PHYSICS

CJP SHEETS FOR NEET

Optics
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
1 1 1
1. The mirror equation, i.e., 𝑓 = 𝜐 + 𝑢is independent of the particular angle, 𝛼of the incident ray. In fact,
it is applicable to all incident rays that make small angles with the principal axis. All such rays, called
paraxial rays, converge (or appear to diverge from) the image point I.
2. For a distant point O, we can set u equal to ∞. In that case, the image is at the focal point (𝑢 = 𝑓) and the
2 1 1 2 1 1
equation 𝑅 = 𝜐 + 𝑢gives 𝑅 = 𝑓 + ∞ or f = R/2, a result which we have already obtained independently
in art. 12.3
3. If we interchange u and v in the mirror equation, the equation is unchanged. This implies the principle of
optical reversibility, since interchanging u and v in this equation corresponds to physically interchanging
the object and the image.
4. For a plane mirror, the radius of curvature, 𝑅 = ∞,
2 1 1 1 1
From eqn. 𝑅 = 𝜐 + 𝑢 , 𝜐 + 𝑢 = 0𝑜𝑟𝜐 = −𝑢, i.e., the image lies as far behind the plane mirror as the
objects is in front of it.
5. Magnification is negative for a real image and positive for a virtual image
6. In case of a convex mirror, image is always virtual (except when the object is virtual. Thus, m is positive
1 1 1 𝜐 𝜐 𝜐
7. As 𝜐 + 𝑢 = 𝑓 , 𝜐 + 𝑢 = 𝑓 (multiplying both sides by 𝜐)
𝜐 𝜐
Or 1 − 𝑚 = 𝑓 (as 𝑢 = −𝑚)
𝜐 𝑓−𝜐
Or 𝑚 = 1 − 𝑓 = 𝑓
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
Again 𝜐 + 𝑢 = 𝑓 (multiplying both sides by u)
1 𝑢
Or 𝜐/𝑢 + 1 = 𝑓
1 𝑢
Or +1=
−𝑚 𝑓
1 𝑢 𝜐
+1= 𝑓 (𝑎𝑠 𝑢 = −𝑚)
−𝑚
Or
1 𝑢
or− 𝑚 = 𝑓 − 1
1 𝑢 𝑓−𝑢
or𝑚 = 1 − 𝑓 = 𝑓
𝑓
𝑚 = 𝑓−𝑢
or
𝐼 𝜐 𝑓−𝜐 𝑓
clearly, 𝑚 = 𝑂 = − 𝑢 = 𝑓 = 𝑓−𝑢………………..(5)
8. It can be easily shown that
𝜐 = 𝑓(1 − 𝑚)……………………..(6)
1
and 𝑢 = 𝑓 (1 − ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (7)
𝑚
3 1 2
9. If 𝛼𝜇𝑔 = 2, then from eqn.(3) 𝑔𝜇𝑎 = 𝑎𝜇 = 3which is less than 1
𝑔
𝜇
10. From eqn. (5), 1𝜇2 = 𝜇2
1
𝜇3 𝜇
Similarly , 2𝜇3 = 𝜇 𝑎𝑛𝑑3 𝜇1 = 𝜇1
2 3
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇
Thus, 1𝜇2 ×2 𝜇3 ×3 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 × 𝜇3 × 𝜇1 = 1
1 2 3
1 1𝜇
Also, 2𝜇3 = 1𝜇 3𝜇
= 1𝜇3
2× 1 2
𝑎𝜇𝑔 3/2 9 3 4
For example, 𝑤𝜇𝑔 = 𝑎𝜇 = 4/3 = 8 (𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝜇𝑔 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝜇𝑤 = 3)
𝑤
(here, g stands for glass, w for water and a for air)
 𝜇𝑔 9 𝜇
Alternatively, 𝑤𝜇𝑔 = 𝜇 = 8 (using 1𝜇2 = 𝜇2 ), where 𝜇𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜇𝑤 are the absolute refractive indices for
𝑤 1
𝜇𝑤 4/3 8
glass and water relative to vacuum. Similarly, 𝑔𝜇𝑤 = = 3/2 = 9 which is less than 1.
𝜇𝑔
Thus, relative refractive index can be less than 1, but absolute (standard) refractive index is
always greater than 1.
11. Refractive index of a medium, being a pure ratio, has no units and is a dimensionless quantity. Its value
depends upon : (1) medium (2) wavelength of light employed (3) temperature and (4) the surrounding
medium.
12. If i1𝜇2 > (i.e., µ2>𝜇1 ), sin i> sin r or i > r or r < i, i.e., the refracted ray bends towards the normal as it
travels from medium-1 to medium-2. Reverse is the case when 1𝜇2 < 1
13. If 𝜇2 > 𝜇1 , medium-2 is optically denser than medium-1 and reverse is the case if 𝜇2 < 𝜇1
14. When light enters an optically denser medium, its speed decreases but instantaneously increases to its
original value as it emerges out of the medium. For example, when a beam of light travelling in air
enters glass, it may encounter an electron bound to an atom at A [Fig. 13.2].

Light is absorbed by the atom which causes the electron to oscillate. The oscillating electron radiates the
beam of light towards an atom at B, where the light is again absorbed by an atom. Thus, light passes
from one atom to another through the glass. Although light travels from one glass atom to another with
a speed of 3 x 108 m/s, the absorption and radiation processes that take place in the glass, cause the
speed to slow down. As soon as the light emerges out of glass, these slowing processes cease and it
gains its original speed of 3 x 108 m/s.
15. It is interesting to note that Incident Reflected the law of reflection can be formally written in the same
form as the law of refraction. The angles of incidence (i) and reflection (r) should be taken with opposite
signs as we measure angles from the normal to the corresponding ray [Fig. 13.3]. Thus, the law of
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⬚𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⬚𝑖
reflection should be written as i = — r or 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⬚𝑟 = −1Since in case of refraction, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⬚𝑟 = 𝜇, 𝜇 = −1

The law of reflection can thus be treated as a special case of the law of refraction for 𝜇 = −1.
16. If the above analysis, 𝜇 was regarded as a constant characteristic of medium which is not true for high
intensity (I) radiation like the °lie of the laser beam. In such a case,
𝜇 = 𝜇0 + 𝑎𝐼
where 𝜇0 is the ordinary refractive index and a is constant of proportionality. The term aI can be either
positive or negative.
17. Light from a distant object may reach an observer’s eye by the two paths shown in the Fig. 13.12 with
the result the two 1. Light from a distant object may reach an observer's eye by It that the object is seen •
Anstisteith • in its true position and also as an inverted image below it. The inverted image is virtual and
is called a mirage.
18. It must be borne in mind that whereas mirage is a local pheno-menon, atmospheric refraction is a global
phenomenon.
19. A mirage of this sort is seen in a hot desert and is called an inferior mirage because it appears below the
light source (the sky). There is another kind of mirage, called a superior mirage, which appears above
the source of light. A superior mirage is typically caused when light moves, upward from a layer of
cool, dense air into warmer, less dense layers. The rays of light are bent away from the normal, as
 before, but this time they turn down rather than upward [Fig. 13.13]. When they strike the eye, they are
traced up to a mirage seen at their apparent point of origin.

Under such conditions, a ship moving on the water below the horizon can look like a ghost ship sailing
through the sky! The appearance of a superior mirage is sometimes called looming, for obvious reasons:
the mirage looms (appears as a vague and threatening shape) above its source.
20. Eqns. (3) and (5) summarise the geometry involved in the transmission of a ray of light through a prism
in a principal section. It is clear that 𝛿depends upon
(1) angle of incidence (2) angle of prism
21. Deviation produced by a thin prism: when the refracting angle of a prism is small, it is called a thin
prism. For nearly normal incidence on one face of such a prism; 𝑖1 , 𝑟1 , 𝑖2 , 𝑟2are small and we can write
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑖
𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟1 = 𝑟1 . Also, 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟2 = 𝑟2 , i.e.,
1 1 2 2
𝑖1 = 𝜇𝑟1 and 𝑖2 = 𝜇𝑟2from eqn. (5),
A +  = r1 + r2 =  ( r1 + r2 ) = A (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 𝐴) or 𝛿 = (𝜇 − 1)𝐴 ………….(6)
Thus, for nearly normal incidence, the deviation produced by a thin prism is constant and is given by
𝛿 = (𝜇 − 1)𝐴
22. Image formed by a prism : The course of rays proceeding from a point P and producing its virtual image
at P!, after refraction through the prism, is shown in figure. P! is at the same distance from the prism as P
and is displaced towards the edge of the prism.

Instead of the emergent beam, let us have in the same position, an incident beam tending to converge to
P'. If it is intercepted by the prism before convergence to P' , the beam will after refraction actually
converge to P. Hence, P and P! are called conjugate foci.
23. As 𝜔 < 𝜔' , 𝜔/𝜔' < 1and as such D is positive. Thus, the achromatic prism produces mean deviation in
the same direction as that produced by the crown glass prism (of dispersive power𝜔)
24. If the two prisms are made of the same material, 𝜔 = 𝜔' and in that case D = 0. Also, for achromatism,
from eqn.(4), A = A’ . Thus, the combination forms a parallel plate of the same material in which both
dispersion as well as deviation are absent.
25. Two observers can never see the same rainbow and as such rainbow is virtual in nature. 2. When
the elevation of Sun becomes 43°, the primary rainbow disappears. When elevation becomes 549,
secondary rainbow also disappears.
26. When an observer rises up in the sky, more and more portion of the rainbow is seen by him. A
complete circular rainbow can be seen by a pilot in the aeroplane.
27. The space between the two rainbows appears darker than the rest of the sky.
28. The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary rainbow because:
(1) light has undergone two internal reflections as compared to one in case of primary rainbow.
(2) angular spread is more in the secondary rainbow (3°) than in the primary rainbow(20).
29. When a beam of light travelling in air is incident on a glass surface, both reflection and refraction will
take Places. If the angle of incidence increases(i) is 0o, that is, at normal incidence, the ray travels
undeviated into glass and the smallest percentage of light is reflected. 𝑖 ≈ 900 , that is, grazing
incidence.
30. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a new class of artificially structured materials was created
that were found to have negative indices of refraction. Moreover, a natural ferroelastic material called
"twinned" alloy (containing yttrium, vanadium, and oxygen) has also displayed a negative index of
refraction. Fig. 13.31 illustrates the difference between positive and negative indices of refraction. A
lens designed out of a material of negative index of refraction would truly be a "perfect lens" as it would
have no undesirable characteristics of a lens with positive index of refraction.
31. All frequencies of e.m. waves travel at the same speed c in a vacuum. But in matter, speed (v) and
refractive index (𝜇) very with frequency. This phenomenon is called "dispersion".
35. Snell's law applies only for angles of incidence less than or equal to critical angle. If angle of incidence
is greater than critical ant no refracted ray is possible. Any time Snell's law gives sin r > 1, there is total
internal reflection.
36. Total internal reflection can occur only on the side of an interface between two different substances that
has the great intx ti refraction.
37. A sheet of glass does not change the direction of light because the ray emerges from the glass at the
same angle that it entered. If the two surfaces of the glass are not parallel, the direction of light would be
changed.
38. Crown glass is a sodalime silicate glass. Flint glass is a lead-alkali silicate glass. Flint glass is more
dispersive than crown glass.
39. Formation of rainbow is due to combined effects of refraction, internal reflection, and dispersion of
sunlight by rain droplets. these droplets behave like tiny prisms and cause splitting of white light into
different colours.
40. Whether or not you believe there is a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow, you will never be able to get
that to find out. As you move, the rainbow "moves". In your new position, you see different droplets
producing your rainbow.
41. Often times at night, when the air at the ground is cooler than the air above, the bending of "light rays
will occur in such a way that distant objects like bright city street-lights can be seen against the sky.
This explains the flying saucer observations
42. Occasionally one sees "ghost" suns (called sundogs) located on each side of the Sun at the same height
as the Sun. These sundogs are produced by atmospheric icy crystals (having the shape of hexagonal
prisms) which have axes that are oriented vertically. These crystals can only refract light into your eyes
when they are located along or just outside the halo's circle at the same altitude as the Sun.
43. As water absorbs red light more than the other colours, it takes on the colour that is complementary to
red: that is, cyan (bluish and - green). Consequently, underwater photographs taken without artificial
lighting look bluish green.
44. One particular type of looming is called fata morgana, after Morgan Le Fay, the fairy enchantress who
lived on a magical island. It is caused by irregular layering of air of various densities, which produce
multiple refractions and multiple refractions and multiple overlapping images. Objects like trees and
hills look like huge supernatural figures which distract the mariners and can be dangerous.
45. For refraction from ratter to denser medium
𝜇2 𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇
− 𝑢1 = 2 𝑅 1
𝜐
There corresponding relation for refraction from denser to rarer can be obtained by interchanging 𝜇1 and
𝜇2 , i.e.,
𝜇1 𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇
− 𝑢2 = 1 𝑅 2
𝜐
𝜇 −𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇
46. The factor ( 2 𝑅 1) 𝑜𝑟 ( 1 𝑅 2) measures the power of a refracting surface.
47. For refraction from denser to rarer medium and in case of a plane surface, R = ∞, thus
𝜇1 𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝑢 𝜇 𝜇 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ(𝑂𝑃)
− 𝑢2 = 1∞ 2 = 0or 𝜐1 − 𝑢2 or𝜇2 = 𝜐 or 𝜇 = 𝜐 , where 𝜇 = 𝜇2 i.e., 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ(𝑃𝐼)
𝜐 1 1
48. Conditions for real and virtual images
Let us consider a spherical refracting surface of radius R.
i) When refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium
𝜇2 𝜇1 𝜇2 − 𝜇1 𝜇2 − 𝜇1 𝜇1 𝜇2
− = 𝑜𝑟 + =
𝜐 𝑢 𝑅 𝑅 𝑢 𝜐
 𝜇2 𝜇2
For the image to be real, 𝜐is positive, i.e., is positive (𝑖. 𝑒. , > 0)As for a real object 𝑢 is negative,
𝜐 𝜐
𝜇2 −𝜇1 𝜇 𝜇2 −𝜇1 𝜇1 𝜇1 𝑅
+ −𝑢1 > 0 or > or 𝑢 > 𝜇 . . . . . . . . . . . . (13)Clearly, for virtual image , 𝑢 <
𝑅 𝑅 𝑢 2 −𝜇1
𝜇1 𝑅
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14)
𝜇2 −𝜇1
𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜇1 −𝜇2 𝜇1 −𝜇2 𝜇2 𝜇1
(ii) when refraction occurs from denser to rarer medium − = 𝑜𝑟 + =
𝜐 𝑢 𝑅 𝑅 𝑢 𝜐
𝜇1
For the image formed to be real, 𝜐 is positive, i.e., is positive
𝜐
𝜇1 𝜇1 −𝜇2 𝜇 𝜇1 −𝜇2 𝜇2 𝜇2 𝑅
(𝑖. 𝑒. , > 0) as for a real object, u is negative, or + −𝑢2 > 0or > or𝑢 > 𝜇 --------(15)
𝜐 𝑅 𝑅 𝑢 1 −𝜇2
𝜇2 𝑅
Clearly, for the image formed to be virtual , 𝑢 < 𝜇 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16)
1 −𝜇2
49. For real image, magnification is negative and for virtual image, magnification is positive
50. Sign Convention for Lenses
Negative (-) Positive (+)
(i) Focal Length, f Concave Convex
(ii) Objet distance, u Real object Virtual object
(iii) Image distance, v Virtual image Real image
(iv) Magnification, m(=𝜐/𝑢) Real image Virtual image

51. Comparision between Sign Conventions for a Spherical Mirror and a Lens
(1) Similarities
1. u is negative for real object and +ve for a virtual object in both cases
2. f is –ve for both concave mirror and concave lens
3. f is +ve for both convex mirror and convex lens
4. m is –ve for real image and +ve for virtual image in both the cases.
b)
Spherical Mirror Lens
1 1 1 1 1 1
i) = + = −
𝑓 𝜐 𝑢
𝜐 𝑓 𝜐 𝑢
ii) 𝑚 = − 𝑚 𝜐
𝑚=
iii) 𝜐 is –ve for a real image 𝑢
and +ve for a virtual image 𝜐is +ve for a real image
and –ve for a virtual
image
𝜔 𝜔'
52. From eqn (6), = − 𝑓'
𝑓
As 𝜔and 𝜔' both are positive, f and 𝑓 ' should be of opposite signs to satisfy the condition for
achromatism, i.e., if f is positive, 𝑓 ' should be negative. Thus, the lens A with focal length f (say),
should be convex and the lens B with focal length 𝑓 ' should be concave.
53. If a rad image is to be formed with an achromat, the combination must behave as a convex lens.
Therefore, power of the convex lens should be more than that of the concave lens. As power of a lens is
inversely proportional to its focal length, the focal length of the convex lens should be less than that of
the concave lens i.e., 𝑓 < 𝑓 '
54. As 𝑓 < 𝑓 ' , from eqn.(8), 𝜔 < 𝜔' Actually, dispersive power of crown glass is less than the dispersive
power of flint glass. Therefore, convex lens should be of crown glass and concave lens should be of flint
glass. The radii of curvatures of the two surfaces which are to be in contact are made equal so that they
can be cemented properly.
55. The condition represented by removing only longitudinal chromatic aberration. Therefore lateral
chromatic aeration still persists in an achromatic doublet satisfying this condition
56. The largest refracting optical lens in the world measures 1.827 min diameter
57. Drops of dew can serve as double convex lenses, producing tiny inverted images of objects beyond their
focal points.
58. For refracting surfaces, real objects and real images lie on the opposite sides of the surface, as do virtual
objects and virtual images.
59. The intensity (I) of the image formed by a lens of aperture (1) is given by 𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2 . If a portion of a lens
is covered with a black paper (or the lens is painted with black stripes), the aperture (i.e., effective
diameter of the light transmitting area) of the lens decreases. On account of this, only the intensity of the
image decreases, its size remains the same.
60. The focal length of a thick convex lens in air of radii of curvatures R1 and R2 and thickness t is given by
1 1 1 (𝜇−1)𝑡
= (𝜇 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 + 𝜇𝑅 𝑅 ). For example, if 𝜇 = 1.5, 𝑅1 = 10𝑐𝑚, 𝑅2 = −15𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑡 =
𝑓 1 2 1 2
5𝑐𝑚, 𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 = 12.8𝑐𝑚. In case t = 0, 𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 = 12𝑐𝑚 That is 𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑠 > 𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 (of same
material and dimensions)
61. Sun-goggles behave like a plane sheet as they have zero power. This is due to the reason that R1 = R and
R2 = –R and from 1 = (at –1) -1, 1 = 0 , i.e., power = O. R1 –R2 f
62. The focal length of a thin lens does not depend on the order the light falls on its faces, it may fall on any
face first and then on the other. This is not so in case of 'a thick lens.
63. The focal length (f ' ) of each part of a double convex lens cut by a horizontal plane into two equal parts
is equal to the focal length (f )of the given lens, i.e., f' = f, but the intensity of light transmitted through
each part is reduced to half. This is due to the reason that whereas 𝜇, R1 , R2 remain the same, the
aperture of each part is (1 /√2) of the aperture of the given lens.
64. The focal length (f ') of each part of a double convex lens cut by a vertical plane into two equal parts is
twice the focal length ( f)of the given lens, i.e., f' = 2f (compare with to Comment 8), but the intensity of
light transmitted by each part is the same as that in the case of given lens.
1 𝜇 1
65. For a thin lens of refractive index 𝜇 immersed in a medium of refractive index 𝜇𝑚 , 𝑓 = (𝜇 − 1) (𝑅 −
𝑚 1
1
)
𝑅2
(i) If 𝜇𝑚 increases but remains less than 𝜇, f increases but the nature of lens does not change.
(ii) If 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑚 , 𝑓 = ∞, i.e., lens behaves like a thin plane glass plate.
(iii) if 𝜇𝑚 > 𝜇, 𝜇/𝜇𝑚 < 1, the sign of f(i.e., the nature of the lens) changes i.e., a converging lens
behaves like a divergent lens and vice-versa
66. The equivalent focal length of two thin lenses separated by a distance d is given by
1 1 1 𝑑
=𝑓 +𝑓 −𝑓𝑓
𝐹 1 2 1 2
Which implies that equivalent power, 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑑
67. In case of a microscope, 𝛽is the angle subtended at the eye by the image at the near point and 𝛼 is the
angel subtended at eh unaided eye by the object at eh near point, But in case of a telescope, 𝛼 is the
angle subtended at the unaided eye by a distant object as a telescope is used for viewing distant objects.
68. Generally, as the objet lies close to the focus of O(i.e., at fo), 𝑢𝑜 → 𝑓𝑜 In such a case, the image 𝐴' 𝐵 ' lies
very close to the eyepiece, i.e., 𝜐𝑜 → 𝐿 (Length of the tube).
𝐿 𝐷
From eqn.(4), 𝑀 = 𝑓 (1 + 𝑓 )Thus, to have a large magnifying power, both 𝑓𝛼 and 𝑓𝑒 should be small.
𝑜 𝑒
In case the final image is formed at infinity, from eqn.(5),
𝐿𝐷
𝑀=
𝑓𝛼 𝑓𝑒
69. The human eye collects a lot of information. If it were compared to a digital camera, the human eye
would be equivalent to 500 megapixels. A common digital camera has 2 to 10 megapixels.
70. There is a considerable variation in the dimensions of the normal eye among individuals. The length of
the eyeball varies from 22 on to 26 mm, and the shape of the cornea and lens vary in such a way that the
corneal power may vary as much as 81) and the power of the relaxed lens may vary as much as 10D. If
these parameters are combined in a random fashion, the occurrence of myopia and hyperopia would be
far greater than it actually is. Apparently, in the early years of life, while eye is still growing, there is a
tendency for the length of the eye to adjust to corneal and lens shape in such a way that normal vision
results. Genetic factors seem to play a role in determining whether the developing eye ends up normal,
myopic or hyperopic.
71. The brightness of light as perceived by the human eye depends on the intensity of the light and its
frequency. Of course, if the frequency is outside the visible range, the radiation is invisible, no matter
how intense. Within the visible range, the eye is more sensitive to light near the centre of the visible
spectrum, with maximum sensitivity to yellow-green light of frequency 5.4 x 1014Hz and a vacuum
wavelength of 550 nm. The eye is much less sensitive to light near the ends of the visible range—red or
violet light.
72. If one examines the transparency of the atmosphere as a function of frequency, it is found that there is a
relatively narrow range of frequencies for which the atmosphere is highly transparent. As eyes evolved
in living systems on Earth, they could have evolved to be sensitive to various different frequency
ranges. It so happens, however, that the range of frequencies that most animal eyes can detect matches
nicely with the range of frequencies that the atmosphere allows to reach Earth's surface. This is a nice
example of natural adaptation.
73. Eyes can be divided into two groups. One group, such as vertebrates, including human beings, possess
eyes that use lens systems for forming images, while the other group, such as houseflies, possess eyes
that make use of fibre optical bundles to convey the sensation of vision to the brain.
74. In certain fish, the focussing mechanism is similar to that used in a camera. The distance between the
lens and the retina is adjusted for viewing objects at different distances. When the eyes are in the
relaxed state, these fish can see only objects that are very close, which is exactly opposite the case for
human vision. Still another focussing mechanism is used by owls and hawks. These birds focus by
changing curvature of the cornea.
75. Owls have large, sensitive eyes for good night vision. Typically, the pupil of an owl's eye can have a
diameter of 8.5 mm (as compared with a maximum diameter of about 7.0 mm for humans). In addition,
an owl's eye is 100 times more sensitive to low intensity than a human eye, allowing owls to detect
light. with an intensity as small as 5 x 10-13 W /m2 .
76. In one sense, we see everything upside down; that is, our eyes form real, inverted images of the external
world on our retinas, just as a convex lens forms a real, inverted image. However, seeing is much more
than just image formation, and our eye-brain perception of the world is right side up. The idea that the
eye forms an inverted image was hard to accept when first proposed by Kepler in the 17th Century. But
the phenomenon was demonstrated by the German astronomer Christoph Scheiner, who removed the
outer layers from an animal eye, and looking through the transparent retina, observed on the retina a
small, inverted image of the objects in front of the eye.
77. In the relaxed eye of a young adult, all the transparent materials have a total power of 60 D. Most of the
refraction (+40D) is due to the outer element (the cornea) of the eye and the relaxed lens contributes +
20 D. The ability of the eye to vary the focal length of the lens decreases with age as the elasticity of the
lens decreases. A 10-year-old eye may be able to focus as close as 7 cm (+74 D) but a 60-year-old eye
may not be able to focus any closer than 200 cm.
78. For one who is near-sighted, the ageing of the lens means that glasses worn to correct myopia must be
removed when reading, or bifocals must be worn.
79. When people work at intermediate distances such as looking at computer screens, they sometimes wear
trifocals. Trifocal lenses furnish good visibility for objects that are at far, intermediate and near
distances.
80. Laser technology is used to correct nearsightedness by giving radial cuts in the cornea of the eye to
reduce its curvature.
81. Perhaps you have noticed that when you are looking at a light-Coloured background, or a clear sky, one
or more "spots" may float across your field of vision. Many people have these "floaters". In fact, some
people are occasionally fooled by one of these spots into thinking a fly is buzzing about their head. For
this reason, these floaters are called muscae volitantes, which means, literally, "flying flies". Muscae
volitantes are caused by cells, cell fragments, or other small impurities suspended either in the viterous
humor of the eye or in the lens itself .These are usually harmless but can be symptoms of a detched
retina.
82. High power magnifiers, whether made of single lens or a combination of lenses, must have short focal
lengths. They are therefore small, and the field of view is limited. In the 17th century the biologist
Anton Leeuwenhoek used tiny glass beads with focal length less than 1 cm as magnifiers.
83. When light is reflected, velocity, wavelength and frequency of light remains same but intensity decreases.
84. Images formed by mirrors is free from chromatic aberration.
85. For concave mirror, minimum distance between a real object and its real image is zero when u = v = 2f
86. Focal length of a mirror does not depend on the material of mirror and medium in which it is placed and
wavelength of incident light
87. Diverging or converging power of a mirror is independent of change in medium.
88. If an object is moved away from focus towards infinity with constant speed, the image will move faster in
the beginning when object is between f to 2f, and slower later on, towards the mirror.
89. When light undergoes refraction, frequency (and hence colour) and phase do not change while
wavelength and velocity will change.
90. In the refraction of light, intensity of incident light decreases as it goes from one medium to another
medium.
91. A transparent solid becomes invisible when it is immersed in a liquid of same refractive index (Because
of No refraction).
92. In convex lens, minimum distance between an object and its real image is 4f.
93. Parabolic mirrors do not show spherical aberration.
94. While looking at distant objects, our eye get relaxed and its focal length is largest.
95. For a telescope magnification decreases with increase in length of the tube.
96. If we interchange the objective and eye lens of a telescope, it will start behaving as a microscope but
object will appear very small.
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. i =r
What I is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of reflection
2. f = R/2
Where f is the focal length and R is the radius of curvature of the mirror.
1 1 1
3. =𝜐+𝑢
𝑓
𝐼 𝜐 𝑓−𝜐 𝑓
4. 𝑚 = 𝑂 = −𝑢 = = 𝑓−𝑢
𝑓
Where m is the magnification, O is the zero of the object and I is the size of image
UNITS:
a) f, u, v, I and O : cm (or m)
b) Magnification (m): no units
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⬚𝑖
5. =1 𝜇2 (Snell’s law)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⬚𝑟
Where I is the angle of incidence (in medium – 1) and r is the angle of refraction (in medium-2) and
1
⬚𝜇2 is the refractive index of medium-2 with respect to medium – 1
1 1 2 1
6. ⬚𝜇2 = 2𝜇 𝑜𝑟 ⬚𝜇1 × ⬚𝜇2 = 1
⬚ 1
1 𝜇2
7. ⬚𝜇2 =𝜇
1
8. 𝜇1 sin i = 𝜇2 sin r (General statement of Snell’s Law)
𝑐(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚)
9. 𝜇 = 𝜐(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚)
𝜆0 (𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚)
10. 𝜇= 𝜆(𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚)
1 𝜐1 𝜆1
11. ⬚𝜇2 =𝜐 =𝜆
2 2
1
⬚ 𝜇3
12. 2
⬚𝜇3 = 1 or ⬚1𝜇2 × ⬚2𝜇3 × ⬚3𝜇1 = 1
⬚ 𝜇2
Where 1, 2 and 3 are three different media.
𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ(𝑑𝑅 )
13. a) 𝜇 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ(𝑑 ) 𝐴
(Relation between real and apparent depths)
1
(2) Apparent shift (i.e., displacement of the image) = 𝑑𝑅 (1 − 𝜇)
 (3) Total apparent shift for a compound medium (consisting of media of refractive indices
1 1 1
𝜇1 , 𝜇2 , 𝜇3 , . . . . . . . . . ..) = 𝑑𝑅1 (1 − ) + 𝑑𝑅2 (1 − ) + 𝑑𝑅3 (1 − )
𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜇3
𝑑𝑅1
(4) Total apparent depth for a compound medium (of refractive indices 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 , 𝜇3 , . . . . . . . . . . )= +
𝜇1
𝑑𝑅2 𝑑𝑅3
+
𝜇2 𝜇3
1
14. a) 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 where 𝑖𝐶 is the critical angel (angle of incidence in the denser medium for which angle of
𝐶
refraction in the rarer medium is 900)
b) 𝑖 > 𝑖𝐶 is the condition of TIR
15. a) 𝐴 + 𝛿 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 where A is the angle of the prism, 𝛿is the angle of deviation, 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 are the angles
of incidence and emergence respectively.
b) 𝛿 = (𝜇 − 1)𝐴 where 𝛿 is the deviation produced by a thin prism
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
16. 𝜇= 𝐴 (Formula for refractive index of a prism)
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Where 𝛿𝑚 is the angle of minimum deviation
1
17. 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝜇) where 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the limiting value of the angle of prism for no emergent ray
𝑚𝑖𝑛
−1 2
18. 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [√𝜇 − 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴] where 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the limiting value of the angle of incident for no
𝑚𝑎𝑥
emergent ray.
19. 𝜇 = 𝑎 + 𝑏/𝜆2 (Cauchy’s formula)
Where a, b are constants. In other words, 𝜇 ∝ 1/𝜆2
20. Angular dispersion, (𝛿𝜐 − 𝛿𝑟 ) = (𝜇𝜐 − 𝜇𝑟 )𝐴 = 𝜔𝛿, where 𝜇𝜐 and 𝜇𝑟 are the refractive indices of the
material of the prism for violet and red colours respectively and A is the angle of the prism, 𝜔 is the
dispersive power and 𝛿 is the mean deviation.
𝑑𝛿 1
21. Angular dispersion, 𝑑𝜆 ∝ 𝜆3
𝛿𝜐 −𝛿𝑟 𝜇𝜐 −𝜇𝑟
22. Dispersive power,𝜔 = = where 𝛿𝜐 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝛿𝑟 represent the deviation for violet and red colours
𝛿 𝜇−1
respectively, 𝜇 is the mean refractive index of the material of the prism
𝐴 (𝜇 ' −𝜇 ' )
23. 𝜔𝛿 + 𝜔' 𝛿 ' = 0 or 𝐴' = − (𝜇𝜐 −𝜇𝑟 )is the condition for achromatism (deviation without dispersion) with
𝜐 𝑟
two prism (Achromatic Prism)
𝐴 𝜇' −1
24. = − 𝜇−1 is the condition for dispersion without deviation with a combination of two prisms (direct
𝐴'
vision prism)
1
25. Intensity of scattered light, 𝐼 ∝ 𝜆4 (Reyleigh’s law of scattering)

UNITS:
a) Angle of incidence (i) and angle of reflection or refraction (r): degrees
b) Refractive index (𝜇) : no units
𝜇2 𝜇1 𝜇2 −𝜇1
26. − = (Refraction at a spherical surface from rarer to denser medium)
𝜐 𝑢 𝑅
𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜇1 −𝜇2
27. − = (Refraction at a spherical surface from denser to rarer medium)
𝜐 𝑢 𝑅
1 1 1
28. = (𝜇 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 ) (Lens maker’s formula)
𝑓 1 2
1 1 1
29. = 𝜐 − 𝑢 (Lens formula)
𝑓
(compare it with mirror formula)
𝐼 𝜐 𝑓−𝜐 𝑓
30. 𝑚 = 𝑂 = 𝑢 = 𝑓 = 𝑓+𝑢
Where m is the magnification. O is the size of the object and I is the size of the image
(Compare with corresponding relations for spherical mirrors)
 1 1 1 𝑓𝑓
31. = 𝑓 + 𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝐹 = 𝑓 1+𝑓2 Where F is the focal length of the combination of two thin lenses of focal lengths
𝐹 1 2 1 2
𝑓1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓2 placed in contact.
32. P = 1/f where P is the power of a lens of focal length f.
If f is in metre (m), P is in diopter (4)
33. 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
Where P is the power of the combination of two thin lenses of powers 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 placed in contact.
34. 𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝜐 = 𝜔𝑓
Where 𝑓𝑟 , 𝑓𝜐 are the focal lengths of a lens for red and violet coulrs respectively and f is the mean focal
length
𝜔 𝜔'
35. + 𝑓' = 0 is the condition for achromatism of two thin lenses in contact
𝑓
𝐷 2 −𝑑2 𝑚 𝐷+𝑑 2 𝑑
36. a) 𝑓 = b) 𝑂 = √𝐼1 𝐼2 c) 𝑚1 = (𝐷−𝑑) d) 𝑓 = (𝑚
4𝐷 2 1 −𝑚2 )
Where D is the distance between the lens and the screen, d is the displacement of the lens, 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐼2 are
𝐼 𝐼
the sizes of the two real images, O is the size of the object, and 𝑚1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑚2 = 2
𝑂 𝑂
Units
Power : diopter(4)
1D = 1/m = m-1
37. 𝑓 = −𝑥 (Myopic eye)
Where f is the focal length of the concave lens used to correct a myopic eye whose far point lies at a
distance x from it.
1 1 1
38. = 𝐷 − 𝑦 (Hypermetropic eye)
𝑓
Where f is the focal length of the convex lens used to correct a hypermetropic eye whose near point lies
at a distance y instead of distance D (distinct vision distance), y > D
𝛽
39. 𝑀 = 𝛼 (Angular magnification)
Where 𝛽and 𝛼 are the visual angles subtended by the final image formed by an optical instrument and
the object (at the unaided eye) respectively
40. a) 𝑀 = 1 + 𝐷/𝑓
Where M is the magnifying power of a simple microscope (magnifying glass) of focal length f and D is
the distance of distinct vision where image is formed
b) M = D/f (When the image formed is at infinity)
𝐿 𝐷
41. a) 𝑀 = 𝑓 (1 + 𝑓 ) (Distinct vision adjustment)
0 𝑒
Where M is the magnifying power of a compound micro-scope. L is the length of the tube and 𝑓0 ,𝑓𝑒 are
the focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece respectively.
𝐿𝐷
b) 𝑀 = 𝑓 𝑓 (Normal adjustment, final image is at infinity)
𝑜 𝑒
𝜐𝑜 𝐷
c) 𝑀 = 𝑢 (1 + 𝑓 ) (Distinct vision adjustment)
0 𝑒
𝜐𝑜 𝐷
d) 𝑀 = (Normal adjustment)
𝑢0 𝑓𝑒
42. 𝑀 = 𝑓𝑜 /𝑓𝑒 + 𝑓𝑎 /𝐷 (Distinct vision adjustment)
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑜 /𝑓𝑒 (Normal adjustment)
Where M is the magnifying power of an astronomical telescope
43. 𝑀 = −𝑓𝑜 /𝑓𝑒 Where M is the magnifying power of terrestrial telescope

𝜆 1
44. Δ𝑥 = 2𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 where Δ𝑥is the limit of resolution of a microscope . Resolving power, 𝑅 = Δ𝑥 =
2𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜆
45. Δ𝜃 = 1.22𝜆/𝛼
Where Δ𝜃the limit of resolution of a telescope and ‘a’ is the diameter of telescope objective.
1 𝛼
Resolving power, 𝑅 = =
Δ𝜃 1.22𝜆
 UNITS:
1
Power of a lens : 𝑃(𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑟𝑒) = 𝑓(𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒)

Topic-wise analysis of NEET 2014-2021

Topic name/ 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 2021
year (Orissa) (Covid-19)
T1 : Plane 1 1 1
Mirror,
Spherical
Mirror and
Reflection
of Light
T2 & T3 : TIR, 1 2 2 3 2
Refraction of
Light at Plane
and
Spherical
Surface
T4 & T5 : 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
Prism,
Dispersion of
Light and
Optical
Instruments
NEET 8 YEARS PREVIOUS QUESTIONS
1. An object is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. If the object is
displaced through a distance of 20 cm towards the mirror, the displacement of the image will be [2018]
(1) 30 cm away from the mirror
(2) 36 cm away from the mirror
(3) 36 cm towards the mirror
(4) 30 cm towards the mirror
2. The refractive index of the material of a prism is√2and the angle of the prism is 30°.One of the two
refracting surfaces of the prism is made a mirror inwards, by silver coating. A beam of monochromatic
light entering the prism from the other face will retrace its path (after reflection from the silvered surface)
if its angle of incidence on the prism is [2018]
(1) 60° (2) 45° (3) Zero (4) 30°
3. An astronomical refracting telescope will have large angular magnification and high angular resolution,
when it has an objective lens of [2018]
(1) small focal length and large diameter
(2) large focal length and small diameter
(3) small focal length and small diameter
(4) large focal length and large diameter
4. A thin prism having refracting angle 10° is made of glass of refractive index 1.42. This prism is combined
with another thin prism of glass of refractive index 1.7. This combination produces dispersion without
deviation. The refracting angle of second prism should be [2017]
(1) 6° (2) 8° (3) 10° (4) 4°
5. A beam of light from a source L is incident normally on a plane mirror fixed at a certain distance x from
the source. The beam is reflected back as a spot on a scale placed just above the source I. When the mirror
 is rotated through a small angle𝜃, the spot of the light is found to move through a distance y on the scale.
The angle q is given by [2017]
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
(1) 𝑥 (2) 2𝑦 (3) 𝑦 (4) 2𝑥
6. A astronomical telescope has objective and eyepiece of focal lengths 40 cm and 4 cm respectively. To
view an object 200 cm away from the objective, the lenses must be separated by a distance : [2016]
(1) 37.3 cm (2) 46.0 cm (3) 50.0 cm (4) 54.0 cm
7. The angle of incidence for a ray of light at a refracting surface of a prism is 45°. The angle of prism is
60°. If the ray suffers minimum deviation through the prism, the angle of minimum deviation and
refractive index of the material of the prism respectively, are : [2016]
1 1
(1) 450 , (2) 300 , √2 (3) 450 , √2 (4) 300 ,
√2 √2
8. Two identical thin plano-convex glass lenses (refractive index 1.5) each having radius of curvature of 20
cm are placed with their convex surfaces in contact at the centre. The intervening space is filled with oil
of refractive index 1.7. The focal length of the combination is [2015]
(1) –25 cm (2) –50 cm (3) 50 cm (4) –20 cm
9. The refracting angle of a prism is ‘A’, and refractive index of the material of the prism is cot(A/2). The
angle of minimum deviation is : [2015]
(1) 180° – 2A (2) 90° – A (3) 180° + 2A (4) 180° – 3A
10. In an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment a straight black line of length L is drawn on inside part
of objective lens. The eye-piece forms a real image of this line. The length of this image is l. The
magnification of the telescope is : [2015]
𝐿 𝐿+𝐼 𝐿 𝐿
(1) 𝐼 − 1 (2) 𝐿−𝐼 (3) 𝐼 (4) 𝐼 + 1
11. The angle of a prism is ‘A’. One of its refracting surfaces is silvered. Light rays falling at an angle of
incidence 2A on the first surface returns back through the same path after suffering reflection at the
silvered surface. The refractive index𝜇, of the prism is : [2014]
1
(1) 2 sin A (2) 2 cos A (3)2cos A (4) tan A
12. If the focal length of objective lens is increased then magnifying power of : [2014]
(1) microscope will increase but that of telescope decrease.
(2) microscope and telescope both will increase.
(3) microscope and telescope both will decrease
(4) microscope will decrease but that of telescope increase
13. Which colour of the light has the longest wavelength? [NEET – 2019]
(1) red (2) blue (3) green (4) violet
14. Pick the wrong answer in the context with rainbow. [NEET – 2019]
(1) When the light rays undergo two internal reflections in a water drop, a secondary rainbow is formed.
(2) The order of colours is reversed in the secondary rainbow.
(3) An observer can see a rainbow when his front is towards the sun.
(4) Rainbow is a combined effect of dispersion refraction and reflection sunlight.
15. Two similar thin equi-convex lenses, of focal length f each, are kept coaxially in contact with each other
such that the focal length of the combination is F1. When the space between the two lenses is filled with
glycerine (which has the same refractive index (µ = 1.5) as that of glass) then the equivalent focal length
is F2. The ratio F1 : F2 will be : [NEET – 2019]
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 2 : 3 (4) 3 : 4
16. In total internal reflection when the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle for the pair of media in
contact, what will be angle of refraction? [NEET – 2019]
(1) 180° (2) 0°
(3) equal to angle of incidence (4) 90°
17. An equiconvex lens has power P. It is cut into two symmetrical halves by a plane containing the principal
axis. The power of one part will be : [NEET – 2019 (ODISSA)]
𝑃 𝑃
(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) P
18. A double convex lens has focal length 25 cm. The radius of curvature of one of the surfaces is double of
the other. Find the radii if the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5 : [NEET – 2019
 (ODISSA)]
(1) 100 cm, 50 cm (2) 25 cm, 50 cm
(3) 18.75 cm, 37.5 cm (4) 50 cm, 100 cm
19. A plano-convex lens of unknown material and unknown focal length is given. With the help of a
spherometer we can measure the [NEET – 2020 (Covid-19)]
(1) focal length of the lens
(2) radius of curvature of the curved surface
(3) aperture of the lens
(4) refractive index of the material
20. An object is placed on the principal axis of a concave mirror at a distance of 1.5 f (f is the focal length).
The image will be at[NEET – 2020 (Covid-19)]
(1) .3 f (2) 1.5 f (3) .1.5 f (4) 3 f
21. If the critical angle for total internal reflection from a medium to vacuum is 45°, then velocity of light
in the medium is, [NEET – 2020 (Covid-19)]
3
(1) 1.5 × 108 m/s (2) × 108 (3) √2 × 108 m/s (4) 3 × 108 m/s
√2
22. The power of a biconvex lens is 10 dioptre and the radius of curvature of each surface is 10 cm. Then
the refractive index of the material of the lens is, [NEET – 2020 (Covid-19)]
4 9 5 3
(1) 3 (2) 8 (3) 3 (4) 2
23. A ray is incident at an angle of incidence i on one surface of a small angled prism (with angle of prism A)
and emerges normally from the opposite surface. If the refractive index of the material of the prism is ,
then the angle of incidence is nearly equal to [NEET – 2020]
𝜇𝐴 𝐴 2𝐴
1) 2 2) 2𝜇 3) 𝜇 3) 𝜇𝐴
24. A lens of large focal length and large aperture is best suited as an objective of an astronomical telescope
since [NEET-2021]
1) a large aperture contributes to the quality and visibility of the images
2) a large area of the objective ensures better light gathering power
3) a large aperture provides a better resolution
4) all of the above.
25. A convex lens ‘A’ of focal length 20 cm and a concave lens ‘B’ of focal length 5 cm are kept along the
same axis with a distance ‘d’ between them. If a parallel beam of light falling on ‘A’ leaves ‘B’ as a
parallel beam, then the distance ‘d’ in cm will be [NEET-2021]
1) 15 2) 50 3) 30 4) 25
26. Find the value of angle of emergence from the prism. Refractive index of the glass is √3. [NEET-2021]

1)30° 2) 45° 3) 90° 4) 60°

27. A point object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. If a plane mirror
were put perpendicular to the principal axis of the lens and at a distance of 40 cm from it, the final image
would be formed at a distance of [NEET-2021]
 1) 30 cm from the lens, it would be a real image
2) 30 cm from the plane mirror, it would be a virtual image
3) 20 cm from the plane mirror, it would be a virtual image
4) 20 cm from the lens, it would be a real image

LEVEL-1
Topic 1: Plane Mirror, Spherical Mirror and Reflection of Light
1. A concave mirror forms the image of an object on a screen. If the lower half of the mirror is covered with
an opaque card, the effect would be to make the
(1) image less bright.
(2) lower half of the image disappear.
(3) upper half of the image disappear.
(4) image blurred.
2. Which of the following is incorrect statement?
(1) the magnification produced by a convex mirror is always less than one
(2) a virtual, erect, same-sized image can be obtained using a plane mirror
(3) a virtual, erect, magnified image can be formed using a concave mirror
(4) a real, inverted, same-sized image can be formed using a convex mirror.
3. A man 160 cm high stands in front of a plane mirror. His eyes are at a height of 150 cm from the floor.
Then the minimum length of the plane mirror for him to see his full length image is
(1) 85 cm (2) 170 cm (3) 80 cm (4) 340 cm
4. In Fig. find the total magnification after two successive reflections first on M1 and on M2.

(1) + 1 (2) –2 (3) +2 (4) –1

5. In image formation from spherical mirrors, only paraxial rays are considered because they
(1) are easy to handle geometrically
(2) contain most of the intensity of the incident light
(3) form nearly a point image of a point source
(4) show minimum dispersion effect
6. Two mirrors are placed at right angles to each other. A man is standing between them combing his hair.
How many image will he see?
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) zero
7. The light reflected by a plane mirror may form a real image
(1) if the rays incident on the mirror are diverging
(2) if the rays incident on the mirror are converging
(3) if the object is placed very close to the mirror
(4) under no circumstances
8. Two plane mirrors are inclined at 70°. A ray incident on one mirror at angle𝜃after reflection falls on
second mirror and is reflected from there parallel to first mirror. The value of𝜃is
(1) 50° (2) 45° (3) 30° (4) 55°
9. A point source has been placed as shown in the figure. What is the length on the screen that will receive
reflected light from the mirror?
 (1) 2H (2) 3H (3) H (4) None of these
10. When a plane mirror is placed horizontally on a level ground at a distance of 60 m from the foot of a
tower, the top of the tower and its image in the mirror subtend an angle of 90° at the eye. The height of
the tower will be
(1) 30 m (2) 60 m (3) 90 m (4) 120 m
11. In a concave mirror, an object is placed at a distance x1 from focus, and image is formed at a distance x2
from focus. Then focal length of mirror is
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑥
(1) √𝑥1 𝑥2 (2) (3) (4) √𝑥1
2 2 2

12. A ray of light is incident at 50° on the middle of one of the two mirrors arranged at an angle of 60°
between them. The ray then touches the second mirror, get reflected back to the first mirror, making an
angle of incidence of
(1) 50° (2) 60° (3) 70° (4) 80°
13. Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at a certain angle. A ray of light first incident on one of them
at an inclination of 10° with the mirror retraces its path after five reflections. The angle between the
mirrors is :
(1) 12° (2) 22° (3) 30° (4) 20°
14. A rod of length 2 m is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 1m laying horizontally with its
one end at a distance of 3 m and other end at a distance of 5 m from the mirror. The length of the image is
(1) 2 m (2) 2.5 m (3) 3.5 m (4) 0.25 m
15. A plane mirror is kept parallel to y-axis. A point object is approaching the mirror with velocity𝑢̄ =
(10𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂)m/s. The magnitude of relative velocity of objective w.r.t image is equal to

(1) 20√2m/s (2) 20 m/s (3) 10√2m/ s (4) 10 m/s

16. A car is fitted with a convex side-view mirror of focal length 20 cm. A second car 2.8 m behind the first
car is overtaking the first car at a relative speed of 15 m/s. The speed of the image of the second car as
seen in the mirror of the first one is :
1 1
(1) 15m/s (2) 10 m/s (3) 15 m/s (4) 10m/s
17. A point object is kept in front of a plane mirror. The plane mirror is doing SHM of amplitude 2 cm. The
plane mirror moves along the x - axis which is normal to the mirror. The amplitude of the mirror is such
that the object is always in front of the mirror. The amplitude of SHM of the image is
(1) 0 (2) 2 cm (3) 4 cm (4) 1 cm
18. A point source of light is placed in front of a plane mirror. Then
(1) all the reflected rays meet at a point when produced backward
(2) only the reflected rays close to the normal meet at a point when produced backward.
(3) only the reflected rays making a small angle with the mirror, meet at a point when produced
backward.
(4) light of different colours make different images.
19. A ray parallel to principal axis is incident at 30° from normal on concave mirror having radius of
curvature R. The point on principal axis where rays are focussed is Q such that PQ is

𝑅 𝑅 2√𝑅−𝑅 1
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4) 𝑅 (1 − )
√3 √2 √3
20. Two mirrors, one concave and the other convex, are placed 60 cm apart with their reflecting surfaces
facing each other. An object is placed 30 cm from the pole of either of them on their axis. If the focal
lengths of both the mirrors are 15 cm, the position of the image formed by reflection, first at the convex
and then at the concave mirror, is :
(1) 19.09 cm from the pole of the concave mirror
(2) 19.09 cm from the pole of the convex mirror
(3) 11.09 cm from the pole of the concave mirror
(4) 11.09 cm from the pole of the convex mirror
Topic 2: Refraction of Light at Plane Surface and Total Internal Reflection
21. A green light is incident from the water to the air – water interface at the critical angle(𝜃). Select the
correct statement.
(1) The entire spectrum of visible light will come out of the water at an angle of 90º to the normal.
(2) The spectrum of visible light whose frequency is less than that of green light will come out to the air
medium.
(3) The spectrum of visible light whose frequency is more than that of green light will come out to the air
medium.
(4) The entire spectrum of visible light will come out of the water at various angles to the normal.
22. The ratio of thickness of plates of two transparent medium A and B is 6 : 4. If light takes equal time in
passing through them, then refractive index of A with respect to B will be
(1) 1.33 (2) 1.75 (3) 1.4 (4) 1.5
1 1
23. The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are2and respectively. Then the refractive
√3
index of glass with respect to water is
1 √3 2
(1) (2) 2 (3) (4) 2
√3 √3
24. A small coin is resting on the bottom of a beaker filled with liquid. A ray of light from the coin travels
upto the surface of the liquid and moves along its surface. How fast is the light travelling in the liquid?

(1) 2.4 × 108 m/s (2) 3.0 × 108 m/s (3) 1.2 × 108 m/s (4) 1.8 × 108 m/s
25. A glass slab of thickness 4 cm contains the same number of waves as 5 cm of water when both are
traversed by the same monochromatic light. If the refractive index of water is 4/3, what is that of glass?
(1) 5/3 (2) 5/4 (3) 16/15 (4) 1.5
26. In a thick glass slab of thicknessℓand refractive index n1 a cuboidal cavity of thickness m is carved as
shown in the figure and is filled with liquid of R.I. n2 (n1 > n2). The ratio of ℓ /m , so that shift produced
by this slab is zero when an observer A observes an object B with paraxial rays is
 𝑛1 −𝑛2 𝑛1 −𝑛2 𝑛1 −𝑛2 𝑛1 −𝑛2
(1) (2) 𝑛 (3) (4) 𝑛
𝑛2 −1 2 (𝑛1 −1) 𝑛1 −1 1 (𝑛2 −1)
27. When light falls on a given plate at angle of incidence of 60º, the reflected and refracted rays are found to
be normal to each other. The refractive index of the material of the plate is then
(1) 0.866 (2) 1.5 (3) 1.732 (4) 2
28. Total internal reflection can take place only if
(1) light goes from optically rarer medium (smaller refractive index) to optically denser medium
(2) light goes from optically denser medium to rarer medium
(3) the refractive indices of the two media are close to different
(4) the refractive indices of the two media are widely different
29. An electromagnetic radiation of frequency n, wavelength𝜆, travelling with velocity v in air, enters a glass
slab of refractive index𝜇. The frequency, wavelength and velocity of light in the glass slab will be
respectively
𝑛 𝜆 𝑣 𝜆 𝑣 𝑣 2𝑛 𝜆
(1) 𝜇 , 𝜇and 𝜇 (2) 𝑛, 𝜇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 (3) 𝑛, 2𝜆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 (4) 𝜇 , 𝜇 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑣
30. A ray of light travelling inside a rectangular glass block of refractive index√2is incident on the glass-air
surface at an angle of incidence of 45º. The refractive index of air is one. Under these conditions the ray
will
(1) emerge into the air without any deviation
(2) be reflected back into the glass
(3) be absorbed
(4) emerge into the air with an angle of refraction equal to 90º
31. A narrow beam of white light goes through a slab having parallel faces
(1) the light never splits in different colours
(2) the emergent beam is white
(3) the light inside the slab is split into different colours
(4) the light inside the slab is white
32. A diverging beam of light from a point source S having divergence angle𝛼, falls symmetrically on a glass
slab as shown. The angles of incidence of the two extreme rays are equal. If the thickness of the glass slab
is t and the refractive index n, then the divergence angle of the emergent beam is

1 1
(1) zero (2)𝛼 (3)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑛) (4) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑛)
33. A fish looking up through the water sees the outside world contained in a circular horizon. If the
refractive index of water is 4/3 and the fish is 12 cm below the surface, the radius of this circle in cm is
(1) 36√5 (2) 4√5 (3) 36√7 (4) 36/√7
34. A ray of light passes through four transparent media with refractive indices μ1, μ2, μ3 and μ4 as shown
in the figure. The surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray
AB, we must have
 (1) μ1 = μ2 (2) μ2 = μ3 (3) μ3 = μ4 (4) μ4 = μ1
35. A ray of light passes from vacuum into a medium of refractive index μ, the angle of incidence is found to
be twice the angle of refraction. Then the angle of incidence is
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇
(1)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2 ) (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(𝜇) (3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ) (4) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 )
36. The wavelength of a monochromatic light in vacuum is𝜆. It travels from vacuum to a medium of absolute
refractive index μ. The ratio of wavelength of the incident and refracted wave is
(1) μ2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1 (3) μ : 1 (4) 1 : μ
37. Let the x-z plane be the boundary between two transparent media. Medium 1 in z≥0 has a refractive index
of √2and medium 2 with z < 0 has a refractive index of √3. A ray of light in medium 1 given by the
vector𝐴⃗ = 6√3𝑖̂ + 8√3𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂ is incident on the plane of separation. The angle of refraction in medium
2 is:
(1) 45° (2) 60° (3) 75° (4) 30°
38. A vessel of depth x is half filled with oil of refractive index𝜇1 and the other half is filled with water of
refractive index𝜇2 . The apparent depth of the vessel when viewed from above is
𝑥(𝜇 +𝜇 ) 𝑥𝜇 𝜇 𝑥𝜇1 𝜇2 2𝑥(𝜇 +𝜇 )
(1) 2𝜇1 𝜇 2 (2) 2(𝜇 1+𝜇2 ) (3) (𝜇 +𝜇 )
(4) 𝜇 1𝜇 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
39. The index of refraction of diamond is 2.0 velocity of light in diamond in cm per second is approximately
(1) 3 × 1011 (2) 1.5 × 1010 (3) 2.8 × 1011 (4) 3.1 × 1012
Topic 3: Refraction of light at Spherical Surface and Power of Lens
40. A convex lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index greater than that of glass. It will behave as a
(1) convergent lens
(2) divergent lens
(3) plane glass
(4) homogeneous liquid
41. A convex lens is made of 3 layers of glass of 3 different materials as in the figure. A point object is placed
on its axis. The number of images of the object are

(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) 2

42. A lens made of glass whose index of refraction is 1.60 has a focal length of + 20 cm in air. Its focal length
in water, whose refractive index is 1.33, will be
(1) three times longer than in air
(2) two times longer than in air
(3) same as in air
(4) None of these
43. A convex lens is in contact with concave lens. The magnitude of the ratio of their powers is 2/3. Their
equivalent focal length is 30 cm. What are their individual focal lengths (in cm)?
(1) –15, 10 (2) –10, 15 (3) 75, 50 (4) –75, 50
44. A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is held co-axially 12 cm above a mirror of focal length 18 cm. An
object held x cm above the lens gives rise to an image coincident with it. Then x is equal to:
 (1) 12 cm (2) 15 cm (3) 18 cm (4) 30 cm
45. A converging beam of rays is incident on a diverging lens. Having passed through the lens the rays
intersect at a point 15 cm from the lens on the opposite side. If the lens is removed the point where the
rays meet will move 5 cm closer to the lens. The focal length of the lens is
(1) – 10 cm (2) 20 cm (3) –30 cm (4) 5 cm
46. A body is located on a wall. Its image of equal size is to be obtained on a parallel wall with the help of a
convex lens. The lens is placed at a distance 'd' ahead of second wall, then the required focal length will
be
𝑑
(1) only 4
𝑑
(2) only 2
𝑑 𝑑
(3) more than 4 but less than 2
𝑑
(4) less than 4
47. A point object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a thin plano-convex lens of focal length 15 cm. If the
plane surface is silvered, the image will form at :

(1) 60 cm left of AB
(2) 30 cm left of AB
(3) 12 cm left of AB
(4) 60 cm right of AB
48. A plano convex lens fits exactly into a plano concave lens. Their plane surfaces are parallel to each other.
If lenses are made of different materials of refractive indices𝜇1 and𝜇2 , R is the radius of curvature of the
curved surface of the lenses, then the focal length of the combination is
𝑅 𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅
(1)2(𝜇 −𝜇 ) (2) (𝜇 −𝜇 ) (3) (𝜇 −𝜇 ) (4) 2(𝜇 +𝜇 )
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
49. The layered lens as shown is made of two types of transparent materials one indicated by horizontal lines
and the other by vertical lines. The number of images formed of an object will be

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 6

50. A drop of water is placed on a glass plate. A double convex lens having radius of curvature of each
surface is 20 cm is placed on it. The focal length of water is (μw = 4 / 3)

(1) – 20 cm (2) 60 cm (3) 20 cm (4) – 60 cm

51. The given lens is broken into four parts rearranged as shown. If the initial focal length is f, then after
rearrangement the equivalent focal length is

(1) f (2) f / 2 (3) f / 4 (4) 4 f

52. Figure shows a concavo - convex lens μ2. What is the condition on the reflective indices so that the lens is
diverging?

(1) 2μ3 < μ1 + μ2

(2) 2μ3 > μ1 + μ2
(3) μ3 > 2 (μ1 – μ2)
(4) none of these
53. A spherical surface of radius of curvature R separates air (refractive index 1.0) from glass (refractive
index 1.5). The centre of curvature is in the glass. A point object P placed in air is found to have a real
image Q in the glass. The line PQ cuts the surface at a point O, and PO = OQ. The distance PO is equal
to
(1) 5 R (2) 3 R (3) 2 R (4) 1.5 R
54. A parallel beam of light is incident on a converging lens parallel to its principal axis. As one moves away
from the lens on the other side on its principal axis, the intensity of light
(1) remains constant
(2) continuously increases
(3) continuously decreases
(4) first increases then decreases
55. A luminous object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the convex lens of focal length 20 cm. On the
other side of the lens, at what distance from the lens a convex mirror of radius of curvature 10 cm be
placed in order to have an upright image of the object coincident with it?
(1) 12 cm (2) 30 cm (3) 50 cm (4) 60 cm
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Topic 4: Prism and Dispersion of Light
56. If a glass prism is dipped in water, its dispersive power
(1) increases
(2) decreases
(3) does not change
(4) may increase or decrease depending on whether the angle of the prism is less than or greater than 60º
57. A prism of refracting angle 600 has minimum angle of deviation of 30o what must be the angle of
incidence for this case?
(1) 900 (2) 450 (3) 300 (4) 150
58. A ray is incident at an angle of incidence i on one surface of a prism of small angle A and emerges
normally from the opposite surface. If the refractive index of the material of prism is𝜇, the angle of
incidence i is nearly equal to
𝐴 𝐴 𝜇𝐴
(1) 𝜇 (2) 2𝜇 (3) 𝜇𝐴 (4) 2
59. Light of wavelength 4000 Å is incident at small angle on a prism of apex angle 4°. The prism has nv = 1.5
and nr = 1.48. The angle of dispersion produced by the prism in this light is
(1) 0.2° (2) 0.08° (3) 0.192° (4) None of these
60. A black spot is present just inside one of the face of an equilateral prism. A man places his eye directly at
the opposite corner. He sees two images of the spot at an angular separation of 60°. Then the minimum
value of refractive index of the prism is:

√3 3 2
(1)𝜇 = (2) 𝜇 = 2 (3) 𝜇 = 2 (4) 𝜇 =
2 √3
61. A thin prism P1 with angle 4° and made from glass of refractive index 1.54 is combined with another
prism P2 made of glass of refractive index 1.72 to produce dispersion without deviation. The angle of
prism P2 is
(1) 5.33° (2) 4° (3) 2.6° (4) 3°
62. There is a prism with refractive index equal to√2and the refracting angle equal to 60°. One of the
refracting surfaces of the prism is polished. A beam of monochromatic light will retrace its path if its
angle of incidence over the refracting surface of the prism is
√3 1
(1)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(√2) (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(2/√3) (3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) (4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
√2 √2
63. Angle of minimum deviation for a prism of refractive index 1.5, is equal to the angle of prism. Then the
angle of prism is
(1) 42° (2) 52° (3) 62° (4) 82°
64. r and r' denote the angles inside an equilateral prism, as usual, in degrees.
Consider that during some time interval from t = 0 to t = t, r' varies with time as r' = 10 + t2.
During this time r will vary as (assume that r and r' are in degree)

(1) 50 – t2 (2) 50 + t2 (3) 60 – t2 (4) 60 + t2

65. In Fig. ABC is the cross section of a right - angled prism and ACDE is the cross section of a glass slab.
The value of 𝜃so that incident normally on the face AB does not cross the face AC is (given sin–1 (3/5) =
37°).

(1) 𝜃 ≤ 370 (2) 𝜃 < 37° (3) q ≤53° (4) 𝜃 < 53°
Topic 5: Optical Instruments
66. The image formed by an objective of a compound microscope is
(1) real and diminished
(2) real and enlarged
(3) virtual and enlarged
(4) virtual and diminished
67. An astronomical telescope has a large aperture to
(1) reduce spherical aberration
(2) have high resolution
(3) increases span of observation
(4) have low dispersion
68. The diameter of the objective lens of microscope makes an angle𝛽at the focus of the microscope. Further,
the medium between the object and the lens is an oil of refractive index n. Then the resolving power of
the microscope
(1) increases with decreasing value of n
(2) increases with decreasing value of 𝛽
(3) increases with increasing value of n sin 2𝛽
1
(4) increases with increasing value of𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛽
69. The focal length of the objective and the eyepiece of a telescope are 50 cm and 5 cm respectively. If the
telescope is focussed for distinct vision on a scale distant 2 m from its objective, then its magnifying
power will be :
(1) – 4 (2) – 8 (3) + 8 (4) – 2
70. A telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. If a 50 m
tall tower at a distance of 1 km is observed through this telescope in normal setting, the angle formed by
the image of the tower is𝜃, then𝜃is close to :
(1) 6.1 rad (2) 3.2 rad (3) 1.5 rad (4) 0.2 rad
LEVEL-2
1. The image of an illuminated square is obtained on a screen with the help of a converging lens. The
distance of the square from the lens is 40 cm. The area of the image is 9 times that of the square. The
focal length of the lens is :
(1) 36 cm (2) 27 cm (3) 60 cm (4) 30 cm
2. A cube of side 2 m is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 1m with its face P at a distance
of 3 m and face Q at a distance of 5 m from the mirror. The distance between the image of face P and Q is

(1) 1 m (2) 0.5 m (3) 0.5 m (4) 0.25 m

3. To determine refractive index of glass slab using a travelling microscope, minimum number of readings
required are:
(1) Two (2) Four (3) Three (4) Five
4. When a prism (𝜇 = 3/2) is immersed in water (𝜇 = 4/3) then deviation through the prism becomes how
much times of the deviation (when the prism is in air)?
1 1 1 1
(1) 4 𝑡ℎ (2) 5 𝑡ℎ (3) 8 𝑡ℎ (4) 9 𝑡ℎ
5. Light takes t1 sec to travel a distance x in vacuum and the same light takes t2 sec to travel 10 cm in a
medium. Critical angle for corresponding medium will be
10𝑡 𝑡2 𝑥 10𝑡 𝑡1 𝑥
(1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑡 𝑥2 ) (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (10𝑡 ) (3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑡 𝑥1 ) (4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (10𝑡 )
1 1 2 2
6. An observer looks at a distant tree of height 10 m with a telescope of magnifying power of 20. To the
observer the tree appears :
(1) 20 times taller (2) 20 times nearer (3) 10 times taller (4) 10 times nearer
7. An object kept on the principle axis is moving in the same directions as that of mirror as shown in figure.
Speed of object and mirror is 10 m/s and 40/12 m/s. Radius of the curvature of the mirror is 20 cm. What
should be the distance of object from the mirror at this instant so that the image is stationary?
 (1) 25 cm (2) 45 cm (3) 37.5 cm (4) 15 cm
8. Let the refractive index of a denser medium with respect to a rarer medium be n12 and its critical angle be
𝜃𝐶 . At an angle of incidence A when light is travelling from denser medium to rarer medium, a part of the
light is reflected and the rest is refracted and the angle between reflected and refracted rays is 90°. Angle
A is given by:
1 1
(1) −1(𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) (2) −1(𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) (3) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 ) (4) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝐶
9. A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m above the surface of water in a lake. The refractive index of water
is 4.3. A fish inside the lake, in the line of fall of the ball, is looking at the ball. At an instant, when the
ball is 12.8 m above the water surface, the fish sees the speed of ball as [Take g = 10 m/s2.]
(1) 9 m/s (2) 12 m/s (3) 16 m/s (4) 21.33 m/s
10. The size of the image of an object, which is at infinity, as formed by a convex lens of focal length 30 cm
is 2 cm. If a concave lens of focal length 20 cm is placed between the convex lens and the image at a
distance of 26 cm from the convex lens, calculate the new size of the image.
(1) d/2 (2) d (3) 2d (4) 3d
11. In an experiment a convex lens of focal length 15 cm is placed coaxially on an optical bench in front of a
convex mirror at a distance of 5 cm from it. It is found that an object and its image coincide, if the object
is placed at a distance of 20 cm from the lens. The focal length of the convex mirror is :
(1) 27.5 cm (2) 20.0 cm (3) 25.0 cm (4) 30.5 cm
12. A plano convex lens becomes an optical system of 28 cm focal length when its plane surface is silvered
and illuminated from left to right as shown in Fig-A. If the same lens is instead silvered on the curved
surface and illuminated from other side as in Fig. B, it acts like an optical system of focal length 10 cm.
The refractive index of the material of lens is:

(1) 1.50 (2) 1.55 (3) 1.75 (4) 1.51

13. The graph between angle of deviation (4) and angle of incidence (i) for a triangular prism is represented
by

(1) (2) (3) (4)

14. A telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. If a 50 m
tall tower at a distance of 1 km is observed through this telescope in normal setting, the angle formed by
the image of the tower is𝜃, then𝜃is close to:
(1) 30° (2) 15° (3) 60° (4) 1°
15. A printed page is pressed by a glass of water. The refractive index of the glass and water is 1.5 and 1.33,
respectively. If the thickness of the bottom of glass is 1 cm and depth of water is 5 cm, how much the
page will appear to be shifted if viewed from the top?
(1) 1.033 cm (2) 3.581 cm (3) 1.3533 cm (4) 1.90 cm
16. A convergent doublet of separated lenses, corrected for spherical aberration, has resultant focal length of
10cm. The separation between the two lenses is 2cm. The focal lengths of the component lenses
(1) 18cm, 20cm (2) 10cm, 12cm (3) 12cm, 14cm (4) 16cm, 18cm
17. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on one face of a prism of angle 30°. The emergent ray of light
makes an angle of 30° with incident ray. The angle made by the emergent ray with second face of prism
will be:
(1) 30° (2) 90° (3) 0° (4) 45°
18. An object is located in a fixed position in front of a screen. Sharp image is obtained on the screen for two
positions of a thin lens separated by 10 cm. The size of the images in two situations are in the ratio 3 : 3.
What is the distance between the screen and the object?
(1) 124.5 cm (2) 144.5 cm (3) 65.0 cm (4) 99.0 cm
19. A bird in air looks at a fish vertically below it and inside water h1 is the height of the bird above the
surface of water and h2, the depth of the fish below the surface of water. If refractive index of water with
respect to air be𝜇, then the distance of the fish as observed by the bird is
ℎ
(1) h1 + h2 (2) ℎ1 + 𝜇2 (3) 𝜇ℎ1 + ℎ2 (4)𝜇ℎ1 + 𝜇ℎ2
20. An object is placed upright on the axis of a thin convex lens at a distance of four focal lengths (4f) from
the center of the lens. An inverted image appears at a distance of 4/3 f on the other side of the lens. What
is the ratio of the height of the image of the height of the object?
(1) 1/3 (2) 3/4 (3) 4/3 (4) 3/1
21. Point object O is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm at a distance of 40 cm
to the left of it. The diameter of the lens is 10 cm. If the eye is placed 60 cm to the right of the lens at a
distance h below the principal axis, then the maximum value of h to see the image will be
(1) 0 (2) 5 cm (3) 2.5 cm (4) 10 cm
22. We wish to make a microscope with the help of two positive lenses both with a focal length of 20 mm
each and the object is positioned 25 mm from the objective lens. How far apart the lenses should be so
that the final image is formed at infinity?
(1) 20 mm (2) 100 mm (3) 120 mm (4) 80 mm
23. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
emergence and the latter is equal to 3/4th of the angle of prism. The angle of deviation is
(1) 45º (2) 39º (3) 20º (4) 30º
24. An object is moving with speed v0 towards a spherical mirror with radius of curvature R, along the central
axis of the mirror. The speed of the image with respect to the mirror is (U is the distance of the object
from mirror at any given time t)
𝑅 𝑅 2 𝑅 2 𝑅
(1)+ (𝑈−2𝑅) 𝑣02 (2) − (𝑅−2𝑈) 𝑣0 (3) − (2𝑈−2𝑅) 𝑣0 (4) + (2𝑈−2) 𝑣02
25. Monochromatic light is incident on a glass prism of angle A. If the refractive index of the material of the
prism is μ, a ray, incident at an angle𝜃, on the face AB would get transmitted through the face AC of the
prism provided

1
(1)𝜃 > 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝜇))]
1
(2) 𝜃 < 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝜇))]
1
(3) 𝜃 > 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝜇))]
1
(4) 𝜃 < 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝜇))]
26. A diver looking up through the water sees the outside world contained in a circular horizon. The
refractive index of water is 4/3, and the diver’s eyes are 15 cm below the surface of water. Then the
radius of the circle is:
15×√7 15×3
(1)15 × 3 × √5𝑐𝑚 (2) 15 × 3√7𝑐𝑚 (3) 𝑐𝑚 (4) 𝑐𝑚
3 √7
27. In a compound microscope, the focal length of objective lens is 1.2 cm and focal length of eye piece is 3.0
cm. When object is kept at 1.25 cm in front of objective, final image is formed at infinity. Magnifying
power of the compound microscope should be:
(1) 200 (2) 100 (3) 400 (4) 150
3
28. A thin convex lens made from crown glass(𝜇 = 2)has focal length f. When it is measured in two different
4 5
liquids having refractive indices3and3, it has the focal lengths f1 and f2 respectively. The correct relation
between the focal lengths is:
(1) f1 = f2 < f
(2) f1 > f and f2 becomes negative
(3) f2 > f and f1 becomes negative
(4) f1 and f2 both become negative
29. A ray of light is travelling from glass to air. (Refractive index of glass = 1.5). The angle of incidence is
50°. The deviation of the ray is
𝑠𝑖𝑛 500 𝑠𝑖𝑛 500
(1) 0° (2) 80° (3) 500 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ] (4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ] − 500
1.5 1.5
30. You are asked to design a shaving mirror assuming that a person keeps it 10 cm from his face and views
the magnified image of the face at the closest comfortable distance of 25 cm. The radius of curvature of
the mirror would then be :
(1) 60 cm (2) –24 cm (3) – 60 cm (4) 24 cm
NEET 8 Years Previous Questions
1) 2 2) 2 3) 4 4) 1 5) 4 6) 4 7) 2 8) 2 9) 1
10) 3 11) 2 12) 4 13) 1 14) 3 15) 2 16) 4 17) 4 18) 3
19) 2 20) 1 21) 2 22) 4 23) 4 24) 4 25) 1 26) 4 27) 4

LEVEL-1
1) 1 2) 4 3) 3 4) 3 5) 3 6) 2 7) 2 8) 1 9) 1 10) 2
11) 1 12) 3 13) 3 14) 4 15) 2 16) 1 17) 3 18) 1 19) 4 20) 1
21) 2 22) 4 23) 2 24) 4 25) 1 26) 2 27) 3 28) 2 29) 2 30) 4
31) 2 32) 2 33) 4 34) 4 35) 1 36) 3 37) 1 38) 1 39) 2 40) 2
41) 3 42) 1 43) 1 44) 2 45) 3 46) 2 47) 3 48) 2 49) 1 50) 4
51) 2 52) 1 53) 1 54) 4 55) 3 56) 2 57) 2 58) 3 59) 4 60) 4
61) 4 62) 3 63) 4 64) 1 65) 2 66) 2 67) 2 68) 3 69) 4 70) 3
LEVEL-2
1) 4 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3 6) 2 7) 1 8) 4 9) 3 10) 2
11) 1 12) 2 13) 3 14) 3 15) 3 16) 1 17) 3 18) 4 19) 2 20) 1
21) 3 22) 3 23) 4 24) 2 25) 3 26) 4 27) 1 28) 2 29) 2 30) 3

Hints and Solutions

NEET 8 Years Previous Questions
1 1 1
1. (2) using mirror formula, 𝑓 = +
𝑣1 𝑢
1 1 1 1 1 1
− 15 = 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑣 = −15 + 40
1 1
∴ 𝑣1 = −24𝑐𝑚
When object is displaced by 20 cm towards mirror
Now, 𝑢2 = −20

1 1 1
So, 𝑓 = 𝑣 + 𝑢
2 2
 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑣 − 20 ⇒ 𝑣 = 20 − 15
−15 2 2
∴ 𝑣2 = −60𝑐𝑚
Therefore image shifts away from mirror by = 60 – 24 = 36 cm
2. (2) For retracing the path, light ray should be normally incident on silvered face.
A = r + O⇒r = 30°

Applying Snell’s law at point M,

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 √2 1
= ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = √2 × 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 1
1
or 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑖 = 450
√2
𝑓
3. (4) For telescope, angular magnification= 𝑓0
𝐸
So, focal length of objective lens should be large.
𝐷
Angular resolution= 1.22𝜆. So, D should be large.
So, objective lens of refracting telescope should have large focal length (f0) and large diameter D for
larger angular magnification.
4. (1) For dispersion without deviation
(𝜇 -1)A1 + (𝜇'-1)A2 = 0
(𝜇 -1)A1 = (𝜇'-1)A2
(1.42–1) × 10° = (1.7–1)A2
4.2 = 0.7A2 ⇒A2 = 6°
5. (4) When mirror is rotated by angle q reflected ray will be rotated by2𝜃.
𝑦 𝑦
= 2𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 =
𝑥 2𝑥

6. (4) Given: Focal length of objective, f0 = 40cm

Focal length of eye – piece fe = 4 cm
image distance, v0 = 200 cm
Using lens formula for objective lens
1 1 1 1 1 1
−𝑢 =𝑓 ⇒𝑣 =𝑓 +𝑢
𝑣0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 +5−1
⇒ 𝑣 = 40 + −200 = ⇒ 𝑣0 = 50𝑐𝑚
0 200
Tube length ℓ = |𝑣0 | + 𝑓𝑒 = 50 + 4 = 54𝑐𝑚
7. (2) i = 45°;A = 60°;
Angle of minimum deviation, 𝛿𝑚 = 2i – A = 30°
Refractive index of material of prism
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 450 1 2
2
𝜇= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 = = 1 = √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴/2 √2
8. (2) Using lens maker’s formula,
 ∴ 𝑓𝑒𝑞 = −50𝑐𝑚
Therefore, the focal length of the combination is – 50 cm.
9. (1) As we know, the refractive index of the material of the Prism
𝛿 +𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑚 )
2
𝜇= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴/2)
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴/2)
2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 /2 = = [∵ 𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝐴/2)]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴/2)
𝛿 +𝐴 0
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑚2 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90 + 𝐴/2) 𝛿0𝑚𝑖𝑛
10. (3)
Magnification by eye piece
𝑓
𝑚 = 𝑓+𝑢
1 𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑒 1 𝑓𝑒
− = )]
=− or =
𝐿 𝑓𝑒 +[−(𝑓0 +𝑓𝑒 𝑓0 𝐿 𝑓0
𝑓0 𝐿
Magnification,𝑀 = 𝑓 = 1
𝑒
11. (2)

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
According to Snell’s law𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
⇒ (1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝐴 = (𝜇) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 ⇒ 𝜇 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝐿𝐷 1
12. (4) Magnifying power of microscope= 𝑓 𝑓 ∝ 𝑓
0 𝑒 0
Hence with increase f0 magnifying power of microscope decreases
𝑓
Magnifying power of telescope = 𝑓0 ∝ 𝑓0
𝑒
Hence with increase f0 magnifying power of telescope increases
13. Longest wavelength is of red colour
14. An observer can see a rainbow when his back is towards the Sun

15. and
16. At critical angle
 angle of refraction = 90°
17. Focal length do not change → Power do not change
18. For the double convex lens
f=25cm, R1=R and R2=−2R (sign convention)
1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) ( − )
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1 3𝑅
⇒ 25 = (15 − 1) (𝑅 − −2𝑅) = 0.5 ( 2 )
1 31
⇒ 25 = 4 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑅 = 18.75𝑐𝑚
𝑅1 = 18.75𝑚, 𝑅2 = 2𝑅 = 37.5 𝑐𝑚
19. Sphere meter is used to measure radius of curvature of the curved surface.
1 1 1
20. By using mirror formula𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑓
1 1 1 1 1 1
We have −1.5𝑓 + 𝑣 = −𝑓 ⇒ 𝑣 = − 𝑓 + 1.5𝑓
1 −1.5+1 −0.5
⇒𝑣= = ⇒ 𝑣 = −3𝑓
1.5𝑓 1.5𝑓
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 = 𝜇
21.
1 1 1
𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 450 = (1/ = √2
𝐶 √2)
𝑐 𝑐 3×108
𝜇=𝑣⇒𝑣=𝜇= 𝑚/𝑠
√2
100 100 100
22. 𝑃= ⇒𝑓= = = 10𝑐𝑚
𝑓 𝑝 10
𝑅
𝑓 = 2(𝜇−1) (for equi-convex lens)
10
⇒ 10 = 2(𝜇−1)
1 1 3
⇒ (𝜇 − 1) = 2 ⇒ 𝜇 = 2 + 1 = 2
23. Normal emergence
i2 = r2= 0
∴A = r1 + r2 = r1
For small angle
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖1 𝑖1
𝜇= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟1 𝑟1
𝑖1 = 𝜇𝐴
𝑓 𝑎
24. 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑓0; 𝑅. 𝑃. = 1.22𝜆
𝑒
Large aperture(1) of the objective lens provides better resolution ∴ Good quality of image is formed and
also it gathers more light.
25.
 d = fA – fB = 20 – 5 = 15 cm
26.
𝑖1 = 0
𝑟1 = 0
𝜇 = √3
𝑟2 = 300
√3
Snell’s law 1 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖2 = √3 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 00 ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖2 = 2 = 𝑖2 = 600
27. Using lens formula for first refraction from convex lens

The plane mirror will produce an image at distance 20 cm to left of it.

For second refraction from convex lens, u = –20 cm, v = ? , f = 30 cm

Thus the final image is virtual and at a distance,

60 – 40 = 20 cm from plane mirror.
LEVEL-1
1. (1) Due to covering the reflection from lower part is not there so it makes the image less bright.
2. (4) Convex mirror always forms, virtual, erect and smaller image.
3. (3) The minimum length of the mirror is half the length of the man. This can be proved from the fact that
∠𝑖 = ∠𝑟.
4. (3) For M1 : V = – 60, m1 = –2
For M1 : u = +20, F = 10
1 1 1
= 20 = 10 ⇒ 𝑉 = 20
𝑉
20
∴ 𝑀2 = − 20 = −1
∴ 𝑀 = 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = +2
5. (3) Because they form nearly point image of point source.
6. (2) When two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle𝜃, the number of image obtained is
3600 3600
𝑛 = 𝜃 = 900 ⇒ 𝑛 = 4 (even)
so (n – 1) = 3 image will be formed.
7. (2) A plane mirror may form a real image when the rays incident on it are converging.
8. (1)

From fig.400 + 𝜃 = 900 ∴ 𝜃 = 900 − 400 = 500

𝐵𝐷
9. (1) In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐷, 3𝐻 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 50 or 𝐵𝐷 = 3𝐻
And in Δ𝐴| 𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐶 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 2 or 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐻
2𝐻
Now, 𝑦 = 𝐵𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 = 3𝐻 − 𝐻 = 2𝐻

ℎ
10. (2) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 4 50 = 60 ⇒ ℎ = 60𝑚

11. (1) Here, u = f + x1, v = f + x2

𝑢𝑣
use f= 𝑢+𝑣and solve to get f =√𝑥1 𝑥2
12. (3) So light ray makes 70° from first mirror.

13. (3) On second mirror ray of light retraces its path

⇒ ray of light falls normally on the second mirror
i.e., b=90
a=90−r1=60
θ=180−(b+a) =300
1 1 𝑣
14. (4) Using the mirror equation, 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑓
1 1 2
For point A, 𝑣 = −1 + 3 = − 3
𝐴
3
So, 𝑣𝐴 = − 2 = −1.5
Similarly for point B,
1 1 4
= −1 + 5 = − 5
𝑣𝐵
 5
So, 𝑣𝐴 = − 4 = −1.25
the distance between two points is then 1.5−1.25=0.25 m
15. (2) Velocity of image in mirror
𝑣⃗ = −10𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂𝑣⃗𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑢
⃗⃗ − 𝑣⃗ = 20𝑖̂
16. (1) From mirror formula
1 1 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢
+ 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑠𝑜, 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑢2 ( 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
⇒ = − (𝑢−𝑓) ⇒ = 15 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
17. (3) Assume the mirror is at the origin and it is moving about the origin along x direction between x = -2 and x = +2
as its extreme positions.
Assume that the object is placed at co=ordinate of x = - (2+x)
So, when mirror is at position x = -2, the object's image will be formed at x co-ordinate X = - 2+x
And when the mirror is at position x = +2, the image is formed at X = 6+x
So, the net difference in the position of image between these 2 co-ordinates is ( 6 + x ) - ( -2 + x ) = 8
So, the amplitude will be half of this distance. So the answer is 8/2 = 4 cm.
18. (1) The image of a point source in plane mirror will be a virtual point image, behind the mirror. So the reflected
rays should meet at this point when produced backwards.
19. (4) From similar triangles,

𝑄𝐶 𝑅
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1200
𝑠𝑖𝑛 300
𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 𝑅
or 𝑄𝐶 = 𝑅 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1200 =
√3
𝑅 1
Thus 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝐶 − 𝑄𝐶 = 𝑅 − = 𝑅 (1 − )
√3 √3
20. (1) For convex mirror :

1 1 1
+ −30 = +15
𝑣
or 𝑣 = 10𝑐𝑚
For concave mirror:
1 1 −1
+ −70 = 15 or 𝑣 = −19.90𝑐𝑚
𝑣
1
21. (2) For critical angle𝜃𝑐 ,𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐 = 𝜇
For greater wavelength or lesser frequency𝜇is less.
So, critical angle would be more. So, they will not suffer reflection and come out at angles less then 90°.
22. (4) Time taken by light to travel distance x through a medium of refractive index μ is
𝜇𝑥 𝜇 𝑥 6 3
𝑡 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝜇𝐵 = 𝑥𝐴 = 4 ⇒ 𝜇𝐵 = 2 = 1.5
𝐴 𝐵
1 1
23. (2) given 𝑎𝜇𝑔 = 2 ,𝑎 𝜇𝑤 = ∵𝑎 𝜇𝑤 ×𝑤 𝜇𝑔 =𝑎 𝜇𝑔
√3
𝑎𝜇𝑔 1/2 √3
∴𝑤 𝜇𝑔 = 𝑎𝜇 = 1/√3 =
𝑤 2
24. (4) Hypotenuse comes out to be 5 cm

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 1 5
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 900 ; 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = 3
𝜇
𝑐 3×108
Speed, 𝑣 = 𝜇 = = 1.8 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
5/3
5 4
25. (1) Given that𝑤𝜇𝑔 = 4and 𝑎𝜇𝑤 = 3
5 4 5
∴𝑎 𝜇𝑔 =𝑤 𝜇𝑔 ×𝑎 𝜇𝑤 = 4 × 3 = 3
1 1
26. (2) Shift= (ℓ − 𝑚) (1 − 𝑛 ) + 𝑚 (1 − 𝑛 ) = 0
1 2
27. (3) Here i = 60º. As the angle between reflected and refracted ray is 90º, then i + r = 90 or r = 30º
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 √3/2
Now 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 = = √3 = 1.732
1/2
The angle for which i + r = 90º, called Brewster' Angle.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝜇
28. (2) According to Snell’s Law,𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = 𝜇2
1
where r = 90º for particular incidence angle called critical angle. When the incidence angle is equal to or
greater than ic, then total internal reflection occurs. It takes place when ray of light travels from optically
denser medium(𝜇1 > 𝜇2 )to optically rarer medium.
29. (2) We know that frequency of electromagnetic radiation remains the same when it changes the medium.
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝜆
Further, 𝜇 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑣
𝑚
𝜆𝑣 𝜆
𝜆𝑚 = =𝜇
𝜇
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
Similarly, 𝜇 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
1 1 1
30. (4) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝐶 = 𝜇 = ∴ 𝐶 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−1 ( ) = 450
√2 √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 450 1
Now, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = 𝜇 or =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 √2
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = 1 or 𝑟 = 90
31. (2) Refraction of light of different wavelength is shown in the figure. The light inside slab clearly splits up into
different colors. The emergent ray from a single white ray is a beam of different colors, parallel to the incident
ray. However the emergent beam is white, because the white rays adjacent to the incident white ray above also
split into different colors that add up to these wavelengths to produce a white beam of light parallel to the incident
white beam.

32. (2) Since rays after passing through the glass slab just suffer lateral displacement hence we have angle between
the emergent rays as α.
 1 1 3
33. (4) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝐶 = 𝜇 = 4/3 = 4

3 36
Now, 𝑟 = ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐶 = 12 × = 𝑐𝑚
√7 √7
34. (4) The emergent ray CD can become parallel to incident ray AB after traveling through different media, only
when both of them travel in same medium of same refractive index.
∴μ4=μ1
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑖
35. (1) 𝜇 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑟 ∵ 𝑖 = 2𝑟

𝒔𝒊𝒏 2𝑟 2 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑟.𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑟

⇒𝜇= =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑟 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑟
−1 𝜇 𝜇
𝑟= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (2 ) , ∴ 𝑖 = 2 𝒄𝒐𝒔−1 ( 2 )
36. (3) {𝜇𝜆}𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 = {𝜇𝜆}𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝜆 𝜇
⇒ 𝜆𝑖 = 1
𝑟
∴Ratio is 𝜇: 1
37. (1) Angle of incidence is given by
̂ )𝑘
(6√3𝑖̂+8√3𝑗̂ −10𝑘 ̂
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜋 − 𝑖) = 20
1
− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑖 = − 2; ∠𝑖 = 600
From Snell's law,
√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = √3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 ; ∠𝑟 = 450

𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
38. (1) As refractive index,𝜇 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
∴ Apparent depth of the vessel when viewed from above is
 𝐶 3×1010
39. (2) 𝑣 = = = 1.5 × 1010 𝑚/𝑠
𝜇 2
1 𝜇2 1 1 𝜇
40. (2) 𝑓 = (𝜇 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 ) As 𝜇2 < 1
1 1 2 1
∴ f is negative. It acts as divergent lens.
41. (3) A lens made of three different materials as shown have only one focal length. Thus , for a given object there is
only one image.
42. (1) Given that,
the refractive index of the lens wr..t air, 𝑎𝜇𝑔 = 1.60
and the refractive index of water w.r.t air
𝑎𝜇𝑤 = 1.33
the focal length of the lens in air, f=20cm.
We know that for a lens
1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) −
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
When the lens is in the air
1 1 1
= (𝑎𝜇𝑔 − 1) −
20 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1
𝑜𝑟 = (1.60 − 1) −
20 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1
𝑜𝑟 20 = 0.60 × 𝑅 − 𝑅 -----(i)
1 2
When the lens is in the water
1 1 1
|
= (𝑤𝜇𝑔 − 1) −
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 𝑎𝜇𝑔 1 1
𝑜𝑟 | = − 1( − )
𝑓 𝑎𝜇𝑤 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 𝑎𝜇𝑔 −𝑎 𝜇𝑤 1 1
𝑜𝑟 | = ( − )
𝑓 𝑎𝜇𝑤 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1.60 − 1.33 1 1
∴ |= ( − )
𝑓 1.33 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 27 1 1
= 133 (𝑅 − 𝑅 )…(ii)
𝑓| 1 2
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
𝑓 | 0.60 × 133
=
20 27
or 𝑓 | = 20 × 2.95𝑐𝑚 ≈ 60𝑐𝑚
Hence, its focal length is three times longer than in air
|𝑃 | 2 𝑓 2
43. (1) |𝑃1| = 3 ⇒ 𝑓2 = 3-------(i)
2 1
 Focal length of their combination
1 1 1 1 1 1×3
= 𝑓 − 𝑓 ⇒ 30 = 𝑓 − 2𝑓 from (i)
𝑓 1 2 1 1
1 1 3 1 1
⇒ 30 = 𝑓 [1 − 2] = 𝑓 × (− 2)
1 1
2 2
∴ 𝑓1 = −15𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑓2 = 3 × 𝑓1 = 3 × 15 = 10𝑐𝑚
44. (2) u = 24 cm, v = x

1 1 1
Using𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑓
1 1 1
or 𝑥 − 24 = 40; ∴ 𝑥 = 15𝑐𝑚
45. (3) By lens formula,

1 1 1
−𝑢=𝑓
𝑣
u = 10 cm, v = 15 cm, f = ?
Putting the values, we get
1 1 1
− 10 = 𝑓
15
10−15 1
=𝑓
150
150
∴𝑓=− = −30𝑐𝑚
3
1 1 1
46. (2) Using the lens formula𝑓 = 𝑣 − 𝑢
Given v = d, for equal size image v = u = d
By sign convention u = –d
1 1 1 𝑑
∴ 𝑓 = 𝑑 + 𝑑 or 𝑓 = 2
47. (3) If fe be the focal length of the lens, then
1 2 1
= 15 + ∞ ⇒ 𝑓𝑒 = 7.5𝑐𝑚
𝑓
𝑒
Now using mirror formula, we have
1 1 1
+ −20 = −7.5 ⇒ 𝑣 = −12𝑐𝑚
𝑣
48. (2) The combination of two lenses 1 and 2 is as shown in figure.
49. (1) Considering refraction at the curved surface,
u = – 20, μ2 = 1
μ1 = 3/2, R = + 20
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇 1 3/2 1−3/2
Applying 𝑣2 − 𝑢1 = 2 𝑅 1 ⇒ 𝑣 − −20 = 20 ⇒ 𝑣 = −10
i.e., 10 cm below the curved surface or 10 cm above the actual position of flower
1 1 1 4 1 1
50. (4) 𝑓 = (𝜇𝑤 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 ) = (3 − 1) (−20 − ∞)
1 2
∴ 𝑓 = −60𝑐𝑚
51. (2) focal length of each part is 2f
effective focal length be F
1 1 1 1 1 2
= 2𝑓 + 2𝑓 + 2𝑓 + 2𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐹
F=2f
𝜇 1 𝜇−1 1.5 1 1.5−1
52. (1) Using, 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑅 or 𝑣 − −15 = +30
∴ 𝑣 = −30𝑐𝑚
𝜇 1 𝜇−1
53. (1) Using, 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑅

1.5 1 (1.5−1)
or 𝑥 − −𝑥 = 𝑅 ; ∴ 𝑥 = 5𝑅
54. (4) The parallel beam of light converges at the focus on the other side and then diverges. Hence till the
person moves to the focus the intensity will increase. Beyond the focus, it will decrease
55. (3) For the lens,
1 1 1
−𝑢=𝑓
𝑣
 1 1 1
− −30 = 20 ⇒ 𝑣 = 60𝑐𝑚
𝑣
Coincidence is possible when the image is formed at the centre of curvature of the mirror. Only then the
rays refracting through the lens will fall normally on the convex mirror and retrace their path to form the
image at O. So, the distance between lens and mirror = 60 – 10 = 50 cm.
𝜇 +𝜇 𝑑𝜇
56. (2) Dispersive power of a prism𝜔 = 𝜇𝑉 −1𝑅 = 𝜇−1
𝑦
𝜇𝑉 +𝜇𝑅
where 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑦 = 2
57. (2) Given: A prism of refractive index√2has refracting angle 600.
To find the angle of incidence in order that a ray suffers minimum deviation
Solution:
As per the given criteria,
refractive index of the prism, μ=√2
Angle of the prism, A=600
For minimum angle of deviation we have angle of incidence is equal to angle of emergence, i.e., i=e
𝐴+𝛿
Hence,𝑖 = 2 𝑚 , where δm is the minimum deviation angle.
We know,
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
2
𝜇= 𝐴 ⇒ √2 = 60
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = √2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(30)
1
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = √2 × 2
Multiply and divide by√2, we get
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = ⇒ 𝑖 = 450
√2
58. (3) As refracted ray emerges normally from opposite surface, r2 = 0
As A = r1 + r2 ∴ 𝑟1 = 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
Now, 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟1 = 𝑟1 = 𝐴 ; 𝑖 = 𝜇𝐴
1 1
59. (4) Dispersion will not occur for a light of single wavelength 𝜆 = 4000 Å
𝒔𝒊𝒏 600 1 2
60. (4) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 900 = 𝜇 ⇒ 𝜇 =
√3
61. (4) The deviation produced as light passes through a thin prism of angle A and refractive index𝜇is 𝛿 =
𝐴(𝜇 − 1).We want deviation produced by both prism to be zero.
4×(1.54−1)
𝛿 = 𝛿 | ⇒ 𝐴(𝜇 − 1) = 𝐴| (𝜇 | − 1) ⇒ 𝐴| = (1.72−1)
= 4 × 0.75 = 30
62. (3) It is clear from the figure that the ray will retrace the path when the refracted ray QR is incident
normally on the polished surface AC. Thus, angle of refraction r = 60°
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
We know that 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = 𝜇 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = √2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 00
√3 3
= √2 × or 𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √2
2
63. (4) Let δm be the angle of minimum deviation A=δm
𝐴 = 𝛿𝑚
(𝐴+𝛿𝑚 )
𝒔𝒊𝒏
2
𝜇= 𝐴
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
2
𝐴+𝐴
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
2
1.5 = 𝐴
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
2
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝒔𝒊𝒏( ) 2 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
2 2 2
1.5 = 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝒔𝒊𝒏( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
2 2
𝐴 𝐴
1.5 = 2 𝒄𝒐𝒔 2 ⇒ 0.75 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 2
𝐴 𝐴
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−1 (0.75) ⇒ = 410 ⇒ 𝐴 = 820
2 2
64. (1) In a prism: 𝑟 + 𝑟 | = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝐴 − 𝑟 |
∴ 𝑟 = 600 − (10 + 𝑡 2 ) = 50 − 𝑡 2
65. (2) 𝐴 = 900 − 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟2 = 𝐴 = 900 − 𝜃 > 𝜃
6/5 4
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜃 > 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜃𝑐 = 2/3 = 5
(𝜃𝑐 is critical angle)
4
𝜃 < 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 5 = 370
66. (2) The image formed by objective lens of compound microscope is real and enlarged, while final image
formed by compound microscope is inverted, virtual, enlarged and at a distance D to infinite or from an
eye, on same side of eye piece.
67. (2) The aperture of objective lens of Astronomical telescope is large to get better resolution. Since
𝐷
resolution of telescope power is𝑅 = 1.22𝜆, where D is the diameter of the objective lens of Telescope.
68. (3) Resolving power of microscope,
2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑅. 𝑃. = 𝜆
𝜆 =Wavelength of light used to illuminate the object
n = Refractive index of the medium between object and objective
𝜃 =Angle
69. (4) Given : f0 = 50 cm, fe = 5cm, d = 25 cm, u0 = –200 cm
Magnification M =?
1 1 1
As 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑓
0 0 0
70. (3) Magnifying power of telescope,
𝛽(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒)
𝑀𝑃 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒)
𝑓 150
Also, 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑓0 = = 30
𝑒 5
50 1
𝛼= = rad
1000 20
1 3
∴ 𝛽 = 𝜃 = 𝑀𝑃 × 𝛼 = 30 × 20 = 2 = 1.5rad
LEVEL-2
1. (4) If side of object square =ℓ
and side of image square =ℓ|
2 ⬚
ℓ| ℓ|
From question, ℓ = 9or ℓ = 3
i.e., magnification m = 3
u = – 40 cm
v = 3 × 40 = 120 cm f =?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1+3
+ = or = + = ∴ 𝑓 = 30𝑐𝑚
120 −40 𝑓 𝑓 120 40 120

1 1 1 1 1 1 3
2. (4) For P :𝑣 + 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 + −3 = −1 or 𝑣𝑃 = − 2 𝑚
𝑃
1 1 1 −5
For Q : 𝑣 + −5 = −1 or 𝑣𝑄 = 𝑚
𝑄 4
So horizontal distance between image of P and Q is 0.25 m
3. (3) Reading one⇒without slab
Reading two⇒with slab
Reading three⇒with saw dust
Minimum three readings are required to determine refractive index of glass slab using a travelling
microscope.
3
𝐴 | 2 𝐴
4. (1) 𝑑 = (𝜇 − 1)𝐴 = 2 ; 𝑑 = ( − 1) 𝐴 = 4
8
3
𝑑 𝐴 8
= 2 × 𝐴 = 4 ⇒ 𝑑| = 𝑑/4
𝑑|
𝑥 10
5. (3) 𝑐 = 𝑡 , 𝑣 =
1 𝑡2
1 𝑣 10 𝑡1 10𝑡1
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑖𝑐 = 𝜇 = 𝑐 = × ; 𝑖𝑐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−1 ( 𝑡 )
𝑡2 𝑥 2𝑥
6. (2) A telescope magnifies by making the object appearing closer.
2
7. ⃗⃗𝑖𝑚 = 𝑉2 𝑉
(1) 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑜𝑚
𝑢
40 −10 2 40 −10 2
0 − 13 = − (−10+𝑥) (10 − 13) = ±3
−10+𝑥
 x = 25, – 5cm
Object is in front of mirror
Hence 25 cm
𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
8. (4) From Snell's law𝜇𝑅 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟------(i)
𝐷

∵ ∠𝑖 = 𝐴and ∠𝑖 = (900 − 𝐴)
𝜇
We also know that, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 = 𝜇𝑅
𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
From eqn (i), 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(900−𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 or 𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶 )
9. (3) Consider the activity A to B
Applying v2 - u2 = 2as
v2 - 02 = 2×10×7.2⇒ v = 12m/s
The velocity of ball as perceived by fish is

4
𝑣 | =𝑤 𝜇 × 𝑣 = 3 × 12 = 16𝑚/𝑠
10. (2)
11. (1) or convex lens:
u=−20cm,f=15cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
−𝑢=𝑓 ⇒𝑣 =𝑓+𝑢
𝑣
1 1 1 −15×20 300
= 15 + (−20) ⇒ 𝑣 = −20+15 = = 60𝑐𝑚
𝑣 5
for mirror:
u=55cm, f=?
for the mirror to form image at 'O':
𝑅
u=R=2f ; 𝑓 = 2 = 27.5𝑐𝑚

1 2 1
12. (2) Effective focal length of the combination, 𝐹 = 𝑓 + 𝑓
𝑚
𝑅
𝑓𝑚 ⇒ ∞. This gives, f = 56 ; 𝑓𝑚 = 2
1 2 2
Hence 𝐹 = 𝑓 + 𝑅
This gives, R=31.11
 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) (𝑅) ⇒ 𝜇 = 1.55
𝑓
13. (3) For the prism as the angle of incidence (i) increases, the angle of deviation (𝛿) first decreases goes to
minimum value and then increases.
14. (3) Magnifying power of telescope,
𝛽(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒)
𝑀𝑃 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒)
𝑓 150
Also, 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑓0 = = 30
𝑒 5
50 1
𝛼 = 1000 = 20 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1 3
∴ 𝛽 = 𝜃 = 𝑀𝑃 × 𝛼 = 30 × 20 = 2 = 1.5rad
1800
or 𝛽 = 1.5 × 𝜋 = 840
15. (3) Real depth = 5 cm + 1cm = 6 cm

𝑑 𝑑
Apparent depth = 𝜇1 + 𝜇2 +. ..
1 2
5 1
= 1.33 + 1.5
= 3.8 + 0.7 = 4.5 cm
∴Shift = 6 cm – 4.5 cm≅1.5 cm
16. (1) For minimum spherical aberration separation,
d = f1 – f2 = 2 cm
Resultant focal length = F = 10 cm
1 1 1 𝑑
Using𝐹 = 𝑓 + 𝑓 − 𝑓 𝑓 and solving, we get f1, f2 18 cm and 20 cm respectively.
1 2 1 2
17. (3) Angle of prism, A = 30°, i = 60°, angle of deviation,𝛿 = 30°

Using formula,𝛿 = i + e – A
⇒ 𝑒 = 𝛿 + 𝐴 − 𝑖 = 30° + 30° – 60° = 0°
∴Emergent ray will be perpendicular to the face
So it will make angle 90° with the force through which it emerges.
18. (4) 1st position u=−x, v=+y
𝑣 +𝑦
m1= 𝑢 = −𝑥
2nd position u=−y,v=+x
𝑣 +𝑥
𝑚2 = 𝑢 = −𝑦
𝑚 3
Also, 𝑚1 = 2 ........(given)
2
3
𝑦 = √2 𝑥
y−x=10
By Solving these above equations, we get
y=44.5,x=54.5
So, d=x+y=99cm
19. (2) Apparent position of fish as seen by bird = [h1 + (h2/𝜇)]
20. (1) The ratio of object to image distance equals the ratio of object to image height. The ratio of image to
object height is found by rearranging the ratios to give 4f /(4/3)f = 1/3. The image is demagnified by a
factor of 3.
21. (3)

ℎ 5 1 20 5
= 40 = 8 or ℎ = 8 𝑐𝑚 = 2 𝑐𝑚 = 2.5𝑐𝑚
20
22. (3) To obtain final image at infinity, object which is the image formed by objective should be at focal
distance of eye-piece. By lens formula (for objective)
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = or − =
𝑣0 𝑢 𝑓 0 𝑣 −25
0 20 0
1 1 1 5−4 1
⇒ = − = = 𝑚𝑚; ∴ 𝑣0 = 100𝑚𝑚
𝑣0 20 25 100 100
Therefore the distance between the lenses
= 𝑣0 + 𝑓𝑒 = 100𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 120𝑚𝑚

3
23. (4) 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = 4 𝐴
As𝐴 + 𝛿 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2
3 3 𝐴 600
∴ 𝛿 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 − 𝐴 = 4 𝐴 + 4 𝐴 − 𝐴 = = = 300
2 2
24. (2) For concave mirror
2 1 1 2 1 1
= + or = +
𝑅 𝑣 𝑢 −𝑅 𝑣 −𝑢
1 1 2 𝑅−2𝑈 𝑅𝑈
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑈 − 𝑅 = 𝑈𝑅 or 𝑣 = [𝑅−2𝑈]
In spherical mirror, image velocity
𝑣2 𝑅𝑈 2 𝑣 𝑅 2
𝑣𝑖 = − [𝑢2 ] 𝑣0 = [𝑅−2𝑈] 𝑈02 = − [𝑅−2𝑈] 𝑣0
25. (3) Consider refraction though AB surface
Using Snell's law,
1sinθ=μ sinr ...(i)
Now for ray to transmit through AC the angle of incidence should be less the
critical angle
1
i.e. r′<sin−1𝜇
From triangle APQA+90∘−r+90∘−r′=180
1
r′=A−r; A−r<sin−1𝜇
From equation (i)
1
𝜃 > 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ))]
𝜇
4
26. (4) Given, 𝜇 = 3, h = 15 cm, R = ?
𝑠𝑖𝑛 900
=𝜇
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶
 1 𝑅 3
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 = 𝜇 = =4
√𝑅 2 +ℎ2
2
⇒ 16𝑅 2 = 9𝑅 + 9ℎ 2
3 3
or 7𝑅 2 = 9ℎ2 or 𝑅 = ℎ= × 15𝑐𝑚
√7 √7
27. (1) Given fe=3cm and fo=1.2cm, uo=1.25cm, ve=∞
1 1 1
From , 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑓
0 0 0
1 1 1
We get 𝑣 = 1.2 − 1.25; 𝑣0 = 30𝑐𝑚
0
𝑣 𝐷
Magnification of microscope 𝑚 = 𝑢0 (𝑓 )
0 𝑒
30 25
( ) = 200 𝑚=
1.25 3
28. (2) By Lens maker's formula for convex lens
1 𝜇 2
= (𝜇 − 1) (𝑅)
𝑓 𝐿
4
For 𝜇𝐿1 = 3 , 𝑓1 = 4𝑅
5
𝜇𝐿2 = 3 , 𝑓2 = −5𝑅 ⇒ 𝑓2 = (−)𝑣𝑒
29. (2) 𝑎𝜇𝑔 = 1.5
∴1.5 = cosec C or C = 42°. Critical angle for glass
= 42°. Hence a ray of light incident at 50° in glass medium undergoes total internal reflection. d denotes
the deviation of the ray.
∴ 𝛿 = 180° – (50° + 50°) or 𝛿 = 80°.
30. (3) Convex mirror is used as a shaving mirror.

From question : v = 15 cm, u = – 10 cm

Radius of curvature, R = 2f =?
1 1 1
Using mirror formula,𝑣 + 𝑢 = 𝑓
1 1 1
+ (−10) = 𝑓 → 𝑓 = −30𝑐𝑚
15
Therefore radius of curvature, R = 2f = – 60 cm