a a a
     =  
b b b
m n m
 a  n  a
  b   =  
  b

6
LESSON (3): integer powers

 We studied the multiplicative inverse of rational numbers,

1 2
the multiplicative inverse of 2
is 1
= 2.

 We can write the fractions in the decimal form such as:

1 1
2
= 0.5 and 4
= 0.25

 And we can write the fraction in the whole form by

changing the sign of its power such as:
1 1
0.5 = 1 = 2−1 0.25 = 1 = 4−1
2 4
• 1 1 1
0. 3 = = 3−1 = = 3−2
3 9 32
1 1 1
0.1 = = 10−1 0.01 = = = 10−2
10 100 102
1 1
0.001 = = 3
= 10 − 3
1000 10
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙
 21 → 2−1 , 2  2−1 = 1

𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙
1
4 → 4−1 , 4  4 −1 = 1

𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙
23 → 2−3 , 23  2−3 = 1

 If we want to get the multiplicative inverse of any

rational number, change the sign of its power.

7
 SHEET 2
[1] Complete:
(1) If a = 2 , then a −1 = ………
3
(2) If a = 7 x , b = 7 − x , then a  b = ......
[2] Evaluate each of the following:
(1) 4 −1 = ………………………………………
(2) 5 −2 = ………………………………………
−1
 1
(3)   = ………………………………………
2
−2
 2
(4) −  = ………………………………………
 3
(5) (0.2)−2 = ………………………………………
(6) (1.2)−1 = ………………………………………
[4] Calculate each of the following, then put the result in the simplest
form:
8  8 −2
(1) = …………………………………………
8− 3
7  75
−2
(2) = …………………………………………
73
25  2 −2
(3) = …………………………………………
2 − 4  23
(4) (5 ) = …………………………………………
− 1 −3

(5) (3 ) = …………………………………………
−2 2

(6) (0.25 )−2 = …………………………………………

(7) (2 −1
 2− 2 ) = …………………………………………
3

2
 3− 1 
(8) 
 3 
 = …………………………………………
 
0
 84 
(9)  
 8− 4 
= …………………………………………
 

(10)
(3 ) −2 3
= …………………………………………
3− 2  3− 6
−3
 93  9 
(11) 
 95 
 = …………………………………………
 

8
[5] Simplify each of the following:
(1) 7 x −1 = ………………………………………
(2) x −1 y 2 = …………………………………………
(3) a −2b−3 = …………………………………………
(4) x 3  x −5 = …………………………………………
(5) x 3  x −2  x −1 = …………………………………………
c −5
(6) = …………………………………………
c2
(7) x 7  x −5 = …………………………………………
(8) (a ) = …………………………………………
−2 3

(9) (x )  (x ) = …………………………………………
2 −3 − 3 −2

(10) (b )
− 1 −3
= b....
2
(11) 2x− 3 =
......
(12) (3 x ) −1 2
= 9 x.... =
9
.....
(13) (3a )2 −1
=
1
.....
2
(14) 2x−2 y− 3 =
.....
[6] Choose the correct answer:
(1) 32  35 = ………
(a) 37 (b) 33 (c) 310 (d) 325
(2) 52 + 52 = ………
(a) 102 (b) 104 (c) 54 (d) 50
(3) 35  25 = ………
(a) 510 (b) 610 (c) 65 (d) 625
(4) (5a )0 = ………, a  0
(a) 5 (b) a (c) 5a (d) 1
3(2 ) = ………
3
(5)
(a) 36 (b) 35 (c) 38 (d) 323
(6) (52 )3 = ………
(a) 56 (b) 55 (c) 523 (d) 5

9
(7) 310 + 310 + 310 = ………
(a) 310 (b) 330 (c) 311 (d) 910
(8) 4 x + 4 x + 4 x + 4 x = ………
(a) 4x+4 (b) 44x (c) 4x+1 (d) 4x4
(9) (3 )
2 5
= ………
(3 )
5 2

(a) 310 (b) 352 (c) 325 (d) 1

(10) (2 y )3 = ………
(a) 2y3 (b) 8y (c) 8y3 (d) 23y
(11) (b3 )4 = ………
(a) b34 (b) b3×b3×b3 (c) b7 (d) b4×b4×b4
(12) The quarter of the number 420 is ………
(a) 45 (b) 410 (c) 419 (d) 210
2
(13) If a − 1 = , then a = ………
3
−2 3 3
(a) (b) (c) − (d) 1
3 2 2
−x
(14) If a = 7 x and b = 7 , then a  b = ………
(a) 72x (b) 492x (c) 1 (d) 0

6a 2 x 4
(15) = ………
2a 3 x 3
3x 3
(a) 3ax (b) 3a 5 x 7 (c) (d)
a ax

(16)
(− 2s t )
2 3
= ………
(− 4 s t ) 2 2

− s3 − s4 s5 s4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2t 2t 2t 2 t

(17) If a = 2 and a
x −y
= 3 , then a x − y = ………
2
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) (d) 6
3

1 y
(18) If x y − 1 = , then = ………
2 x
1 −1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2 2

10
[7] Calculate each of the following:
3
 1
(1) 8  = ……………………………………………
2

2
 − 3 8
(2)    = …………………………………………
 4  27

3
 − 3  − 25 
(3)    = ………………………………………
 5   27 

2
 − 5 3
(4)   3 = …………………………………………
 6  4

−1 3
[8] If a = , b=2 and c = . Find the numerical value of a 3b2 + b2c − 8a b c
2 4
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

−1 −3
[9] If x = , y= 3 and z = . Find the numerical value of:
2 4 2
x3
(1) x 3 y 2 (2)
y2 z2
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11
 Sheet ( 3 )
Complete
1) 8 −1 =……………… 2) ( - 3 )-2=………………

2 4
3) ( ) − 3 =……………..… 4) ( ) − 4 =……………………………
3 5
7 −2  7 3 4−4 x3−2
5) =…………………. 6) ( −8 ) −1 =……………………
7 4
a0
7) ( x × x )
3 −4 −2
=……………….. 8) ( ) −3 =…………………………
a5

−2 −3
x −2  x 5
9) ( 6 ) =………………………… 10) =…………………..
x3
2 x 3
11) If ( ) = , then x = …………
3 2

12
  The number is written in the standard form as a  10 n where
 1 ≤ |𝑎| < 10 and n  Z .
[1] Which of the following numbers are in the standard form?
(1) 5.3  10 7 (2) 0.2  10 −4
(3) 0.025  10 8 (4) 7  10 −4
(5) 10  10 −10 (6) 4.25  10
6
(7) 33.9  10 (8) − 5.783  10 2
(9) − 0.0003  10 3 (10) 3.912  10 −2
[2] Write each of the following numbers are in the standard form:
(1) 600 000 = ……………………………………
(2) -20 000 = ……………………………………
(3) 7 million = ……………………………………
(4) 19 million = ……………………………………
(5) 0.0006 = ……………………………………
(6) 0.000053 = ……………………………………
(7) 0.000864 = ……………………………………
(8) 0.421 = ……………………………………
(9) 510 000 000 km2 = ……………………………………
[3] Write the result of each of the following in the standard form:
(1) (6.4  108 )  (1.5  105 )
……………………………………………………………………………
(2) (8.2  10 7 )  (2.1  10 −4 )
……………………………………………………………………………
(3) (5.02  10 −4 )  (0.1  10 −3 )
………………………………………………………………………
(4) (3.8  10 8 )  (1.9  10 6 )
……………………………………………………………………………

13
[4] Choose the correct answer:

(1) 3.04 × 107 = …………………

(a) 340 000 (b) 304 000 (c) 3 400 000 (d)30400 000

(2) 2.37 × 10-4 = …………………

(a) 0.00237 (b) 0.000237 (c) 23700 (d)
0.0000237

(3) If 0.00079 = 7.9 × a, then a = ………

(a) 103 (b) 10-3 (c) 10-4 (d) 104

(4) If 0.00000503 = m × 10-5, then m = ………

(a) 503 (b) 5.03 (c) 50.3 (d) 0.503

[5] Find the value of n in each of the following:

(1) 800 000 = 8 × 10n n = ………

(2) 0.00000006 = 6 × 10n n = ………

(3) 0.00052 = 5.2 × 10n n = ………

(4) 0.000357 = 3.57 × 10n n = ………

(5) 76293 = n × 104 n = ………

[6]Write the following numbers in the standard form (𝒂 × 𝟏𝟎𝒏 )

where 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁

a) 700000 =………………………… b) 3 hundred thousand =……………

c) 48000000 =……………………… d) 0.0000874 =……………………..

e) 0.00054 =……………………….. f) 68 × 10 =………………………

6

−5
g) 720 × 10 =…………………….. h) 57 × 10 =……………………..
5

4
i) ( 5.6 × 10 ) x ( 3 × 10 ) =…………………………………………………

14
[1] Calculate the value of each of the following:

(1) 16 = ………… (2) −√𝟐𝟓 = …………

(3) ±√𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 = ………… (4) ±√𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = …………

𝟗 𝟏
(5) √ = ………… (6) √𝟔 = …………
𝟒𝟗 𝟒

(7) −√𝟒𝟐 = ………… (8) ±√𝟖𝟐 = …………

𝟖𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(9) √( ) = ………… (10) √(− ) = …………
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒

𝟏𝟔𝒃𝟖 𝟒𝟗𝒂 𝟒 𝒃𝟐
(11) ±√ = ………… (12) √ = …………
𝟏𝟐𝟏𝒉𝟐 𝟗

15
[2] Complete:
4
(1) The multiplicative inverse of the number in the simplest
25
form is ………
(2) The multiplicative inverse of the number 0.49 in the simplest
form is ………
10
(3) The multiplicative inverse of the rational number in the
2. 5
simplest form is ………
9
(4) The additive inverse of the number − in the simplest form
16
is ………
9
(5) The multiplicative inverse of the number in the simplest
16
form is ………
[3] Simplify:
3 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 81 −2 3
(1) (4) ×√ ×( ) =
64 3
…………………………………………………………………………………
−2 2 −3 0 1
(2) ( 5 ) × ( 5 ) × √6 4 =
…………………………………………………………………………………
49 2 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 −2 2
(3) √ ×( ) ×( ) =
4 7 7
(4) …………………………………………………………………………………

16
[4] Choose the correct answer:
9
(1) √1 = …………………
16
3 3 1 1
(a) 1 (b) − 1 (c) 1 (d) − 1
4 4 4 4

(2) 102 − 62 = …………………

(a) 4 (b) 8 (c)  4 (d)  8

(3) 18  10  10  18 = …………………
(a) 18 (b) 180 (c) 10 (d) 100

(4) 81 = …………………
(a) 81 (b) 27 (c) 9 (d) 3
x 8
(5) If = , then x = …………………
2 x
(a) 4 (b) - 4 (c)  4 (d) 16
1
(6) If x = , then x 3 = …………………
4
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 16 64

Sheet ( 4 )
1- Find
a) 25 =……………………… b) 81 =………………………
1
c) - 64 =……………………… d) 6 =………………………
4
11
e) - 1 =……………………… f) 0.81 =………………………
25
g) 1.96 =………………………h) (−6) 2 =………………………
i) 25 − 9 =……………………… j) (10) 2 − 82 =………………………

17
2- Complete :
2 16
a)  =……………………….………………………….…………………
4 9
9 3 3 0
b) − + ( ) =………………………….……………….……………………
4 2 2
c) 36 + 16 = ..........
4
d) The multiplicative inverse of the no. is ……….…………..………….
25
9
e) The additive inverse of the no . - is …………………………………..
16
1
f) If a = and b = 2 , then ab = ………………..…………………….……..
4
g) If 2 x = √𝟑𝟔 , then x = …………………………………………..………….
5 𝟑𝟔
h) If a = and b 2 = , then ab = …………………………………………..
6 𝟐𝟓
i) If the area of a square is 12.25 cm2 then its side length is ………………cm
1 2 6
j) x = then x = ……………………………………………………..……….
6 9
1 3 1 x+ y
k) If x = - , y = and z = then = ……………………..………………..
3 4 3 Z

3] The length of a rectangle is twice its width and its area is 24.5 cm calculate
its length and its width .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

18
[1] Find the solution set of each of the following equations:
(1) 𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟑, where x  N (2) 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏𝟑, where 𝒙 ∈ 𝑵
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… ………………………………………
𝟐 𝟏
(3) 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎 , where 𝒙 ∈ 𝑸 (4) 𝒙 = , where 𝒙 ∈ 𝑸
𝟓 𝟓

………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
……………………………………… …………………………………………

[2] Find the solution set of each of the following equations:

(1) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟓, where 𝒙 ∈ (2) 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐, where

𝑸
𝒙∈𝑸
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………

(3) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟐𝟔, where (4) 𝟖 + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒, where

𝒙∈𝑵
𝒙∈𝒁
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………..
………………………………………

(5) 𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙 = −𝟐, where (6) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 = −𝟐, where

𝒙∈𝒁 𝒙∈𝒁
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………

19
[3] Find the solution set of each of the following equations in Q:

(1) 2(𝑥 − 3) = 4 (2) 3(𝑥 + 2) + 7(𝑥 − 1) = 12

………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………

(3) 4(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 + 3) = 0 (4) 𝑥 + 3 = 18 − 3𝑥

………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………

(5) 5𝑥 − 4 = 2𝑥 + 11 (6) 7 x − 4 = −2 x + 11
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… ………………………………………

[4] Complete:
(1) If x + 5 = 7, then x = ………
(2) If 3x = 6, then the value of 6x = ………
(3) If x + 9 = 11, then the value of 7x = ………
1
(4) If 2y + 3 = 15, then the value of y = ………
2
(5) If 2x = 2, then 3x – 1 = …………
(6) If 2x = 0, then x = ………
(7) If the age of a man now is x years, then his age 5 years ago is …
(8) If the age of a man now is y years, then his age after 4 years
is ……
(9) If the age of a man after 5 years is x years, then his age now
is ……

20
[5] Find in Q the S.S of each of the following :-
1) 3x – 2 = 4 2) 5x + 2 = - 8
……………………….……………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………..
……………………….……………………………… …………………….……………………………………………….

−7 1
3) 4x – 3 = 4) x+1=4
5 2
……………………….……………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………..
……………………….……………………………… …………………….……………………………………………….

x − 2 x +1
5) 2 ( x – 3 ) = 5x +
9
6) =
4 3 5
……………………….……………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………..
……………………….……………………………… …………………….……………………………………………….

7) 4x 2 – 3 = 13 8) 9 x 2 + 5 = 21
……………………….………………………………
……………………….…………………………………………..
……………………….………………………………
…………………….……………………………………………….

9) 4x 2 + 2 = 27 10) 12 – 4 x2 = 3
……………………….……………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………..
……………………….……………………………… …………………….……………………………………………….

21
 Perimeter of rectangle = (L + W) × 2
If the example state perimeter of rectangle, we get half
the perimeter and say: L + W = 21 the perimeter.
 If the example state three consecutive integers, we
suppose that the three numbers are: x , x + 1 , x + 2
 If the example state three consecutive odd (or even)
numbers, we suppose that the three numbers are:
x , x+2 , x+ 4

(1) The length of a rectangle exceeds its width by 4 meters

and its perimeter is 68 meters. Find the dimensions of
the rectangle.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2) Find the numbers that if it is added to its triple the
result is 32.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(3) Find the number which if we subtract 9 from its triple,

the result will be 6.

22
Find in Q the S.S of each of the following :-
1) 2 + X > 4 2) x + 15 < 19
……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
3) x–1 ≤3 4) 2x+5 > 9
………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
5) X+1<5 6) 2 – 3X < 8
………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

7) 2X + 3 ≤ 7 8) -2X –1 > 7
………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

11) 1< x–4 <2 12) -2 < x – 4 < 1

………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

13) X – 8 ≥ 3X – 7 14) 5X+ 1 ≥ 2 (X + 2)

………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… .

5 1 1 7
15) 2 X + 2 > -11 16) + x  5− x  x+
2 4 4 2

23
………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………….

Find the solution set of each of the following inequalities in Q:

(1) 3x − 2  1 (2) 4 x + 2  −10
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… ………………………………………
(3) 2 x + 1  9 (4) −4 x  −8
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………

(5) 3 − 2x  1 (6) 2 − 3x  4
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………

(7) 3x − 1  2 x + 3 (8) 3x − 2  x + 4
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… ………………………………………

(9) 3( x + 2)  − x + 4 (10) 2( x + 1)  x + 4
………………………………………… …………………………………………
……………………………………….. …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………

24
Choose the correct answer:

(1) If −x  5 , then …………………

(a) x  5 (b) x  −5 (c) x  5 (d) x  −5

(2) If x N , then the S.S. of the inequality − x  3 is ………

(a) {4, 5, …} (b) {-4, -5, …} (c) {-3} (d) 

(3) x
3
 4 is equivalent to ………

4 4
(a) x 
3
(b) x 
3
(c) x  12 (d) x  12

(4) If x Z , then the S.S. of the inequality 20  5 x  25 is

…………

(a) {4} (b) {5} (c) {4, 5} (d) 

(5) The S.S. of the inequality −2 x  zero in Q is …………

(a)  (b) Q+ (c) Q- (d) Z+

1 1
(6) If x  y, then x
......
y
where x  0 and y  0

(a) < (b) > (c) = (d) 

(7) If x  5 , then − x ………

(a) < -9 (b)  -5 (c) < -5 (d) > -5

25
 Suppose that
A is an any event, n( A) is a number of elements of A and n( S ) is a
n( A)
number of elements of the sample space, then P ( A) =
n( S )
 Coin:
1
Probability of getting a head = = 0.5 = 50%
2
1
Probability of getting a tail = = 0.5 = 50%
2
 Die:
As throwing a fair die once and observing the upper face,
complete the following:

(1) The probability of appearance a number greater than 3 = ……

(2) The probability of appearance a number less than 3 = ……

(3) The probability of appearance an even number = ……

(4) The probability of appearance the number 4 = ……

(5) The probability of appearance the number 7 = ……

(6) The probability of appearance a number  6 = ……

26
[1] Complete:
(1) The probability of occurring the impossible event = ………… and
the certain event = …………
(2) If a coin is flipped once, then the probability of appearance of
head = ………
(3) 10 cards numbered from 1 to 10. If a card is drawn randomly,
then the probability that the card in numbered by an odd
number is ………
(4) A box has 5 white balls, 7 red balls and 3 blue balls. If a ball is
drawn randomly from the box, then the probability that the ball
is blue = …………
(5) In the experiment of throwing a fair die once and observing the
upper face, the probability that the appearance number is less
than 1 = …………
(6) A box contains 48 oranges, 4 of them are bad. If an orange is
drawn randomly, then the probability that the drawn orange is
bad = ……… and the probability of the drawn orange is good =
………
5
(7) If the probability of occurring an event is , then the
8

probability that the event doesn't occur = ………

(8) If the probability that a person get infected (in a city whose
number of inhabitants is 200 000) with a disease is 0.003, then
the expected number of infected persons with the disease in
this city is …………………………… persons.

27
[2] Choose the correct answer:

(1) Which of the following may be a probability of an event?

(a) -0.25 (b) 87% (c) 1.05 (d) 130%

(2) A basket contains cards numbered from 1 to 20. If a card drawn

randomly, what is the probability that the number written on it

is divisible by 6?
3 4 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20 20 20 20

[3] A box contains 10 balls numbered from 1 to 10, Find the prob. of:

(1) Number divisible by 7 = ……………………………………

(2) Number is an even = …………………………………………

(3) Number less than 8 = ………………………………………

(4) Odd greater than 3 = ………………………………………

(5) Prime number = …………………………………………………

(6) Number divisible by 5 = ……………………………………

[4] A school has 480 students, and the number of girls is 300, if a

student is chosen randomly, then find the probability that the

student is:

(1) A girl = ………………

(2) A boy = ………………

28
Complete :
1) The probability of the impossible event is …………………
2) The probability of the sure( certain) event is ……………………….
3) If the probability of failing of a student is 0.2 , then the probability of his
success is ………………
4) If the probability of the trees bearing fruit is 0.85 and there are 900 trees in a
farm , then the expected number of trees bearing fruit is …………………
5) …………≤ the probability of an event ≤ ………… .
6) If a coin is tossed once then the probability of the appearance of
a head=……………………..
7)10 cards is selected at random, the probability that the selected card has an
odd number is …………………
8) A single die is rolled once, the probability of the appearance of the number 3
on the upper face is…………………
9) A box contains 5 white balls,7 red balls, 3 blue balls, a ball is drawn randomly
from a box ,the probability that the drawn ball is blue equals …….
10) A box contains 100 balls ( white and black ) if the probability of drawn a
2
white ball from the box is then the number of black balls =…………balls
5

11) A single dice is tossed once the probability of the event { 2 , 3 } =………
12) A box contains a number of balls half of them is red , ⅓ of them is black and
the rest is white , one ball was chosen the probability that the chosen ball is
white equals ……………

29
 Geometry
1-If two straight lines intersect then the measures of each two
vertically opposite angles are equal

2- The sum of the measures of the accumulative angles at a point

is equal to 360°

3-The polygon is named according to the number of its sides Triangle

( 3 sides ) Quadrilateral ( 4 sides ) Pentagon ( 5 sides ) Hexagon ( 6
sides ) Heptagon ( 7 sides ) Octagon ( 8 sides ) Nonagon ( 9
sides ) Decagon ( 10 sides )

4-Convex polygon has any interior angle less than 180 °

5-Concave polygon has one or more angle more than 180 °

6-The number of triangles of any polygon is (n - 2) where n is

the number of sides

7-The sum of measures of the interior angles of a polygon is (𝒏 −

𝟐) × 𝟏𝟖𝟎

8-The sum of measures of the exterior angles of a convex polygon

of n sides = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°

9 -The regular polygon has all sides and angles are equal

And The measure of each interior angle of the regular polygon is

((𝒏−𝟐)×𝟏𝟖𝟎°)
𝒏

30
10-A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which each two opposite sides
are parallel

11-The properties of a parallelogram:

a -The sum of measures of each two consecutive angles in a

parallelogram is 180 °

b- In a parallelogram each two opposite angles are equal in measure

c- In a parallelogram each two opposite sides are equal in length

d- The two diagonals in a parallelogram bisect each other

12 -A rectangle is a parallelogram with a right angle and the

diagonals are equal in length

13 -A rhombus is a parallelogram in which two adjacent sides are

equal in length and the two diagonals are perpendicular

14 - A square is a parallelogram with a right angle and two adjacent

sides

equal in length and tow diagonals perpendicular and equal in length

15 - The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is

180

16 - The ray drawn from the midpoint of a side of a triangle parallel

to another side bisect the third side

17 - The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a

triangle is Parallel to the Third side

31
18 - The length of the line segment joining the midpoints of two
sides of a triangle is Equal to half the length of the third side

19 - The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) by reflection in the 𝑿_𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 is

(𝑿 , −𝒀 ) and The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) by reflection in
the 𝒀 – 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 is (− 𝑿 , 𝒀 )

20-The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) by reflection in the origin point is

(−𝑿 , −𝒀)

21-The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) by translation (𝑲 , 𝑳) is (𝑿 +

𝑲 , 𝒀 + 𝑳)

22-The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) by Rotation angle of 𝟗𝟎° or −𝟐𝟕𝟎°

around the origin point is (−𝒀 , 𝑿 )

23-The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) by Rotation angle of−𝟗𝟎° or𝟐𝟕𝟎°

around the origin point is (𝒀 , −𝑿 )

24-The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) ) by Rotation angle of 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

around the origin point is (−𝑿 , −𝒀)

25- 24-The image of the point (𝑿 , 𝒀 ) ) by Rotation angle of 𝟑𝟔𝟎°

around the origin point is (𝑿 , 𝒀)

32
 Unit (3)
Geometry and measurement
Lesson (1)
Deductive Proof
Theorem (1):
If two straight lines intersect, then the measure of each two vertically
opposite angles are equal.

Given: The two straight lines A C

3
2 1
AB and CD intersect at E
4
Required to proof D B

R.T.P. m (<1)= m (<2)

Proof:

 <2 and <3 are adjacent angles where ED  EC = CD

 m (<2) + m (<3) = 180o

 <2 and < 4 are adjacent angles where EA  EB = AB

 m (<2) + m (<4) = 180o
 m (<2) + m (<3) = m (<2) + m (<4)
 m (<3) + m (<4) Q.E.D. Also: m (<1) = m (<2)

33
Theorem (2): The sum of the measure of the accumulative angles at

a point is equal to 360o D

A
Given: OA, OB, OC and OD are
O D
rays that start at O A
B

R.T.P. Prove that the sum of the measure C 4

3
5 O
2
1 B
of the accumulative angles at the point O
C E
is 360o

Construction: Extend DO to produce E.

Proof:

 m (2) + m (<3) + m (<4) = 180o

 m (<1) + m (<5) = 180o

 m(<1) + m(<2) + m(<3) + m(<4) + m(<5) = 180o + 180o + 180o = 360o

 m (<3) + m (<BOC) + m (<5) + m (<4)= 360o

Q.E.D.

34
 Class work sheet

Δ ABC is an equilateral triangle, BC // AF. AE bisect <A

E D

Find with proof:

C B
(1) m (<DBC) G

(2) m (<ECG)
F
(3) m (<GCA) A

..........................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

Home work sheet

Δ ABC is an isosceles triangle, m (<A) = 70o

B A
Δ BCD is an equilateral Δ
H
C
a) m (<ACE) D
G F E
b) m (<CDG)
Solution:

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

35
 Lesson (2) : The polygons
Definition

The polygon is a simple closed line formed from three line

segments or more.
Side Vertex

Angle
1) The number of sides of any polygon is equal to the number of its vertices and
equal to the number of its angles.

2) The diagonal is the line segment joining two non-consecutive vertices.

Diagonal

36
The polygon is named after the number of its sides as following:

Number Number Number

Polygon Of sides Of vertices Of angles

3 3 3

Triangle

4 4 4

Quadrilateral

5 5 5
Pentagon

Hexagon

6 6 6

37
 Number Number Number
Polygon Of sides Of vertices Of angles

7 7 7

Heptagon

8 8 8

Octagon

Note:
You can get the number of diagonals of n–sides polygon from the rule:

𝐧 ( 𝐧−𝟑 )
, where n is the number of sides.
𝟐

Examples:

5 ( 5−3 ) 5 ×2 10
The number of diagonals of Pentagon = = = =5
2 2 2
7 ( 7−3 ) 7 ×4 28
The number of diagonals of Heptagon = = = =14
2 2 2

The number of diagonals of Hexagon = ……………………….

38
Rules:

(1) The sum of measures of the interior angles of n-sides polygon

= ( n – 2 ) × 180° , where n is the number of sides.

(2) The sum of measures of the exterior angles of any polygon = 360°.

Examples:
1- The sum of measures of the interior angles of the square
= ( 4 – 2 ) × 180° = 2 × 180° = 360°

2- The sum of measures of the interior angles of the triangle

= .…………………………………….

3- The sum of measures of the interior angles of the Hexagon

= ……………………………………...

4- The sum of measures of the interior angles of the Pentagon

= ……………………………………...

5- The sum of measures of the exterior angles of the Octagon

= ……………………………………...
6- The sum of measures of the exterior angles of the Heptagon
= ……………………………………...
Note that :

1) The sum of measures of the interior angle and the exterior angle at
any vertex is 180°.
2) If one or more of the angles of the polygon is reflex, then the polygon
is concave.
3) If none of the angles of the polygon is reflex, then the polygon is
convex.

39
 Regular Polygon
The regular polygon is the polygon in which :
• All of its sides are equal in length.
• All of its angles are equal in measure.

Equilateral triangle Square Regular Hexagon

Important notes:

1) Perimeter of regular polygon = length of its side × number of

sides

2) The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon :

( 𝒏−𝟐 ) × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
= , where n is number
𝒏

Example (1)
Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular Pentagon.
Solution

In the regular Pentagon ; n = 5

( 𝒏−𝟐 ) × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
The measure of each interior angle =
𝒏
( 𝟓−𝟐 ) × 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
= = = 108°.
𝟓 𝟓

40
 Example (2)

Find the measure of each interior angle in a regular polygon whose

perimeter is 40 cm. and the length of each of its sides is 5 cm.
Solution
Number of sides = 40 ÷ 5 = 8 sides
( 𝒏−𝟐 ) × 𝟏𝟖𝟎° ( 𝟖−𝟐 ) × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
The measure of each interior angle = =
𝒏 𝟖
𝟔 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
= = 135°.
𝟖

Remark:
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
The number of sides of any polygon =
𝟏𝟖𝟎°− 𝐗
Where X is the measure of the interior angle of this polygon.

Example (3):
If the measure of the interior angle of a regular polygon is 150°,
then find the number of sides of this polygon.
Solution
𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
The number of sides = = = = 12 sides
𝟏𝟖𝟎°−𝑿 𝟏𝟖𝟎°−𝟏𝟓𝟎° 𝟑𝟎°
Example (4):
If the measure of an angle in a hexagon is 130° , then find the sum of the other
five angles.
Solution
The sum of the measures of the five angles = 720° - 130°
= 590°

41
 The parallelogram and its properties
Definition:
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which each two opposite sides
are parallel.
→ The properties of a parallelogram: A D
1) Each two opposite sides are equal M

in length and parallel. B C

AB // CD , AD // BC
AB = CD , AD = BC

2) Each two opposite angles are equal in measure

m (<A) = m (<C) , m (<B) = m (<D)

3) The sum of measures of each two consecutive angles in a

parallelogram is 1800
m (<A) + m(<B) = 1800 , m (<C) + m (<D) = 1800
m (<B) + m(<C) = 1800 , m (<A) + m (<D) = 1800

4) The diagonals bisect each other

AM = MC , BM = MC

42
 Exercises on the parallelogram
and its properties

[1] In the opposite figure:

D A
ABCD is a parallelogram in which
AB = 2cm, AD = 6cm
and m (<B) = 1050 C B
Complete:
1) BC = …………….cm, DC = ……………cm.
2) M (<D) = ……….0. m (<A) =……….0 and m (<C)=………..0
3) The perimeter of ABCD = ………………….cm.

[2] In the opposite figure:

ABCD is a quadrilateral whose diagonals
Intersect at M, MA = MC, MB = MD, D C
m (<AMB)= 1100 and m (<MBA) = 250 M
Prove that:
1) ABCD is a parallelogram A B
2) Find m (<ACD)

[3] In the opposite figure:

ABCD is a parallelogram such that:
D A
AC  BD = {M} of CD = 2cm,
M
MC = 2.5cm and MD = 1.8cm.
Calculate the perimeter of  AMB. C B
[4] In the opposite figure:
D A
ABCD is a parallelogram, H  BC
Where:  DHC is an equilateral triangle.
1) Prove that: HC = AB C H B

2) Find m (<B) and m (<HDA)

43
[5] In the opposite figure:
D A

E BC , m (<BAE) = 450,
m (<AEB)= 700, m (<D)=650 and
C E B
m (<C) = 1150.
Prove that: ABCD is a parallelogram.

[6] In the opposite figure:

ABCD is a parallelogram in which D A

X0
2X0
m (<DAC) = X0 , m (<BAC) 2X0
5X0
0
and m (ABC) 5X C B

Find: m (<BCD) and m (<ADC).

44
 The special cases of the parallelogram

[1] The rectangle:

Is parallelogram with a right angle

Properties of rectangle:

1) The four angles of a rectangle are all equal in measure and the measure of
each is 900.

2) The two diagonals are equal in length.

[2] The rhombus:

Is parallelogram in which each two adjacent sides are equal in length.

1) The four sides are all equal in length.

2) The two diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each of its interior angles.

[3] The square:

Is a parallelogram with a right angle and two adjacent sides are equal in length.

The properties of the square:

1) All sides are equal in length.

2) All angles are equal in measure and each one = 900

3) The diagonals are equal in length, perpendicular and each diagonal bisects
the two vertices angles which this diagonal joins.

45
 We can also define the square as follows:

1) A square is a rectangle with two adjacent sides equal in length.

2) A square is a rhombus with a right angle.

Important notes in solving exercises:

→ To prove that the quadrilateral is a rectangle, a rhombus or a square. We

must first prove that it is a parallelogram, as we see in the previous
lesson, then:

To prove that the parallelogram is a rectangle, we must prove one of the

following properties:

1) One of its angles is a right angle.

2) The two diagonals are equal in length.

→ To prove that the parallelogram is a rhombus, we must prove one of the

following properties:

1) The two adjacent sides are equal in length

2) Its two diagonals are perpendicular

*To prove that the parallelogram is a square, we must prove one of the
following properties:

1) It has a right angle and its two adjacent sides are equal in length.

2) It has a right angle and its two diagonals are perpendicular.

3) Its two diagonals are perpendicular and equal in length.

4) Two adjacent sides are equal in length and its two diagonals are
perpendicular.

46
 Exercises on the special cases of the parallelogram
[1] Complete each of the following:

1) The rhombus in which one of its angles is right is called…………..

2) the parallelogram in which the two diagonals are orthogonal is

called……………..

3) If the measure of the exterior angle of a regular convex =300 then

the number of sides of this polygon is……………..

4) XYZL is a parallelogram in which m (<X)=700, m (<Z)=………….

5) The diagonal of the square bisects the angle of the square into two
angles, the measure of each of them=………………………

[2] In the opposite figure: A D

ABCD is a parallelogram,

E B C
E  CB where BC = BE,

if DE = DC

prove that :AEBD is rectangle

47
[3] In the opposite figure:
F E D A

Each of the two quadrilaterals

ABCD and EBCF is a parallelogram

Prove that: AD = EF.

Exercises

1) Find the measure of the interior angle of a regular :

(a) Heptagon.
C B
(b) Hexagon.

(c) Quadrilateral.

(d) 10-sides polygon.

2) If the perimeter of a regular polygon is 63 cm. , length of its side

is 9 cm. , then find the measure of each of its interior angles.

3) If measure of the exterior angle of a regular polygon is 45° , then

find the number of angles of this polygon.

4) A regular polygon has 20 sides. Find measure of its interior angle

and its exterior angle.

48
 Lesson (5)
Triangle properties
Theorem (1): The sum of the measure of the interior angles of a triangle is 180o
Given: ABC is a triangle (1)
R.T.P. m (<1) + m (<2) + m (<3) = 180o C
X 5 4 Y
Construction: Draw XY // AB passing 1

through the point C. 3 2

A B
o
Proof: <XCY is a straight angle = 180
m (<1) + m (<4) + m (<5) = 180o → (*)
 XY //AB
 m (<5) = m (<3) alternate angles → (1)
m (<4) = m (<2) alternate angles → (2)
Replace (1) and (2) in (*)
 m (<1) + m (<2) + m (<3) = 180o Q.E.D.
Theorem (2):
The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two
non- adjacent interior angles.
<2 , <3 and <4 are called interior angles
Of ΔABC A
4
<1 is called exterior angle

Then: m (<1) = m (<3) + m (<4). 3 2 1

B C D

49
Example: m (<DAE) = 1100 , m (<C) = 30o
E
Find m (<B) and m (<EAC) D
o
Given 110

m (<C) = 30o and m (<DAE) = 110o A

R.T.P. m (<B) and m (<EAC)

30o
Proof: C B
o
 m (<DAE) = 110

 m (<DAE) = m (<BAC) Vertically opposite angles

o
 m(<BAC) = 110

 The sum of measures of the interior angles of a triangle = 180o

 m (<B) = 180o – (110o + 30o) = 40o Required (1)

< EAC is an exterior angle of ΔABC

 m (EAC) = m (<B) + m (<C) = 300 + 400
m (<EAC) = 70o Required (2)

Exercises on the triangle (1)

[1] Complete:
1) The sum of measures of the interior angles of a triangle is………..0.
2) The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of……………………
3) If the measures of an angle in a triangle equals the sum of measures of the
other two angles in the triangle, then the triangle is…………..
4) in  ABC if m (<A) + m (<C) = m (<B), then m (<B)=………..0.
5) in  ABC if m (<B) > m (<A) + m (<C), then <B is…………….

50
[2] Choose the correct answer:

1) The sum of measures of the interior angles of a triangle equals the measure
of………………..angle.
a) a right b) a straight c) an acute d) a reflex
2) In XYZ, if m (<X)=50 , m (<Y)=100 , then m (<Z)=……….0.
0 0

a) 300 b) 500 c) 800 d) 1000

3) If the measures of two angles in a triangle are 350 and 450, then the triangle
is……………..triangle.
a) acute–angled b) right–angled
c) obtuse–angled d)equilateral
4)The measure of the exterior angle of the equilateral triangle at any one of its
vertices equals………………
a) 600 b) 1200 c) 1500 d) 300

[3] In the opposite figure:

BD // CA , m (<C) = 450 and A
0 D
m (<ABD) = 75
find: m (<ABC)
450 750
C B

[4] In the opposite figure: E D

1000
DE // BC , m (<D) = 1000 A
m (<C) = 30 and A  DB
0

find m (<BAC)
300
C B

51
[5] In the opposite figure:
ED // BA , m (<CAF) = 1100, E D

DB  AE = {C},
m (<DCE) = 600 and F  BA C
find the measures of the angles of
the two triangle DCE and ABC.
1100
B A F

[6] In the opposite figure:

A
AC  DB = {M} and D

m (<A) = m (<D)
Prove that: M
m (<C) = m (<B)
C B

52
 LESS0N (6) The triangle (2)
Theorem (2)
The ray drawn from the midpoint of a side of a triangle parallel to another side
bisects the third side.
Corollary
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side.

Theorem (3)
The length of the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle
is equal to half the length of the third side.

Important notes
1-The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure
of any interior angle of the triangle except its adjacent angle.
2-If two angles of one triangle equal two angles of another triangle in measure,
then the third angle of the first triangle is equal in measure to the third
angle of the other triangle.
3-If the sum of measures of two angles in a triangle equal 900, then the third
angle is right.
4-If the sum of measures of two angles in a triangle is less than 90 0, then the
third angle is obtuse.
5–If the sum of measures of two angles in a triangle is more than 900, then the
third angle is a cute.

53
 Exercises on the triangle (2)

[1] Complete the following:

1) The ray drawn from the midpoint of a side of a triangle parallel to another
side………………………………….
2) The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is……………the
third side.
A
3) In the opposite figure:
D and E are the midpoints of AB and AC
respectively, AD=3cm, AE=2cm E D
and DE=4cm.
 The perimeter of the figure
DBCE=……………..cm. C B

[3] In the opposite figure:

A
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which:
X
AB and
X and Z are the midpoints of
y
B
Z
AD respectively and Y  AC such that:
YZ // CD and YC = 4cm. If BC = 6cm
And AB = 10cm. Then find: C
1) AY 2) The perimeter of AXY D
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..

54
4) In the opposite figure: X
XYZ is a triangle in which
H , O , G are the midpoints of XY , YZ
G H
and ZX respectively
if the perimeter of  HOG is 18cm,
then find the perimeter of XYZ. Z O Y
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
5) In the opposite figure:
ABCD is a trapezium, X is
H D A
the midpoint of AB
If AD // XY where Z
y X
Y  DC , YZ // DH
Prove that: CZ = ZH.
C B
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..

Class work sheet

ABC is a triangle, BE bisect <B and
cutting AC at D, m (<BDC)= 120o , m (<C) = 36o E
and m (<ADB) = 60o A
Find with proof: D
1- m (<ADE). 60o
120o
Given:.............................................. 36o
C
.......................................................................................................
R.T.P.......................................................................................................B
.......................................................................................................
Proof:.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................

55
 Pythagoras' theorem
1) Find the missing side:
A A
a) b)
? ?
3cm 7cm
C B C
4cm 24cm
B
X
X

13cm 12cm 41cm

c) d)
?

Z Y
40cm
Z Y

M L
15cm
N 12cm P 20cm O

?
e) 16cm f) ? ?
25cm
O
L 8cm N

56
 Converse of Pythagoras's theorem

In a triangle, if the sum of the areas of two squares on two sides is equal to the
area of the square on the third side, then the angle opposite to this side is a right
angle.

→ In  ABC; C
if (AB)2 + (AC)2 = (BC)2
then: m (<A) = 900
Corollary:
A B
In ABC, if AC is the longest side and if (AC)  (AB) +(BC) , then m (<B)  900
2 2 2

and the triangle is not right–angled

Exercises on Pythagoras
1– In the opposite figure, in which: D
15cm
m (<ABC)=900, AB=7cm, BC=24cm, CD=20cm A
20cm
and DA=15cm. Prove that: m (<ADC)=900. 7cm

C B
24cm

57
2–In the opposite figure:

ABCD is A quadrilateral in which:

m (<B)=900, AB=12cm, BC=16cm, D 25cm A

CD=15cm and DA = 25cm 15cm 12cm

a) Find the length of AC C

16cm
B

b) Prove that: m (<ACD)=900

A
3–In the opposite figure:
12cm
AC=12cm, BC=9cm, AD=17cm.
17cm
0
DB=8cm, and m (<ABD)=90 C
9cm
a) Find the length of AB B 8cm D
b) Prove that: AC ⊥ BC

58
 Reflection
Draw the image of the point A by reflection in the straight line L

Remark
The reflection of a point belongs to the straight line on the straight line is itself

Draw ∆ ABC in which 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 , 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟕 𝒄𝒎 and 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 then draw

the image of the ∆ ABC by reflection in ⃡𝑩𝑪

Solution

In ⃡𝑩𝑪
Reflection in Cartesian plane

𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝒙 , −𝒚 )

𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝒙 , 𝒚 )
𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝒙 , −𝒚 )

59
1) The image of 𝑨 (𝟒 , −𝟓) by reflection on y-axis is ………………

𝑨 ( 𝟒 , −𝟓 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝟒 , −𝟓 )

2) The image of 𝑨 (𝟒 , −𝟓) by reflection on X-axis is ………………

𝑨 ( 𝟒 , −𝟓 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝟒 , 𝟓 )

3) The image of 𝑨 (𝟒 , −𝟓) by reflection on origin point is ………………

𝑨 ( 𝟒 , −𝟓 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝟒 , 𝟓 )

4) The image of 𝑨 ( 𝟎 , −𝟐 ) by reflection on y-axis is ………………

𝑨 ( 𝟎 , −𝟐 ) 𝑨 ( 𝟎 , −𝟐 )

Draw  ABC where 𝑨 (𝟒 , 𝟏) , 𝑩 ( 𝟐, 𝟒 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 (−𝟏 , 𝟑 ) then map its image by

reflection in the X-axis.

𝑨 ( 𝟒 ,𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝟒 , −𝟏 )

𝑩 ( 𝟐 ,𝟒 ) 𝑩′ ( 𝟐 , −𝟒 )

𝑪 ( −𝟏 , 𝟑 ) 𝑪′ ( −𝟏 , −𝟑 )

60
 Reflection in a point

Draw ∆ ABC in which 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 , 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟕 𝒄𝒎 and 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 then draw

the image of the ∆ ABC by reflection in the point 𝑪

Solution

61
 Translation

𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 + 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 − 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 − 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍
The image of the point 𝑨 (𝟐, −𝟏) by translation ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) (𝒙+𝟏, 𝒚−
𝟒 ) is ……….

𝑨 ( 𝟐 , −𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝟑 , −𝟓 )
( 𝟏 , −𝟒 )
If the image of the point A by translation ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 + 𝟐 ) is
(−𝟑 , 𝟏 ) , then the point A ( …… , ……. )

𝑨 ( −𝟑 , −𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝟑 , 𝟏 )
( 𝟎 ,𝟐 )

Remark
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ( 𝑴𝑵 ) = 𝑵 – 𝑴

The image of the point A (𝟐, −𝟏) by translation

(𝑴𝑵) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑴 (𝟏 , 𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 (−𝟒 , 𝟑) is ……….
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ( 𝑴𝑵 ) = 𝑵 – 𝑴 = (−𝟒 , 𝟑) − (𝟏 , 𝟏) = (−𝟓, 𝟐 )

𝑨 ( 𝟐 , −𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝟑 , −𝟑 )
( −𝟓 , 𝟐 )

62
Draw  ABC where 𝑨 (𝟒 , 𝟏) , 𝑩 ( 𝟐, 𝟒 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 (−𝟏 , 𝟑 ) then map its image by
translation ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) (𝒙−𝟐, 𝒚+𝟏)

𝑨 ( 𝟒 ,𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝟐 , 𝟐 )
( −𝟐 , 𝟏 )

𝑩 ( 𝟐 ,𝟒 ) 𝑩′ ( 𝟎 , 𝟓 )
( −𝟐 , 𝟏 )

𝑪 ( −𝟏 , 𝟑 ) 𝑪′ ( −𝟑 , 𝟒 )
( −𝟐 , 𝟏 )

Draw ∆ ABC in which 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 , 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟕 𝒄𝒎 and 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 then draw

the image of the ∆ ABC by translation 3 cm in the direction of 𝐀𝐁

Solution

𝐀𝐁

63
 Rotation
Rotation around the origin point

1) ( 90° ) 𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝒚 , 𝒙 )

2) ( −𝟗𝟎° ) 𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝒚 , −𝒙 )

3) ( ± 𝟏𝟖𝟎° ) 𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝒙 , −𝒚 )

4) ( ± 𝟑𝟔𝟎° ) 𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) 𝑨 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 )

Remark
( 𝟐𝟕𝟎° ) = ( − 𝟗𝟎° )
( − 𝟐𝟕𝟎° ) = ( 𝟗𝟎° )
The image of the point 𝑨 ( 𝟐, −𝟏) by rotation about the origin point with an
angle 90° is ……..

𝑨 ( 𝟐 , −𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝟏 , 𝟐 )

The image of the point 𝑨 ( 𝟐, −𝟏) by rotation about the origin point with an
angle
( −𝟗𝟎° ) is ……..
𝑨 ( 𝟐 , −𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝟏 , −𝟐 )

64
The image of the point 𝑨 ( 𝟐, −𝟏) by rotation about the origin point with an
angle
( −𝟏𝟖𝟎° ) is ……..
The image of the point 𝑨 ( 𝟐, −𝟏) by rotation about the origin point with an
angle
( −𝟐𝟕𝟎° ) is ……..
𝑨 ( 𝟐 , −𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( 𝟏 , 𝟐 )

If the image of the point A by rotation about the origin point with an angle
( −𝟗𝟎° ) is 𝑨′ (−𝟑 , 𝟏 ) then the point A ( …….. , ………. )

𝑨′ ( −𝟑 , 𝟏 ) 𝑨 ( −𝟏 , −𝟑 )

Draw  ABC where 𝑨 (𝟒 , 𝟏) , 𝑩 ( 𝟐, 𝟒 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 (−𝟏 , 𝟑 ) then map its image by

rotation
R ( O , 90° )
Solutio
n
𝑨 ( 𝟒 ,𝟏 ) 𝑨′ ( −𝟏 , 𝟒 )

𝑩 ( 𝟐 ,𝟒 ) 𝑩′ ( −𝟒 , 𝟐 )

𝑪 (−𝟏 , 𝟑 ) 𝑪′ ( −𝟑 , −𝟏 )

65
Draw ∆ ABC in which 𝑨𝑪 = 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 then draw the image of the ∆
ABC by rotation about the point C with an angle of measure 60°

Draw ∆ ABC in which 𝑨𝑪 = 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 then draw the image of the ∆

ABC by rotation about the point C with an angle of measure ( −𝟖𝟎° )

66