DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(B.E.E)

LAB OBSERVATION

Name of the Lab:

------------------------------------------------------------

Name : ____________________________

Roll Number : ____________________________

Branch : ____________________________

Class & Semester : ____________________________

Academic Year : ____________________________

Faculty Name : ____________________________

SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE Prepared By M.GOPI

 INSTRUCTIONS

DO’S:

1. Students should come with proper dress code. (Boys tuck in and shoes, girls with apron).
2. Students should carry observation notes and record fully completed in all aspects.
3. Students should come with thorough preparation of their experiments to be conducted.
4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram.
5. Student should be aware of operating the instruments.
6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is
restricted.
7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the
lab store room.
8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab
Instructor.
9. The reading must be shown to the lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10. After the completion of the experiment, students must ensure that all switches are in the
OFF position, all the connections are removed.
11. All patch cords and stools should be replaced at their positions.
12. Wherever graphs to be drawn, A-4 size graph sheets only should be used and
attached.

DON’Ts:

1. Don’t come late to the Lab (Be punctual).

2. Don’t carry mobile phones in to the Lab.
3. Don’t enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and any conducting materials.
4. Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.
5. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
6. Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
7. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

R22 B.Tech. CSE Syllabus JNTU Hyderabad

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

B.Tech. I Year I Sem. L T P C

0 0 2 1
Prerequisites: Basic Electrical Engineering
Course Objectives:
 To measure the electrical parameters for different types of DC and AC circuits using
conventional and theorems approach.
 To study the transient response of various R, L and C circuits using different excitations.
 To determine the performance of different types of DC, AC machines and Transformers.

Course Outcomes: After learning the contents of this paper the student must be able to
 Verify the basic Electrical circuits through different experiments.
 Evaluate the performance calculations of Electrical Machines and Transformers through
various testing methods.
 Analyze the transient responses of R, L and C circuits for different input conditions.

Course Objectives Program Outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
To measure the 3 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 2
electrical
parameters for
different types of
DC and AC circuits
using conventional
and theorems
approach
To study the 3 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 1
transient response
of various R, L and
C circuits using
different excitations
To determine the 3 2 0 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1
performance of
different types of
DC, AC machines
and Transformers

Course Outcomes Program Outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
Verify the basic 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 2
Electrical circuits
through different
experiments
Evaluate the 3 2 1 0 3 1 0 1 1 2 1 2
performance
calculations of
Electrical Machines
and Transformers
through various
testing methods

3
R22 B.Tech. CSE Syllabus JNTU Hyderabad

Analyse the 3 2 1 1 3 2 0 0 1 0 2 2
transient
responses of R, L
and C circuits for
different input
conditions

List of experiments/demonstrations:
PART- A (compulsory)
1. Verification of KVL and KCL
2. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem
3. Transient Response of Series RL and RC circuits for DC excitation
4. Resonance in series RLC circuit
5. Calculations and Verification of Impedance and Current of RL, RC and RLC series
circuits
6. Measurement of Voltage, Current and Real Power in primary and Secondary Circuits of a
Single-Phase Transformer
7. Performance Characteristics of a DC Shunt Motor
8. Torque-Speed Characteristics of a Three-phase Induction Motor.

PART-B (any two experiments from the given list)

1. Verification of Superposition theorem.
2. Three Phase Transformer: Verification of Relationship between Voltages and Currents
(Star-Delta, Delta-Delta, Delta-star, Star-Star)
3. Load Test on Single Phase Transformer (Calculate Efficiency and Regulation)
4. Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in a balanced Three-phase circuit
5. No-Load Characteristics of a Three-phase Alternator

TEXT BOOKS:
1. D.P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th Edition,
2019.
2. MS Naidu and S Kamakshaiah, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition,
2008.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. P. Ramana, M. Suryakalavathi, G.T.Chandrasheker,”Basic Electrical Engineering”, S. Chand,
2nd Edition, 2019.
2. D. C. Kulshreshtha, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, McGraw Hill, 2009
3. M. S. Sukhija, T. K. Nagsarkar, “Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering”, Oxford, 1st
Edition, 2012.
4. Abhijit Chakrabarthi, Sudipta Debnath, Chandan Kumar Chanda, “Basic Electrical
Engineering”, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, 2021.
5. L. S. Bobrow, “Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering”, Oxford University Press, 2011.
6. E. Hughes, “Electrical and Electronics Technology”, Pearson, 2010.
7. V. D. Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Prentice Hall India, 1989.

4
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-01

Verification OF KVL and KCL

1.(a) Verification OF KVL

Aim: To verify KVL

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Name of the equipment Range Qty

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Given circiut:

9|Pa g e
B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Fig-1

Theory:

Statement: : Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebric sum of
branch voltages around any closed path in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time.

By appling KVL in above circuit

-Vs+V1+V2+V3=0 => Vs= V1+V2+V3

KVL is independent of nature of elements present in a loop.KVL expresses conservation

of energy in every loop of lumped electric circuit.

Procedure:

B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (SR23) 10 | P a g e

Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

7. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig-1.

8. Apply the dc voltage of v=5V to the input terminals of the circuit.
9. Measure the voltages across R1 (v1), voltage across R2 (v2) in the circuit
with the help of voltmeters.
10. Verify the total voltage given to the circuit (V) is equal to sum of the
individual voltages (V1+V2).
11. Repeat the above steps for 10v,15v and tabulate the values.

Observation Table:

S.No Input voltage(V) Voltage across R1 (v1) Voltage across R2 (v2)

1 V=5V

2 V=10V

3 V=15V

Comparison Table

S.No Input voltage(V) Voltage across R1 (v1) Voltage across R2 (v2)

1 V=5V

2 V=10V

3 V=15V

Precautions:

5. The connections should be correct

6. Avoid the loose connections
7. The input voltage supply should be within the limit so that it does not change
the network components.
8. Note down the readings without any parallax error.

Result:

11 | P a g e
B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

1(b)Verification OF KCL

Aim: To verify KCL

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Name of the equipment Range Qty

Circuit diagram:
Given circiut:

13 | P a g e
B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

(a) To measure total current:

Figure 1

(b) To measure individual currents:

Figure 2

B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22) 14 | P a g e

Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Theory:

Statement: KCL states that at in a lumped electric circuit the sum of the currents
entering into any node is equal to the sum of currents leaving that node.

i1+ i2=i3+i4+i5

i1+i2-i3-i4-i5=0

Algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a junction is equal to zero.kcl follows
conservation of charges at any node.

KCL can applied to any lumped electric circuit it doesn’t matter whether the elements
are linear,non linear, active,passive,time varying, time invariant etc.i.e kcl is independent
of nature of elements connected to the node.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. Apply the dc voltage of 5v to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Measure the total current (I), current through R1 (I1), current through R2
(I2) in the circuit with the help of ammeters.

B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22) 15 | P a g e

Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

4. Verify the total current in the circuit (I) is equal to sum of the individual
currents (I1+I2).
5. Repeat the above steps for 10v, 15v and tabulate the values.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No Input voltage(Vs) Total Current(I) Current through R1 Current through R2

(I1) (I2)

1 V=5V

2 V=10V

3 V=15v

Comparison Table:

S.No Input voltage(Vs) Total Current(I) Current through R1 Current through R2

(I1) (I2)

1 V=5V

2 V=10V

3 V=15v

Precautions:

1. The connections should be correct.

2. Avoid the loose connections
3. The input voltage supply should be within the limit so that it does not change
the network components.
4. Note down the readings without any parallax error.

Result: -

16 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO-02
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS

AIM:

To Verify Thevenin's and Norton's theorems.

APPARATUS:

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter 0-200mA MC

2. Voltmeter 0-20V MC

3. Bread Board - - 1

4. R.P.S 0-30V/0-1A Dual channel 1

5. Resistors As required

6. Connecting Wires As required

THEVENIN’S THEOREM.

STATEMENT: - Any two terminal, linear, bilateral network having a number of

voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit
consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance, where the value of the
voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the
network, and the resistance is the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals
with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.

3
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figl.

2. Measure Voc between A and B terminals, by open circuiting AB terminals.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig2.
4. The resistance between A and B is obtained by using voltmeter, ammeter method, and
the ratio of V & I gives RTh
5. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in fig.3

NORTON’S THEOREM

STATEMENT: Any two terminal, linear, bilateral network with current sources, voltage
sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is the short circuit
current between the two terminals of the network and the resistance is the equivalent
resistance measured between the terminals of the network with all the energy sources
replaced by their internal resistances.

Circuit Diagram:

4
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig1.

2. Measure the current Isc (or) IN through 'AB' by short-circuiting the resistance between
A and B.
3. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig2.
4. The resistance between A and B is obtained by using. voltmeter, ammeter method and
the ratio of V & I gives RN.
5. Draw Norton's equivalent circuit by connecting IN & RN in parallel as shown in fig3.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Parameters Theoretical Practical

Values Values

Voc

Isc

RTH

5
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-3

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF SERIES RL, RC CIRCUIT USING D.C EXCITATION

Aim: To Obtain the Transient response of RL, RC series Circuit with D.C
excitation

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Name of the equipment Range Qty

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RL SERIES CIRCUIT:

18 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

RC SERIES CIRCUIT

Theory:

When a circuit containing energy storage elements like inductor, capacitor is connected
to a supply, it takes some time for the circuit to reach steady state condition .The time
during which the circuit changes from one steady state to another is called as transient
period. The voltage and currents during transient periods are called transients. The
response of the circuit during Transient period is called Transient response.

Transient Response of RL series circuit: Consider a DC voltage “V” is applied to RL

series circuit. The inductor in the circuit is initially uncharged and is in series with
resistor.

V V
The current i= - [e (-Rt/L)], Voltage across resistor=VR= V-V e(-Rt/L)
R R

Voltage across inductor=VL=V e (-Rt/L)

19 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Time constant of RL series circuit is defined as the time during which the current reaches
L
to 63.2% of its steady value. Time constant (τ)=
R

Transient Response of RC series circuit: Consider a RC series circuit connected to

constant voltage .The capacitor in the circuit is initially uncharged .when the switch “S”
is closed at t=0.

V
Current in RC series circuit i= (e(-t/RC))
R

(-t/RC)
Voltage across Resistor =VR= V(e )

Voltage across capacitor=VC=V-V e(-t/RC)

Time constant of RC series circuit is defined as Time during which circuit current

decreases from maximum value to 37.3% of maximum value of current or Time constant

20 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

of RC series circuit is defined as time during which capacitor voltage changes from initial

value to 63.2% of maximum value of steady state value.

Procedure:

RL series Circuit

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Give the 1 KHZ Square input to RL series circuit.

3. Connect the CRO CH1 to input and CH2 to across Inductor and observe the input and
output waveforms in CRO Determine the Time constant of RL series circuit.

RC series Circuit:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Give the 1 KHZ Square input to RC series circuit.

3. Connect the CRO CH1 to input and CH2 to across Inductor and observe the input and
output waveforms in CRO Determine the Time constant of RC series circuit.

Observation Table:
RL SERIES CIRCUIT

s.no R L
τ
Time constant( )

21 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

RC SERIES CIRCUIT

s.no R C
Time constant (τ)

Comparison Table

S.NO
τ
RL Series Circuit Time constant( ) τ
RC Series Circuit Time constant( )

Theoretical

Practical

22 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Model Graph

RL Series Circuit:

RC Series Circuit:

23 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Precautions:

1. The connections should be correct

2. Avoid the loose connections
3. The input voltage supply should be within the limit so that it does not change
the network components.
4. Note down the readings without any parallax error.

Result:

24 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-4

RESONANCE IN RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

Aim: To determine the resonant frequency fr, Bandwidth and quality

factor Q, of the given RLC series circuit.

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Name of the equipment Range Qty

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

25 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Theory:

A series circuit is said to be in resonance when power factor is unity i.e X L=XC.when in
RLC series circuit, current is in phase with applied voltage electrical resonance is said to
occur.

Resonant frequency (fR): the frequency at which the resonance occurs is called as
resonant frequency .Resonance in series circuit .Resonance in circuit (XL=XC condition)
can be achieved by changing the supply frequency.

Quality Factor (Q): At series resonance the potential drop across “L” and “C” builds up
to a value many times greater than the applied voltage “V”. the voltage magnification
produced by resonance is termed as Q-Factor of the series resonant circuit.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply a Sinusoidal fixed voltage through function generator to the circuit.

3. Vary the frequency in steps and note down frequency, corresponding ammeter reading
as I. Observe that current is maximum at resonant frequency.

4. Reduce the frequency to zero and disconnect the circuit

5. Draw a graph between frequency f and current I .Mark Resonant frequency and lower
cut off frequency and upper cut off frequency.
6. Determine Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor .

26 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

.Observation Table:

S.No Frequency f(Hz) Current I(mA)

Comparison Table

Theoretical Practical
Resonant Frequency
Bandwidth
Quality factor

27 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Model Graph

Precautions:

1. Avoid the loose connections

2. Take the readings without parallax error.

Result:

28 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-5

CALCULATIONS AND VERIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE AND CURRENT OF

RL, RC AND RLC SERIES CIRCUITS

AIM: To steady the calculations and verification of impedance and current of RL,
RC and RLC series circuits.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

THEORY:

A series R-L circuit is shown in Fig. 2.16. The aim of this experiment is
to draw the locus of voltage of point P with the variation of resistance R, keeping
the inductance L and supply voltage V constant. Here the values V, I, VR and VL
represent the r.m.s. values of supply voltage, current, voltage across resistance and
voltage across inductor respectively.

33 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

For the circuit shown above, using Kirchhoff's voltage law we can write

V = V R + VL ...(2.20)

In Eqn. 2.20 the values V, VR and VL are all phasor values and not scalar. Unlike d.c.
circuits, here we cannot obtain the total voltage across the circuit by adding the
magnitudes of voltages across resistor VR and across the inductor VL.

V ≠VR+ VL ( 2.21)

This addition can be performed as illustrated in Fig. 2.17. The supply voltage has
been taken on vertical axis and represented by V. The current, I in the circuit lags the voltage
by an angle 4) and has been shown in Fig. 2.17 along the line OA for one value (the angle
has been marked as C. The voltage across resistor R of Fig. 2.16 is in phase with the current
through R i.e., I. This has been represented by the phasor OA in Fig. 2.17. Next the
voltage (VL) across the inductor, L of the circuit shown in Fig. 2.16 should lead the current I
by 90°. It has been shown by the phasor AP in Fig. 2.17. In this experiment the value of
resistance R is changed from a very high maximum) value to zero value. The current will be
at its minimum value in the beginning when resistance R has maximum value.

Fig. Phasor diagram for a series R-L circuit.

Phasor OA representing voltage drop across resistance will occupy position very close to OP. In
the second case when resistance R 3sumes zero value the phasor OA will take a position very near to le
horizontal axis and magnitude would be zero. For intermediate clues of R the phasor will take the position
OA, OB etc. In all the positions following relation among V, VR and VL will hold good.

V2=VR2+VL2

From Eqn. 2.22 it is clear that the tip of the phasor OA will follow a path of semi-circle with supply
voltage V as diameter. Also we can write for impedance of the circuit as

34 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Z = R + j XL
The phase angle Φ = tan -1 XL/R
𝑅 𝑅
Power factor cos Φ = √𝑅2+𝑋𝐿2 = 𝑍
𝑋𝐿
Sin Φ = 𝑍
𝑉 𝑉
The Current , I=𝑍 = 𝑋𝐿/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷
𝑉
I = 𝑋𝐿sin Φ
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure for RL circuit:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Apply a fixed voltage through 1-Φ Auto Transformer to the circuit.
3. Note the values of VR , VL and I , starting from R=0Ω to R= very large value of R.
Construct the locus of the voltage of point P as explained in theory.
4. The supply voltage V should be kept constant throughout the experiment.

Model calculations: for total impedance

Z T  R  j 0  0  jωL   R  jωL  R  j X L ohms

iT = V / ZT

Observations:

35 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

for RL series circuit

S.No. V VR VL I Phase angle Φ=cos-1 (VR/V)

For RC series circuits:

R0  R  j 0 

R
et   E p sin ωt
+
1
C   90  0  j ωC 
 E p 0 V ωC
-

Voltage (V) =Em sin (ωt)

Impedance (Z)=
Z T  R  j 0   0  j ωC   R  j ωC  R  j X C

36 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

• As in the series RL circuit, the total current supplied to the RC network and the voltage drops can be
found by using Ohm’s Law:

• iT = V / ZT

• VR = iTR and VC = iTXC

Circuit diagram: RC series circuit.

Procedure for RC circuit:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Apply suitable voltage through 1-Φ Auto Transformer to the circuit.
3. Note the values of VR , VC and I
4. Keep the variac in minimum position and switch OFF the supply.

Tabular column:
S. No I VR VC R=VR / Z=
(amp) (volts) (volts) XC=VC / I
√𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑪).𝟐
I=V/Z
I
(ohm) (amp)
(ohm) (ohm)

Theory: RLC series circuit:

R0  R  j 0  i(t)

R
+
et   E p sin ωt ωL90  0  jωL 
L
 E p 0 V
-
C

37 | P a g e
1
BEE lab B.Te  (0 j ωC
SE urity & DataB.Tech
science)CSE
I Year I Sem (R18)
(Common to All) I Year (R22)
ωC
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

• The total impedance of the RLC circuit is

Z T  R  j ωL  1 ωC  ohms

• In terms of magnitudes it is: ZT = R + j(|XL| - |XC|)

Z T  R 2  ωL  1 ωC   R 2   X L  X C 
2 2

ωL  1 ωC X  XC
θ  tan 1  tan 1 L
• iT = V / ZT
R R

In case (a), when ωL > 1/(ωC, the angle Ɵ (Eq. 1) is negative. It means that the current lags the voltage.
So, the circuit behaves as an inductive circuit. This condition (i.e., ωL >1/ ωC) can be achieved by
increasing L, ω or C.

In case (b), when ωL < 1/ωC, the angle Ɵ (Eq. 1) is positive. It means the current leads the voltage. The
above circuit behaves as a capacitive circuit. This condition (i.e., ωL < 1/ω C) can be achieved by
decreasing L, ω or C.

Case (c) is, a special case, when ωL = 1/ ωC. The angle Ɵ becomes zero. The circuit then behaves as a
purely resistive circuit. The current through the circuit becomes in phase with the source voltage. This
condition is known as resonance.

38 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Procedure: RLC series circuit:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Set the variable point of the rheostat to its maximum position .
3. Apply a suitable voltage through 1-Φ Auto Transformer to the circuit. So that the
readings in all the meters are just readable.
4. Note the values of VR , VL and VL and I.
5. Vary the rheostat so that the readings in one or more meters change.
6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 , and take sufficient readings.
7. Record the observations as shown in the tabular column.
8. Keep the variac position in minimum position ie, ‘0’, and switch OFF the Power supply.

Tabular Column for Series RLC series circuit:

Observations Calculations
R=VR/I
S. V I P Z=
VR VL VC XL=VL/I XC=VC/I I=V/Z
No (volt (am (watt √𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪).𝟐
(volts) (volts) (volts) (ohms) (ohms) (amp)
s) p) s) (ohms) (ohms)

CALCULATIONS:

Im=V/Z

XL= ωL (ω=2πf)

XC=1/ ωC
tanΦ=( XL-XC)/R

Z = √𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪).𝟐 Φ= angle that current “lags” applied voltage

Result: Hence verified the impedance and current of RL, RC and RLC series circuits.

39 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections.
2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
3. Make sure that the rheostat should not vary beyond the current limits.

40 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-06

MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND REAL POWER IN PRIMARY AND

SECONDARY CIRCUITS OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim:-

To predetermine the efficiency, regulation and to develop the equivalent circuit of

a given single phase transformer by conducting open circuit and short circuit tests.

Apparatus Required :-

S.NO Equipment Type Range Qty

Name plate details: -

Primary Voltage:

Primary Current:

Secondary Voltage:

Secondary Current:

Capacity:

Frequency:

41 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Theory:-

OC test is conducted to determine the iron losses (or core losses) and parameters
R0 and X0 of the transformer. In this test, the rated voltage is applied to the primary
(usually low-voltage winding) while the secondary is left open circuited.

 Iron losses of transformer = Wattmeter reading in OC test = W0

∴ 𝑊0 = 𝑊𝑖

 No load current = Ammeter reading = I0

 Applied voltage = Voltmeter reading = V0
𝑉0
 𝑅0 (No load Resistance) =
𝐼𝑤

𝐼𝑊 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 ; 𝑃 = 𝑊0 = 𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 ;
𝑊0
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 =
𝑉0 𝐼0
𝑉0
 𝑋0 (NO load reactance) =
𝐼𝜇

𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅0 ;

𝑠𝑖𝑛∅0 = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅0

SC test is conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01 (or X02) and full-load
copper losses of the transformer. In this test, the secondary (usually low-voltage winding)
is short-circuited by a thick conductor.

Copper losses in transformer Wcu = Wsc

Wcu
(a).Transformer winding resistance when primary referred to secondary R 02 =
I2sc
∴ P = I2R

42 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Vcu
(b) Transformer winding impedance when primary referred to secondary Z02 =
Isc
∴ V = IZ

(c)Tr winding reactance when primary referred to secondary X 02 = √ Z02 2 − R 02 2

∴ Z02 2 = R 02 2 + X 02 2

Efficiency can be computed by determining core loss from no-load or open-circuit

test and Cu loss from the short-circuit test.

sin∅2 = √1 − cos 2 ∅2

Pout = V2 I2 cos∅2 = (KVA rating) × cos∅2

Pout Pout Pout
η= = =
Pin Pout + Losses Pout + ( Wcu + Wi )

Voltage regulation the change in secondary terminal voltage from no-load to full-
load is divided by no load voltage is known as Voltage regulation. The voltage regulation
of transformer can also be calculate by using below formula using vector diagram of
transformer.
I2 R2 cos∅2 +I2 X2 sin∅2
%VR = × 100 for lag P.F
VNL

I2 R2 cos∅2 −I2 X2 sin∅2

% VR = × 100 for lead P.F
VNL

43 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Circuit Diagram:-

O.C. test (Open Circuit Test):

S.C. test (Short Circuit Test):

44 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Procedure:-

O.C Test:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Rated voltage is applied at rated frequency to the low voltage (LV) side of the
Transformer with the help of single phase variac (Auto transformer).

3. Note down the voltmeter, Ammeter and wattmeter readings.

S.C Test:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. With the help of single phase variac (Auto transformer)., reduced voltage is applied to
the High voltage ( HV ) winding so that rated current is flowing through it.

3. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.

4. Predetermine the efficiency, regulation of transformer for different assumptions of

load power factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2 , and develop the equivalent circuit of a single phase
transformer.

Observations:

OC test

Primary Primary Iron losses(𝑊0 )

voltage(𝑉0 ) current(𝐼0 ) (Watts)
(Volts) (Amps)

R0(Ω) X0(Ω)

45 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

SC test:

Rated primary Primary Cu losses(𝑊𝑠𝑐 ) 𝑅02 (Ω) 𝑋02 (Ω)

current (𝐼𝑠𝑐 ) voltage(𝑉𝑠𝑐 ) (Watts)
(Amps) (Volts)

R 02 (Ω) X02 (Ω)

Predetermination of Efficiency, Voltage regulation:

𝑃
S NO 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2 Output Efficiency( 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) Voltage
power( 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) 𝑖𝑛 regulation
1. 0.2
2. 0.4
3. 0.6
4. 0.5
5. 1.0

Model Graphs :-

1. η Vs output power. 2. % Regulation Vs power factor at a given current.

46 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Precautions:-

1) During short circuit test the variac should be varied slowly.

2) Avoid loose connections.

Result:-

47 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO-09

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM THEOREM

AIM:

To Verify Superposition Theorem and to find the RMS value of complex wave
form

APPARATUS:

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Resistors - - As required
2. Multi-meter 1
3. R.P.S 0-30V/0-1A Dual channel 1
4. Bread Board - - 1

5. Connecting Wires As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig1

Fig2

6
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

Fig3

Fig 4

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1) and note down the current flowing through
R3. and let it be I.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2) and note down the ammeter Reading, and
let it be I1.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (3) and note down the ammeter reading, and let
it be I2.
4. Verify for I=I1+I2 .
5. Compare the practical & theoretical currents.

RESULT:

7
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO: 11

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim:-

To find the voltage regulation and efficiency of a single phase transformer by

conducting load test.

Apparatus:-

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

Name plate details:-

Primary voltage:

Secondary voltage:

KVA rating:

Primary current:

Secondary current:

48 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Theory:-

The transformer is said to be operating under Load when the secondary winding is
completed through a load (any type) and the voltage V1 is supplied to the primary
winding. As the secondary winding is electromagnetically linked with the primary
winding, the current in the loaded secondary winding will automatically change the
current in the primary winding because the magneto motive forces are always in
equilibrium in any electromagnetic system.

The load is connected to the secondary side and the voltage applied to the primary
winding should be kept constant throughout the test.

Circuit Diagram:-

49 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
 Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Procedure:-

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2) Switch on the supply and vary the single phase variac such that rated
voltage is applied to primary winding.
3) Note down the values of ammeters, voltmeters & wattmeter.
4) Vary the load in steps and simultaneously tabulate the readings.
5) Load is applied upto the rated current.
6) Switch off the load and reduce the applied voltage.
7) Applied voltage should be maintained constant throughout the experiment.
8) Draw graph ( a ). percentage efficiency V/S load current.
( b ). Percentage voltage regulation V/S load current.

Observations:-

S. Primary Primary Wattme Second Secondary Output Effi Voltage

No voltage current ter ary current power(w2) cien Regulatio
(V1) (I1) reading voltage (I2) W2=V2I2 cy n
(W1) (V2)

50 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Precautions:-

1) Avoid loose connections.

2) Supply voltage (primary) should be maintained constant.
3) Load is varied slowly in steps.

Result:-

51 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPIRMENT NO:10

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER: VERIFICATION OF RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS (STAR-DELTA, DELTA-DELTA, DELTA-
STAR, STAR-STAR)

Aim: To study the 3-Φ transformer relation between voltage and current
(i) Star-Delta (ii) Delta to Delta (iii) Delta to Star (iv) Star to Star connected.

Appratus required:
Sl. No. Equipments Type Specification Quantity

Theory:

Any three phase system, either supply system or load , the two most commonly
used three-phase winding configurations are delta and star, named after the Greek
and English letter that each resembles. In a delta configuration, the three windings are
connected end-to-end to form a closed path. A phase is connected to each corner of the
delta.
Although delta windings are often operated ungrounded, a leg of the delta can be center
tapped and grounded, or a corner of the delta can be grounded. In a star configuration,
one end of each of the three windings is connected to form a neutral. A phase is
connected to the other end of the three windings. The neutral is usually grounded.
Star Connection→ In this connection, the starting or termination ends of all winding are
connected together & along with their phase ends this common point is also brought out
called as neutral point.
Delta Connection →If the terminating end of one winding is connected to starting end of
other & If connection are continued for all their windings in this fashion we get closed
loop. The three supply lines are taken out from three junctions. This is called as three
phase delta connected system. The load can be connected in similar manner. In this
experiment we are concerned with balanced load.
The load is said to be balanced when

52 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Voltages across three phases are equal & phases are displaced by 120° electrical.
The impedance of each phase of load is same.
The resulting current in all the three phases are equal & displaced by 120° electrical from
each other
Volt Amperes of a transformer on both sides is equal.
Some term related to 3 ph system
Line Voltage - The voltage between any two line of 3 ph load is called as line voltage e.g.
VRY,VYB & VBR.. For balance system all are equal in magnitude.
Line Current – The current in each line is called as line current e.g. IR, IY, & IB. They
are equal in magnitude for balance system.
Phase Voltage – The voltage across any branch of three Phase load is called as phase
voltage, VRN, VYN, & VBN are phase voltage
Phase Current – current passing through any phase of load is called as phase current.
For star connection of load
Line voltage (VL) = √3 phase voltage (Vph)
Line current (IL) = Phase current (Iph)
For delta connection of load
Line voltage (VL)= phase voltage (Vph)
Line current (IL)= √3 phase current(Iph)
The three phase power is given by,
P= power consumed by the load = √3VL IL cos(  )
Where  is phase angle & it depends on type of load i.e. inductive, capacitive or

resistive.

53 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

54 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Circuit Diagram: star-Delta connected

55 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the 3-Φ variac in minimum position
3. Switch on the main supply
4. Vary the 3-Φ variac incrementally, ie, 100V, 200V, 300v,400 line voltage.
5. Note down the readings of ammeter (I) , voltmeter (V) in each step of supply voltage.
6. Repeat the above procedure by connecting delta to delta, delta to star and star to star.

Observation table: Star to Delta

Primary in Star Secondary in Delta
S. No. Line Voltage Line Current Line Voltage Line Current IR(amps)
VYB(volts) IR(amps) VYB(volts)
1

Observation table: Delta to Delta

Primary in Delta Secondary in Delta
S. No. Line Voltage Line Current Line Voltage Line Current IR(amps)
VYB(volts) IR(amps) VYB(volts)
1

Observation table: Delta to Star

Primary in Delta Secondary in Star
S. No. Line Voltage Line Current Line Voltage Line Current IR(amps)
VYB(volts) IR(amps) VYB(volts)
1

Observation table: Star to Star

56 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Primary in Star Secondary in Star

S. No. Line Voltage Line Current Line Voltage Line Current IR(amps)
VYB(volts) IR(amps) VYB(volts)
1

Precautions:
1. Instruments used should be of proper range.
2. All the connections should be tight.
3. The parallax error should not be there.
4. Never touch live conductors or Terminals.

57 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPIRMENT NO:07

Performance characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

Aim:-

To Determine the Performance characteristics of DC Shunt Motor by conducting brake

test on it.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No Equipment Type Range Qty

Name plate details:-

Terminal voltage:

Rated Current:

Speed :

Power:

Field current:

Shunt : Series:
64 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Theory:-

Brake test is the direct method of calculating the performance of a given DC shunt motor.
This method is suitable only for small DC machines. The DC machine is subjected to
rated load and the entire output power is wasted. The ratio of output power to input
power gives the efficiency of a DC machine. A belt around the water cooled pulley has
its ends attached to spring balances S1 & S2. the belt tightening hand wheels help in
adjusting the load on the pulley and, therefore, on the motor.

If ‘R’ is radius of the pulley, then the torque on the shaft is

T = (S1 – S2) * R * 9.81 (Nm)

When S1 & S2 are spring balance readings in Kgs

Total output power ( P) = (2  NT )/ 60 ( watts )

Where N= Speed in rpm

Circuit diagram:-

65 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Procedure :-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Before giving supply to the motor the field rheostat is kept in Minimum
resistance position.

3. Start the motor at no load and slowly adjust the speed to rated speed.

4. Note down the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter at no load condition.

5. Now the motor is loaded in steps by tightening the rope around the pulley and
the readings of the voltmeter, ammeter and spring balances are noted every time, up to its
full load current.

6. Now slowly reduce the load on the motor and switch off the power supply.

7. Calculate the efficiency at different load conditions.

66 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Observations:-

S.N Input Speed Load If S1 S2 T Output Input Efficiency (%)

o. voltage current Power Power
(N) (Amps (Kgs) (K (N-

(V) (IL) ) gs) m) (Watts) (Watts)

(Amps)

(Volts) (Amps)

Calculations:-

ouput power
Efficiency of motor= *100
input power

ouput power== 2П NT / 60

T = (S1 – S2) * r * g (Nm)

Input power=VIL

67 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Model Graphs :-

1. Plot output power Vs efficiency.

2. Plot speed Vs torque.
3. Plot output power Vs load current.
4. Plot speed Vs armature current

Precautions:-

1. Do not make loose connections.

2. While switching on the supply, the motor field rheostat should be kept in
minimum resistance position.

3. While applying brake to the pulley, it should be cooled by water to cool

frictional heat.

Result:

68 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPIRMENT NO:08

Torque-Speed Characteristics of a Three-phase Induction Motor

Aim:-

To Determine the Torque-Speed Characteristics of a Squirrel cage Three-phase

Induction Motor by conducting brake test on it.
Apparatus Required:-

S.No Equipment Type Range Qty

Name plate details:-

Voltage:

Load current:

Power:

Speed:

Frequency:

74 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Theory:-

3-phase induction motor converts 3-phase electrical energy into

mechanical energy. It is self starting motor. Its stator winding is directly
connected to a.c. source, where as its rotor winding receives its energy
from stator by means of induction. The brake test is a direct method of
testing. It consists of applying a brake to a water cooled pulley mounted
on the shaft of the motor.

Circuit diagram:-

75 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Procedure

1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2) With the help of 3-phase autotransformer, by changing the tapings
the applied voltage is varied slowly from zero to rated value and is
used to limit the starting current and it is maintained constant
through the experiment.
3) Now slowly vary the load in steps upto rated load current with the
help of brake drum and at each step note down the readings of
ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, speed of the motor and spring
balance values.
4) Calculate the torque, output power and efficiency at each load.
5) The performance curves are drawn

Observations:
S I S1 S2 W1 W2 W=w1 Speed Torque O/ I/P Eff P.F=cosφ=(W)
. +w2 (N) p . /(√3VI)
N (Amps) Kg-wt Kg-wt Watt Watts (Nw-m)

s (Rpm)
o
(T)

76 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Calculations:

Let the input current = IL amps

Voltage = V volts

Input power of motor = W watts

T = (S1 – S2) * R * 9.81

N= Speed in rpm

Output power = (2πNT)/ 60 watts

Efficiency(% ) = (Output power / Input power) * 100

Power factor=P.F=cosφ=(W)/(√3VI)

Model Graph:

77 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Precautions:-

1) Loose connections should be avoided.

2) In brake test, load should be removed before switching of the

Power supply.

3) Load is increased slowly, step by step.

4) Water should be applied to the drum for cooling.

Result:-

78 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

EXPIRMENT NO:13

NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF A 3-Φ ALTERNATOR

OBJECTIVE: To plot the Open Circuit characteristics of a given Three Phase alternator.

NAME PLATE DETAILS: -

DC motor Alternator

Capacity:

Voltage:

Current:

Speed:

Frequency:

Apparatus:

S. no. Name of the equipment Type Range Quantity

Theory:

79 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Voltage regulation is defined as the change in terminal voltage, expressed as a

percentage (or p.u.) of the rated voltage, when the load at a given power factor is
removed, with speed and field current remaining unchanged.

Voltage regulation = Eph- Vt

Vt
Where Eph is the no-load excitation voltage and

Vt is full load terminal voltage

The change in terminal voltage is due to following reasons

1. Voltage drop due to armature resistance

2. Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance
3. Voltage drop due to armature reaction

In case of small machines, the voltage regulation can be obtained by actually

loading it. In large machines, it may not be possible to obtain the voltage regulation by
actual loading, because of the cost of dissipating the huge output and also providing the
large input. Certain simple tests, involving only small amounts of power, are conducted
and from these, the machine constants are determined to compute the voltage
regulation. A few methods, for computing voltage regulation are

Circuit diagram:

80 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the alternator excitation at zero (zero field current) and motor field rheostat is
minimum resistance position.
3. Switch on the DC Supply, Close the DPST and start the 3-point starter, now the prime
mover is rotating.
4. Vary the motor field rheostat to get the rated speed ie ,1500RPM
5. Increase the excitation of the alternator in steps and read the open circuit voltage
per phase (Eg per phase) and field current (If-amps) at each step.
6. Take readings till the open circuit armature terminal voltage is about 120% of rated
voltage.
7. The plot of field current (If-amps) on X-axis and armature open circuit voltage (Eg-
per phase) gives the OCC.
8. Make the alternator field excitation to zero position , switch of the DC power supply

81 | P a g e
BEE lab B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No IF (A) EF (V)

Model Graphs

Plot of OCC (No Load curve)

B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)

82 | P a g e
Sphoorthy Engineering college Dept of EEE

Precautions:

1. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum resistance position and
Excitation knob should be in minimum position, ie, “0” position.
2. Start the 3- point starter in a smooth fashion way.
3. The switch DPST must be open at time of starting.
4. All connections should be made tightly, ie, avoid loose connections

Result:

83 | P a g e
B.Tech CSE (Common to All) I Year (R22)