Transformation of Axes in Two Dimensions 7 4. 1 = ‘f= Land k= 1», origin is shifted 0 (h, &) = (1, 1) Putting h = 1, & = 1 in Q), we get SG” + Sx'y - 6 + 6 +5-6-17+745) =0 =" + Sry’ - 6” = 0 = Transformed equation is 6x + Sry - 6)? = 0 (on changing x’ to x and y’ to y) EXERCISE 1 the new co-ordinates of the point (1, ~ 2) when origin is shifted to (1, -1), the new axes remain parallel to old axes, ‘Transform to parallel axes through the point & % the equation @ 2 + 2 ~4r 4 4y =0 (i y* ar + dy + 8 =, Find the point so that the equation 12x? - Ldhy + 2)? + Lx ~ Sy + 2 = 0 referred to parallel axes through it may transform into one form in which terms of first degree in x and. y are absent, Also find transformed equation, (@) On shifting the origin to the point (1, -1), the axes remaining parallel to the original axes, the equation of curve becomes 4x? + y? + 3x - 4y +2 = 0. Find its original equation, ) On “hifting the origin to the point (-4, 3), axes remains parallel to old axes, equation of curve becomes 2° + y inal equation, Transform to axes inclined at 30° to the original axes the equation 2 yeahs : ; x 42N3 xy-y 0. Hit. See crample 4 8) ‘Transform to axes inclined at angle tan“! 2 to the original axes the equation ast LL? $ ary + 14)? oer z (int. Here @ = tan"! 2 =» tan 6 = 2) rom? De Ay Dek (Aa Ww aS (Hint. -. tan 6 77 sine= rg» 008 O = 7] (ob Putting values in x = X cos @ - ¥ c0s 0: ‘Transform the equation 120? + Tay ~ 12)? - 17x - 31 y ~ 7 = 0 first to parallel axis through (1, -1) and then to axes X sin @ + ¥ cos @ a4 inclined at an angle tan! +> to the original axes. u (Hint. For second:-part 4 =un!4 uno=4 3 5 ere ae sinO= 5, cosO= 5 Putting in x = Xcos@-Y sin@ 0 y =Xsin@ + ¥ cos 0 3 (a) Given the equation 4x2 + 2/3 + 2y? = 1, through what angle should the axes be rotated 50 that the term in xy may disappear from the transformed equation. Also find transformed equation, (©) By means of rotation of axes, transform the equation x2 + dxy + 4y? — 3x - 6 = 0 into an uation that has no cross produet term, ‘Show that the removal of the term xy is possible from every equation of the form ax? + 2ixy + by? (Hint. Same as Art. 4.] \ Remove the term x,y and xy from the equation x? + 24xy + 25? + 20y ~6r + 41 = 0, |8 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A./8.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-!) Ti, Transform the equation 14x2 — dxy + Ly? - 36x + 48y + 41 = 0 to rectangular axes through the poi (2) ro a gelae! (=) o y =XsinO + Yeos@ +k where ‘ 12. On shifting the origin to a point P the axes remaining parallel to the original axes, the equauwon = O is transferred ax + by + c+ k = 0. Show thatthe locus of Ris the straightine ile through which the axes may be turned so thatthe equation. Ax + By + C'= 0 may be reduced to.x = K and find value of K. ww) Answers © 3 1.0.2. 028 + 8-6-0 4x =0.3.(-F 12. X2- 10 XY + 2Y? = 0. Sx-2y = 0) 2 +9? + Be - 6-25 = 05.7 =a 6.37 + 297 = 9) 4. (a) 4 + ¥" 7.12X 2+ TXY = 12Y? = 0, X¥ = 0,8. (@) Z, 5x? + YF =I (6) 25x? — 3Y5X + 6/5Y - 30 = 09. 1&2 - Ty? + 54 = 0. 10. 3X? + 2Y? = 5 1B ic 3, ant BK = - A Vaan INVARIANTS Ant. 5. Notations Let $ = ax? + 2hny + by + Ign + 2fp + c be a general second degree expression in x and » then we have following notations for further discussion. (t= a + b = (coefficient of x2) + (coefficient of ¥) is called trace, 4). 8 = ab ~ I is called discriminant of the expression [= ceroet of cotter x? andy?) = (1 oetien oy} L < 4 la h gi (iy) @=|h bf] = abe + 24h - af - be? - oi? er Art. 6. To prove that the trace (a+ b) and discriminant (ab — H?) of the expression S= ax? + Dhxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy + cremains invariant under (i) shifting of origin (ii) rotation of axes. Proof. (i) Let the origin be shifted to the point (if, K) X4WysYek where (X,Y) are now co-ordinate of the point whose old co-ordinate are (x.y) S = ar? + Yay + by? + Yer + By +e transforms into16 Dinesh Plone Geometry B.A/B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester) EXERCISE 1 11. Show that the following equations represent pair at straight lines through the origin. Also find their separate equation (x + ay cord + y? = 0 fii) 12? - Try + 7 = 0 2. Show that the equation 2x + 27° + 36° 4-2) -2) lines, Where do they intersect ? 3. Find area of the triangle formed by the lines y? - Sxy + 18%? = 0 and y = “A. Show that the equation x2 ~ 7x + 6 = 0 and y? - I4y + 40 = 0 form a parallelogram. Also find the joint equation of its diagonals, Find the equation of two straight lines through the point (x1, yi) and perpendicular to the pair of lines ax? + Yay + by? = 0. ; (Hint. See example 2) represent two perpemlicular © Prove that the procilt of the perpendicular from the point (x1, »)) upon the pair of straight lines + 2hmyy, + bv? Vea b)? + 4h? 17. Find the condition that one oF the straight lines given by the equation ax? + 2iny + by? = 0 may “idkes with of those given hy the equation «x? + 2h'xy + by? = 0. 8. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose sides are given by 2e = dry +? = Oandx-1 BD Prove tha one of the lines represented by ax? + ary + by* = 0 will bisect an angle between ordinate axes if (a + b? = 4 ax? + 2hy + by? 01s Answers 1. (sind + (eco 2/0530) = 0 (i) 4x- y = 0. 3x ~ 2, (© 2,2). 3. > 99. units. 4. 36x? - 25 2. 252x + 350y ~ 784 = 0. ie = xp? = 2htr =n) (=) + a - WP =O. ab) = Aha’ - Wa) bh’ - Bh). 8. (3. 0). ttn hag been te stright es oeeted by hein ax? + hry + by? =0. Ya 7 (Phi. U. 2005) Proof, Le y = mx ay = mx 2) 1 tines represented by the equation ax» May + by? (3) nen wis of bm? + 2h + a TRefer Art. 1 Note 2] a and m +m = Rata Ge ee [.A-B= (A+B) - 4 AB]a rs | a Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A,/B.Sc. | (P.U, Semester-|) ‘Let OE be common bisector of ZAOBand ZCOD yg ‘ ZAOE = 2BOE “) and ZCOE = ZDOE (6) Subtracting (6) from (5), ZAOE - ZCOE = ZBOE - ZDOE => ZAOC = 2B0D OA and OB are equally inclined to OC and OD. «result follows. 1. Find the angle between the lines @ P+ 2wycto+ =O i) w+ WTI + 4" =O. 2, Find the equation of the straight lines bisecting the angles between the pair of straight lines @ 2-2ysecO+y2=0 ix? + Dy cote + y? =O. 3, Prove that the pair of lines ax? + 2h(a + b) xy + by? = O is equally inclined to the pair of lines ax? + Yay + by? = 0. 4. If the pairs of straight lines x? - 2pxy + y? = 0 and x? - 2gry - y? = 0 be such that each pair bisects the angle between the other pair, then prove that pq = ~ | 5. Show that the lines bisecting the angle between the bisectors of the angle between the lines ax! + Dixy + by? = O are given by (a - B) (x? -?) + Aly = 0 @ 16 the pair of lines 2 - 2hxy - y* = O bisects the angle berween the pair of Hines x? = 2exy — y> show that the latter pair also bisects the angle between the first par. 7. Prove that the pair of straight lines 2x? + 6xy + y? = 0 is equally inclined to the pair of lines 4c + 1&y +? = 0. Answers -1( -fc0826 ) Lo an( aaa jaass 2.x Art. 7. General Equation of Second Degree in x and y ‘To find the condition that the general equation ofthe second degree ax + 2hxy + by? + Igx + 2fy + ¢ = Omay represent two straight lines. Proof. The given equation is axl + Umny + by? + gr + Yr +o=0 ay Lett represent two straight lines yx + my +m = Oand ix + my +m =0 y + by? + gx + By to= (hx + my + m) (hx + my +m) bx? + (him, + mylxy + mymyy? + (ima + mix + (mymg + mymady + mma Comparing coefficients of lke terms on both sides Ow@r-¥ =0. ae +2 hh = a, mm, = b nym = ¢ 2h, ling + mly = 2g, myn + MyM, = 2F ym + mi hook Of fmm | Noe In mm, Olx|h om om {n,m of fo 0 0 =O [Obvious}Pai of Siright Lines % ‘Comparing (3) with ax + by + xy =0 a+b=34+(-3)=0 [Refer Art. 5, Note 3} ines are at right angles Example S. Show thatthe strat lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curves a? + Diy + by? + Der = 0, a's? + Way + By? + 2e'e = O willbe at right angles if g(a + 8) a+) 3 Sol, The equations of two curves are a + Dixy + by? + 2px = 0 a) and ix? + Dixy + Wy? + 2p’ =0 2) To obtain the equation of the lines joining the origin and the points of intersection of curve (1) and (2), let us make (1) homogeneous with the help of (2), To eliminate term comaining x multiply equation (1) by g and @) by g and subtracting (ae + Liny + by? + 2gnyg’ — (a's? + Wy + by + 2g'He =O ag’ ~ ga’? + 2h eh y + (eb - aby? = 0 -G) Now lines will be at right angles if coefficient of x2 + coefficient of 2 if (ag’— ga’) + gb gh’ if Ba! + gh’ = ga + gbif gd +H) = a+b) EXERCISE 3 1.(@) Prove that the equation 2x? + Tay + 3)? + Bx + Idy + 8 =O represents two straight lines ; 0 (From (3)) - find also their point of intersection and the angle between them. (H.P.U. 2003) (©) Show that the lines represented by 31° + Bry - 3? = O are at right angles to each ther, (Pbi. U. 2002) 2. For what values of 4 does the equation 37 + Oxy + Ay? + 3x + 3y +3 = 0 represent two straight lines ? 3. If 622 ~ 11xy~ 10)? + 19y + ¢ = 0 represents two straight lines, find the equations of the lines and the tangent of the angle between them. Find also the point of intersection of the two lines +40 For what value of k will the equation kx? - 10xy + 12)? + Sx - 16y ~ 3 = O represent a pair of straight lines ? Also find the equations of the lines, (P.U. 2003, Pbi. U. 2002) ® If the equation ax? + 2hyx + by? + 2ex + 2f) + c = O represents two straight lines, prove that the a+ bys? = 3? square of the distance of their point of intersection from the origin is soma fae 6) Ifthe equation ax? + Dry + by? + 2px + 2) + © = O represents two straight lines, prove thatthe Product of the lengths of perpendiculars from the origin on these straight lines is ~ ; Va-oyp sane >0. te ution a + Lay + by? + ox + 2y + c = O represents two straight lines a right angles to one another, show that the square of the distance of their point of intersection from the origin is fag Cre 8, Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the t lines 2c 3y +4 = Owith the curve y? + ary + 2)? + 12x + dy = O are at right angles. (H.P.U. 2002)% Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A./B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-I) 9. Prove that the straight lies joining the origin to the poimts of intersection ofthe straight line xy — 1 7 = Vand the curve 5x? + 12xy - 6)? + 4x - 2y + 3 = Omake equal angles wit the axes. (Poi. U. 2014) _ Prove thatthe angle between the ies pining the origin to the nersesoms of the straight ine [e) om y= 3r-+2 withthe curves? + 2uy +3)? + 4r + 8-11 = 0's fan 11. Show thatthe lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the line x + 2y ~3 = 0 and the incle > +x? = 2x = 2y = O are a right angles to one another. 12, Prove thatthe straight lines joining the origin to the intersection ofthe straight line kx + hy and the curve (x =)? + (y ~k)? = a? are perpendicular if A? + 12 = a 13. If the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of mx + 1 with 2? + y? = 1 are ula, find the value of m. 14. Find the equation of the pair of lines joining the origin of co-ordinates of the points of intersection of the line y = mx + ¢ with the curve x? + y? = a2, Prove that they are perpendicular if 22 = aX + mi, (P.U. 2005 , 2005) 18. Show thatthe lines joining the origin tothe common points of intersection of ax? + 2hy + by? + 2ex + 2fy += Oand lx + my = 1 will beat right angles ifa + b + 2(fm + gl) + (f+ m= 0. 16, Find the bisector of the angles between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the straight line x - y = 2 with the curve 5x? + Ixy ~ 8)? + &x ~ dy + 12 = 0. 17. ‘The line dx + my = 1 is a chord of the curve ax? + 2hxy + by? = c and subtends a right angle at the origin. Prove that o(? + m?) = a + b. -Show that all chords ofthe curve 3x* - y* - 2x ~ 4y = 0 which subtend a right angle at the origin pass through a fixed point. (G.N.D.U. 2000) Answers 2hk ° epee (cee 1.62, 0),45 2.7 3.2n-5y 42= 0,304 2y-3 = 0, foaaa 4k =2,2e-G-1=0,2-29 +320, mat! 1 +30 -y=0. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 1. Fitid the condition that one of the lines ax? + 2hxy + by? = 0 may be perpendicular to one of the lines represented by a'x? + 2i/xy + by? = 0. 2, Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines ax? + 2hxy + by? O and x + my +n = 0. 3. Show that the straight lines given by the equation (ax + by)? - 3(bx - ay)? = 0 form with the line ax + by + ¢ = 0 an equilateral triangle. 4, Show that the equation x? + Gxy + 9? + dx + 12y ~ 5 = 0 represent a pair of parallel lines. Find the distance between them, 5. Prove thatthe equation (a + 2h + Dix? - 2(a~ Dyry + (a 2h + byy? = 0 denotes a pair of straight lines each inclined at an angle of 45° to one or other ofthe lines given by ax? + 2hxy + by? = 0 6. If slopes of one of the lines given by ax? + 2ixy + by? = 0 be square of the other, show that abla + b) - 6abh + 8h? = 0. 7. If the pair of straight lines ax? + 2kxy + by? = 0 and bx? + gry ~ by? bisects the angle between the other, then lig + ab = 0. 8. ax? + 2ay + by? + 2ex + 24) + c = 0 represent a pair of straight lines equidistant from origin, then prove f - ¢* = ctbf* — ag’) 0 be such that each APair of Straight Lines a 9. Find the point of intersection of the non-parallel lines given by ae + ry + by? + 2px + fy +c =O. 10. Two sides of a triangle are given by 3x - 4xy + y* = 0. Find the equation of the third side if the orthocentre of the triangle is (1, 2) 11 If the angle between the lines joining the origin tothe points of intersection ofthe line x + my = 1 and the curve x + y? = a* be 45°, then prove that 4{a°(? + m?) - 1] = [@2(2 + m?)~ 292. 12, If the line pars of a + Dhey + dy? + 2px + 24) + c= O-and ax? + ny + by? + Dye + Ofy +c’ = O have a line in common, find its equation. Answers 1. 4(hb + Wa) (bW + ah) + (aa! - bv’? = 0. Tio 10, 4x + 8-21 = 12. 21g - gx + 2F-f)y + ¢-¢ =0.36 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A./B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-I) Solving these simultaneously, we get x = 1, y= ~ 3. .oentre is C (1, ~ 3) Also A(2, 4) lies on the circle s.radius of circle = | CA | =¥(2-1)?+(4+3)) =¥30 «the equation of circle is G@-1F +0 +37 = 50 x8 + yt 2x + 6-40 (ii) Centre of circle | Bey Arty 41 = O18 (95-9 =[~Feoethotx,- coef ofy)= 2.4) Centre of circle x2 + y? - 2y + 1 = Ois(-g,-f = 0,1) required circle has centre (0, 1) and passes through (2, 4) centre of Ist. circle (2-07 +(4-1 =VI3 ssequation of required circle is (02 + 0-1? = (VB) > 8 +y?-2y-12=0 g Problems on Diameter Form Result. Equation of circle having (x), y1) and (rp, ¥2) as ends of diameter is (=x) @-a) + -y) W-y2) = 0 | Example 6. Find equation of the circle with ends ofits diameter (~ 1, 2) and (3, - 4). Find its | centre and radius also. Sol. Equation of circle with ends of diameter as ( ~ 1, 2) and (3, - 4), is @-m@-m + 0-WO-y) =0be G+) @-3+0-DO +4 or P=2e-3 + + 2y-8 =Oore + 2+ y-11=—0 | = centre is (1, - 1) and radius = /T+i+i1=4i3 (xm 4-777) Example 7. Prove that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular ap from the origin to a line which vay passthrough a fied point (X's. cree Sol, Let line through (h, k) be y= k = m (x ~ h) ay [Line 1 to through origin is y - 0 = (2) -0) => m= 2) Using (2) in (1) we get y - k= > (-) =9y? ky = -8 + he = P+ yt-he~ hy = Owhich isa circle EXERCISE 1 1, Find the equation of circle with centre (-4, 3) and radius 8 2. Find the equation of circle through the interscetion of the lines 3x ~ 2 - 1 = O and 4x + y - 27 = 0 and whose centre is (2, -3).Girde a7 10, ML Art, Find the centre and radius of the circles (i) 2 + y? - Gr + By +9 =0 (ii) 4x? + 4y?- 10x + Sy +5 =O A point moves so that the sum of the squares of its distances from two fixed points A (a, 0) and B (a, 0) is constant (= 2c2). Prove that the locus is a circle. Find the equation of the circle through the points (5, 7), (8, 1) and (1, 3). Find also its centre and radius. Find the circumeircle of the A formed by the lines x + y +1 = 0; 3x +y~-5 =O and R+y-5=0, Find the equation of the circle which touches the line Sx + 12y = | and has centre at (3, 4). Find the equation of the circle touching y-axis at a distance (+4) from the origin and cuts off an intercept 6 from the x-axis, FFind the equation of the circle passing through the origin and making intercepts 4, 5 om the axes of co-ordinates, lint. The ends of diameter of required circle are (4, 0) and (0, 5). Lines through (a, 0) and (~a, 0) make a constant angle a (0, x) with each other. Show that their point of intersection lies on the circles x> + y? - a? + 2ay cot a = 0. aad Hint, tan o = $4 X= A, x-a xt+a Find the equation of a circle which is concentric with the circle x? + y? - 4x + 6y - 3 double its (i) radius (ii) area. O and of Answers 1. 2 + y? + Br - 6y-39 =0 2. 5 3. 0G,-,4 ai) (4: 2,yp_29 56 (2 ip) . ey B + no, (2 12), 2580 . 3 3 VG Ee) 6 _(@Y 6. x2 + y2—30r-0y + 25 =0 7. @-3P + 0-49 * (G3) 8. 2+)? 1or- sy + 16 =0 9 2+ P-4e-Sy =0 IL, (x2 + y? — 4x + 6y - 51 = 0 (ty + y2- ar + 6-19 =0 PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF A CIRCLE . Find the Parametric Representation of the Circle @-W +y-b =P “a Sol. Let P(x, y) be any point on circle (i) with centre C(h, k) and radius r. Draw CLrand PM to X-axis and CN 1 to PM. Let ZNCP Now CN = LM = OM-OL and NP -LC=y-k In ANCP52 EXERCISE 2 Find the equation of tangent and normal to the circle 2x? + 2y? + 3x- dy + 1 = Oat (1, 2) 2. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is at the point (at, B) and which passes through origin 0. 10. u. 2. 14. Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A./B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-1) and also prove that the equation of the tangent to the circle at origin is ow + By Find the points of intersection of the line x + y + 2 = and the circle 2? + y* ~ 4x ~ 6y ~ 12 0. Find also the length of the chord intercepted. ‘Show that the line 3x + 4y + 20 = 0 touches the circle ety contact. Find those tangents of the circle 2? + y* - 6x + 4y = 12, which are parallel to the line 4x + 3y +5=0, Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x7 + y? - 2x + 4y the line x 2y + 9 = 0 Find whether the point (7, -11) lies inside or outside the circle 2 + y? - 108 = 0. Find equations of the tangents to the circle w+ yP- de + dy = 0 from the point (0, 1). Find the co-ordinates of the point on the circle x2 + y? + 4x ~ 8y + 15 = 0 that is nearest from origi. Hint.Centre is C (-2, 4), radius = 5, OC = 2V5 «. P is mid point of OC. (See fig.) [A circle touches a given line and cuts off a constant length 2, from another line perpendicular to the former. Find the equation of the locus of its centre. Prove that the circles x2 + y? + 2ax + c = 0 and x? + y? + 2by +. = 0 touch if fe ie cal + ar = where a, b> c (P.U. 2012, 13) ore 16 and find the point of 0 which are perpendicular 10 Hint.The given circles touch if | CyC> | = ri + 72 and square ‘The point P (-1, 0) lies on the circle $ whose equation is x° + y*- 4x + 8y + K = 0. Find the radius of the circle. Also, find the equation of the circle of equal radius which touches $ at P. ‘Phe circle x2 + y2 = rand x? + y*- 10x + 16 = 0 intersect in real and different points. Prove that2 <7 <8. Hints, 2 < | Cir | = 0 is Note 1, Radical Axis of two intersecting circles is their common chord. Def. Radical centre of three circles taken in pairs. Note. It will be discussed in detail later. TH,.y) Art. 28. Chord of Contact Def. Let T and T’ be the points of contact of tangents drawn from an exterior point P (x1, y;) to a circle, then the Por Ya) line TT’ is called chord of contact of the tangents drawn from P to the circle. N ‘Equation of the Chord of Contact Tey) Prove that the equation of the chord of contact of tangents from an exterior point (x1, y) to the circle x7 + y? = a? is xxy + yy) = Proof. Let P be the (x1, y1) and T (x, »’) and T’ (x”, y”) be the points of contact of the tangents from P to the circle. ‘The equations of the tangents at T and T’ to the circle are aw ty =a a and a ty =a Q) the point of concurrence of three radical axes of the circles:68 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A./B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-) a a oT 2) _ ae Example 6. Verify shat the three points ( wart. the circle x? + y? = a? are concurrent. Sol. The polars of given three points are xx, + yy = 0 xm +yy2-@ =0 way + ys -@? = 0 ‘These polars are concurrent 1. Yoh, (2. Yak. Os Ya) will Be collinear iff their polars In oy -| yon] it |x yy. -@?| = Oe. iff(-a?) X22 i =0 mo Wel ys nn teitt [2 m2 5 ys Wl ff twice area of A formed by given three point ff given three points are collinear. EXERCISE 5 1. Find the equation of the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from the point PG, = 2) to the circle 2 + 2) -3x- YD V+ 1 = 0. 2. Find the condition that the chord of contact of tangents from (x1, y1) to the circle erry shoul subtend a right ange at the centre. Hint. Homogenise x2 +? = @ with xx + yy = @ and use the condition that the lines are at right angles. Tangents are drawn from the point (h, k) to the circle x* + y* these tangemts and the chord of contact. Find the area of A formed by 4. Find the polar of the point (2, 1) w.r.t. the circle? + y? + 3x- JS y+ 1 = 0. 5. Find the pole of line 7x - 6y = 3 w.r.t. the circle 2x? + 2)? - 3x + 4y-1= 0 6. The line 2x y= 4 meets the circle 22 + 9? - Gr + 2y + 2 = 0 at the poims P and QI ie tangents at P and Q meet at R, find the co-ordinates of R. (P.U, 2012) 1 The polar ofthe point P (xj, 91) w.rt the circle x? + y* = a? meets the axis in Q.and R. Prove (af pg typ =| that the area of the APQR is alGrde 9 8. Prove that if the pole of a line w.r.t, the circle x2 + y? = a lies on =? + y? ~ 9a, then the polar 2 is a tangent to the circle x? + y? = > Answers a(i? +42 1. 9x-(8+V2)y-(7-2vZ) =0 2 Bay are acl a ae 4, Tx + (2-V5)y 48-5 «(3.3) Art. 32. Pair of Tangents Find the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from the point (x;, y;) to the circle x+y ad Sol. Let Q (x, y) be any point on the tangent PT drawn from the point P (x), y,) to the circle +a =0 (ay Quy ay) and Tis the point of contact and La PT:1Q=K:1 + (Ses. ky +») “0 \ Se K+i) Now T lies on ciele (1) ae " =~ Esty (S28 “Gat CR) KE + af +2 Keay + KY? + yP + 2Kyy PE + 2K + 1) = 308 + 2A) RP 426m + 1 - AK + OP +P - a) = 0 (2) AS PQ touches the eile 2. (2) has equal roots =. deer, + yy a2? = 402 + Fa) OP 49? — a2) = Gt ty -@P = OF + ya) (af +f - a) = T? = $5, Where T = amy + yy = 02S 32 +), Sy = ab 4 ya Art. 33. Equation of chord with mid point (x), yi) Find the equation of the chord of the circle x? + y? + 2gx + 2fy + ¢ = 0 whose mid point is (1, 91) and show that it can be put in the form T = S;,. Proof. Slope of chord ABGrde n Example 3. Find the locus of the mid points of the chords of a circle which are of constant length L. Sol. S=2+y?-@=0 Let M (h, 8) be mid point of chord AB of length 1 = 2(AM) = 240-9 t and p = CM=2y(h—-0" +(k- 0" = (Pa 2) From (1), = 1 + 2 = B (using (2) = Locus of (h, &) is x2 +? = b? Example 4. Find the locus of mid-points of the chords of the circle x? + y? = 16, which touch the circle (x ~ 4)? + (y - 3)? = 36. (Pbi. U. 2014) Sol. Let (x, y)) be the mid-point of the chord of the circle 2? + y? = 16 equation of the chord is xx, + yy; = x? + y? ‘This touches (x - 4)? + (y - 3? = 36 4x + 3y, - (2 + y? AD) 5 ent te fom te ete on te ine = ra ces = 3627 + yf) = (4x, + 3y, - x7 - yP? + locus of (x, y;) is 3602 + 92) = (ar + 3y- 22 - 9, EXERCISE 6 41. Find the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from the point (2, 3) to the circle x2 + y? = 2. Find the equation of the chord of the circle x + y? = 16, which is bisected at the point (1, 2). 3. Find the locus of the mid points of chords of the circle x + y? = a which pass through the sven point (h, 4). 4. "A variable chord of the circle x + y? - 2ax = 0 is drawn through the origin. Show that the locus of the centre of the circle drawn on this chord as diameter is a circle passing through the centre of the given circle, 5. Find the locus of the mid points of a system of parallel chords of a circle. 6. Show that the locus of the mid points of the chords of contact of tangents to a given circle drawn from points on another given circle is a third circle. Answers 1, 8x? + 3y? - 12ey + ax + By- 13 = 0. Roxtwes 3 e+e am+hy 5. It is a line through the centre of the circle and perpendicular to the chords of the system,4. alee Y slope of @@ = | Lt | = 22h Since PQ subtends right angle at O (slope of OP) (slope of OQ) = -1 => ( goc a dakaf? = - 92 -(& [Using (3)] E 5 ren = OF - CP = -eif : Divide by if, we sot = + Show that the radical axis of the circles x? + y? + bx + by + ¢ and ax? + ay? + a'r + by = Dis ax by +5" > = 0,a4b Show that the three circles ety + 3r46y + 12=0 =) e+ y? + de + By + 16=0 @ and a? + y? + 12y +24 =0 ~@ have common radical axis as x ~ 2y ~ 4 = 0. Prove that the radical centre of the circles tye 4 et 3y + 5=0 P+ Pt art 3yt5=0 20? + y) + 6x + 4y + 10 = Dis (0, 0), Find the radical axis and the length to the common chord of the circles P+yPtartby+e=0 2494 brtaytc=d Calculate the distance from the centre of the circle x? + y? = 2r to the passing through the points of intersection of the circles x* + y* + Sx ~ 8y-7 = Oand.x? + y*- 3x + Ty -25 = 0. Determine the radical axis of the circles x? + y?- 2x - 2y = 0 and 202 + y2) - 16r + 31 = 0. Also, determine their points of intersection. Find the radical centre of the circles. : Bay 43x 2y +1 0:2 + 7-2 + 6p 4520; 22 + y? + 5x - 8y + 15 = 0. Also find equation of the circle cutting them orthogonally. Hint.Radical axis of circles (1) and (2) is x - y = 1 and radical axis of circles (2) and (3) is 3x - Ty = - 5. Solve there and get radical centre (3, 2) square of length of tangent from (3, 2) to all the three given circles = 27 ‘The required circle has equation = 3)? + 2)? = 27 ie, 2 + y2- Gx + dy 14 =O‘4 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A./B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-I) 8. Show that the difference of the squares of the tangent to two circles from any point P(x,, y) in their plane varies as the distance of the point P from their radical axis. Hint. Let x-axis be line joining centres of two circles and their radical axis be y-axis. The circles cean be taken as + y? + 2g +c =Oandx +? + 2g te=0 PY - PT} = xf + yP - 2a + O- Gap + yf + ei +O = 2g - #9) Find the equation of the circle co-axial with the circles vty 6y + 3 = 0 and passing through the point (1, 2) 10. The circle x2 + y? + 4x - 6y + 3 = 0 is one of the circles of a co-axial system having as radical axis the line 2x - 4y + 1= 0, Find circles of the system which touch the line x + 3y-2 = 0 nd the equation of the system of cicles co-axial withthe circles x2 + y? = 4 and x2 + y? + 2x why ~ 6. Find the equation of that particular circle whose centre lies on the radical axis. 12. Find the equation of a system of co-axial circles whose limiting points are (0, 0) and (a, b). 13. If origin is one of the limiting points of a system of co-axial circles of which x° + y* + 2er + 2fy + ¢ = 0 is a member, find the co-ordinates of the other limiting point. 14 Find the equation of a cicle which belongs to the co-axial system whose limiting points are (1, 2) and (4, -3) and which pass through origin. 15. Find the limiting points of a co-axial system of circles determined by the circles 3° + y? + 2x ~ 6y = Oand 2x? + 2y?- by +5 = 0. 16. Find the co-ordinates of the limiting points of the co-axial system to which the circles x° + )° + 4x + 2y +5 = Oandx? + y? + 2x + dy + 7 = 0 belong. 17. Find the co-axial system one of whose members is x? +? + 2x +3) point is (1, -2). 18. Find the equation of the circle which pass through origin and belongs to the co-axial system of which the limiting points are (1, 2) and (4, 3). 19. Find the limiting points of the co-axial system of circles x? + y? + 2gx te + G+ y+ 2 +e) ‘and show that the square of the distance between them is [s c+ 4g? + c'g’ | 3x + dy = 1, 20? + 29? + Sx - 7 = 0 and a limiting Pre 20, A, B, C be the centres of three co-axial circles and t, 2, f be the lengths of tangents to from any point, show that (BC)? + (CA)g + (AB) = 0 21, If A, B, C, be centres and a, b, c be the radii of three co-axial circles, prove that @(BC) + BACA) + C(AB) + (BC) (CA) (AB) = 0. 22. If A, B, C be centres of the co-axial circles S; = 0, Sp = 0, Sy = 0. Prove that (BC)S: + (CANS: + (AB)S3 = 0. 23, Find the equation of a circle which cuts orthogonally every member of a given system of co-axial circles. Answers aap stab—8e 5 26 + 2 ae HF.Girdle 6. 12x 4y~ 31 = 0; circles intersect in imaginary points 7. G2 iP +y?-6r-4y- 14 = 0 9. ax? + dy? + Dix -26y 4.11 =0 10, 7 +9? + 2e-2y +2= 052 + y?- 24 + Gy =O AL, 5x? + Sy? 2x - 4y- 18 = 0 ( 11. x? + y? + K@Qar + 2by - P= 013. e+ ere 18. (1, 2) and (3, 2) 14, 2¢42 + y2 13y 16. (- 2, - 1) and (0, ~ 3) 17. G2 +? +24 3y-N + 2C 4 +y + 12) 18, 2? +2)?-x-Ty=0 oT SA tere = hide Bee sey 85The Parabola n ‘vertex = (- 2, 2) wr. old axis focus = 0, a) = (0. Jere new axis «. X= 0, Y= => 2 Z = x42 20, y-2=-4 “9 = ranyad equation of dreetixis Y= ai.e, y-2=5,yar=24+4 £ = y 5 = ois equation of ares. EXERCISE 1 «Find point on the parabola y? = 8x whose ordinate is twice the abcissa. ‘The parabola y? = 4px passes through (3, -2). Find length of latus rectum and equation of directrs. Find focal distance of the point (2, 6) on y* = 18x. The focal distance of a point on )? = 8 is 4. Find co-ordinates of the point. Find focus, directrix, and length of latus rectum of 2x2 + 9y = 0, FFind distance of focus from directrix and ends of latus rectum for y? = x. Find equation of parabola whose focus is (~3, 0) and directrix isx + 5 = 0. 8. Find equation of parabola whose focus is (1, 1) and directrix is x + y + 3 = 0. Also find length of latus rectum and vertex. 9. Find equation of parabola whose focus is (4, ~3) and vertex is (4, 1). 10. Find equation of parabola with vertex (6, - 3) and whose directrix is given by 3x - Sy + 1 Find co-ordinates of focus also. 11. Find equation of parabola with latus rectum joining the points (3, 5) and (3, 3) 12. A double ordinate of parabola y? = 4ax is of length 8a. Prove that the lines from vertex to its two ‘ends are at right angles. 13. Find focus, vertex and equation of directrix of the parabola 3x? + 12x - 8y 14, Find latus rectum, focus and axis of the parabola 4y? + 12x ~ 12y + 3 15. Show area of the triangle inscribed in the parabola y? = 4 ax is =0. Elor-¥2902-9)03-¥0] Answers 4 1.0,02,9.2.5 plolowg 9 99 a. 0 Se yi 337 444) .(0. 2)y a o4(t +)\4 +} 7.y? = ax + 16. 8.22 + y? - Day - 10x -2y-5 = 0, 37, 7 (4.- P92 a + 167 = 010. 0, -8), 252 + 9% + 30ry— 618 + S5ty + 4909 3 LL. y?- 8-28 +21 =0, 3.(2 3) (2-3) 60+13=01403(-F d)ay-3=0 6 4The Parabola 5 ie, Day = 2a (x +a) -y=xt+a = xtyta=0 i Slope of tangent at L’ = ~> = - 1 = Slope of normal at L’ Equation of normal at L'(a, -2a) with slope +1 is y~ (-2a) = 1x - a) ytd =x-a = x-y-2a-a =Oie. >x-y-3a Let us find intersection of normal at Land L’ Q= x+y-3a=0 a= x-y-3a =0 Adding, we get 2 - a = 0 = x-30= 09x = 30 Putting x = 3a inx + y~3a = 0, we gety = 0 + point of intersection of normals is (3a, 0), which is a point lying on axis of parabola, ‘We have already written above Slope of normal at L = ~ Slope of normal at L’ mym, = -1 + normals at L and L’ are to each other. 4) (ay) (say) EXERCISE 2 5 1 Pl gan wipe cst (8:4) way 2. Show thatthe normal to the paraboley? Sr at the point (2, 4) meets the parabola again at the point (18, -12) ‘Show that the ordinate of point of intersection of two tangents to the parabola y? = 4ax is arithmetic mean between the ordinate of point of contact. 4. Show that the tangents at the ends of latus rectum of a parabola intersect at right angles on the directrix of the parabola 5. Prove that the only vertical tangent to the parabola y* = dar is the y-axis. 6. Prove that there do not exist any two points on the parabola, tangents at which are parallel 7. At any point P of a parabola, a normal PG is drawn intersecting the axis in G. Prove that PG is a G.M. between the latus rectum and FP (where F is focus of the parabola). 8. Find the point of intersection of normals tothe parabola y? = dar at the poinss wihose ordinates are yy and yo. Answers 2 2 ) Yi +2 + ¥2 =MY2 (1 + Y2) 1. 3r-4y + 8 = 0, 12x + 9y- 68 = 0. s.(20+ 48 sat ‘Art 10. To find the equation to normal tothe parabola y? = 4axin slope frm. Proof. Given equation of parabola is y =4ar SD {Let Pox, 9) be any point on the parabola ye = dary +)The Porabola #9 ‘Sol. Given equation of parabola is y? = 4ax « Let (x), y1) be the point Equation of any normal to parabola y? = 4ax is y = mx ~ 2am — am it passes through (x1, ¥1) <- yy = my ~ 2am ~ am? = am + Qa-x)m+y, =0 2) It gives slopes of three normals. But it is given that two normal coincide i.e., slopes of two normals is same. Let roots of (2) be m;, mi, mz coefficient of m Sum of roots = my + my + my = = eh Sum of roots taking two at a time = myn, + mymy + mim coefficient of m_ _ 2a~ x, Sy ena ar 4) coefficient of m @ Product of roots = mmm = 2 45) From (3) Init rm = 00 mn = — 2m P 2a-% 2a-% From (4) m2 + 2mm = = me + 2m(- 2m) = =A Qa-x_%-2a = my? ~ 4m; eae (6) Cubing From (5) mn = ~~! ‘Squaring mis ) 2 3 yt _ (4-20) From (6) nd (), Ql = SES a 2tayit = 4a: - 2a)? locus of (91) 8 2Tay? = 40x 2a? EXERCISE 3 Find equation of the normal to the parabola y? = 16x which makes an angle of 45° with X-axis. Also find foot of normal. 2, Find equation of the normal to the parabola y? = 4x which is (i) parallel to x + y + 1= 0 (i) perpendicular to x - 29 +1 = 0 3. Find locus of the point of intersection of two normals to a parabola inclined at complimentary angles to X-axis 4. If tree normals from point tothe parabola y? = dar cut the axis in points whose distance from the vertex are in A.P., show that the point lies on the curve 27ay? = 2(x ~ 2a)*. 5. Prove that y = x ~6 is normal toy? = &r, Also find coordinate ofthe point at whichis normal100 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A,/B.Sc. | (P. Semester-|) OTHE comet at the three points P, Q, R of the parabola y? = 4ax meet in (hy ¥) Prove that the cenuroid of the triangle PQR lies on the axis at distance = (Mt ~ 2a) from the vertex Lt normal at (a, 2at) meet the parabola again at (ar,®, 2als). prove that fh = : Answers Lixey=12=0,,-8.20 49-3202 +y-12=0. 3. = alr -a). §.2,-4)- Art 14, To find the condition that the line y= mx + ¢ may intersect the robola y2 = 4ax. Also find parcel? y paints of intersection and hence find equation of tangent 10 the = 4ax and point of contact. Proof. The equation of parabola is yp =4ar (1) ‘and the equation of line is y = ma + ¢ (2) "To find intersection of (1) and (2) Put value of y from (2) in (1) = (mm + 0? = 4ax md + 2 + Inne - dar = 0 ~ mb + Qme - day +2 = 0 @ which is quadratic in x, it gives at most two real values of x Now roots of (3) will be real iff Disc 20 iff (ame ~ 4a)? ~ dmc? > 0 iff 4m®2 + 16a? - 2-2me -da - 4nPc? 2 0 iff 4m? + 16a? - 16mea - mirc? 20 iff 16a (a ~ me) 20 (Divide by 16a) a-me 20 a>0 ‘a > me which gives condition. find points of intersection (3) given two values of x say 21 and x2 vx two values of x ie., X; and xp in (2), We get two value of ys and y2 soint of intersection i.e., Pci, yx) and G2, ¥2) -an of tangent = . «to parabola (1) aa een. equion @) ans mo tal a = 0 iff Qmc ~ 4a)? Amc? = 0 = XQ (Divide by 4) nea Sede? = mea ee. (Divide by 40) 3B iaiae ~c a>o coc, which s contin of tangeney 4. r-y=0 a te sya mete106 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A,/B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-I) coefficient of m RSE Es ‘coefficient of m™ ‘Sum of roots =m, +'m, = ~ constant term _ a coefficient of m? re Now ano = £A=M = dm + my — 4mm Product of roots = mm, = 1+ mm, T+ mi wt 4a 7 in x 1 (oe x EXERCISE 4 1, Find length of the chord x ~ Sy + 6 = 0 intercepted by the parabola y” 2. (a) Show that the line x + y = 3 is normal to the parabola y* = 4x. Also find the length of the chord. (0) Determine whether x - 2y + 3 = 0 is tangent to the parabola )* = 16r. 3, A tangent to the parabola y? = 8x make an angle of 60° with X-axis, Find its point of contact and also equation of tangent. 4. Find the equation of the two tangents of the parabola )° = dar which are equally inclined to the co-ordinate axes, ‘5. Prove thatthe line x cos at + y sin & = p touches the parabola y= 4a (x + aifpcosa+a=0 6. Find the angle between two tangents drawn from the point (1, 4) to the parabola »° = 12x. 7. Find common tangent to x2 + y? = 2 and y? = 8x. 8. Find the locus of the point of intersection of two tangents to the parabola y? = 4ax which make a suiven angle «with one another. 3 9. Find equation ofthe two tangents tothe parabola y? = Gx which passthrough the point (5) 10. From an extemal point P tangents are drawn to the parabola y? = dar. Find the equation of the wr et pun Phen the tangents mae angle Oy and Oy with X-axis are such tat (une; +n 6 (i) tan, an 0 (iii) tan? @, + tan? @ = ¢ (iv) cot ®, + cot @2 = c 11. The tangents drawn from a point to the parabola y? = 4ar always intersect at an angle of 45°. Find the tous ofthe point 12, The angle between two tangents to the parabola y2 = ax is constant (equal to 4). Prove that the asco fscr pla of iererin is given by y= Aax = (2 + 27 tac, 13, ine angen a any pont ony = dax mets xin andthe tangent atthe vertex A meets thi angen in N and rectangle TAN Q is completed, show that the locus of Q is the parabola y? + ax = 0. 14, Find she locus of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the vertex on any tangent to the parabola y= dar.The Parabola 107 Answers 4 1. J26 2. (@) YF (b) No3. (3.gp)or- ot 2-042 +a=0,.0+94+a=0. 6. angle = 0" 27, y = (0 +2)8, (+o)? era = y?— dar, 9. 6-2 +1 = 2x 6y +27 = 010. Dy = cx fi) X= © Gi) cx? -y* + Dax = 0 (iv) y = a0. IL. (& + a? ~ dar 14.8 + xy? + ay? = 0. Art, 17, Parametric representation of the parabola Parametric representation of the parabola y* = dar (a > 0) is x = af, y = 2at (t is any real number). Proof. Let P(r, y) be any point on the parabola y? = dar Take y = 2at (¢ any real), then. 4ax = (at? = 4ax (Put y = 2at) = 4a? = dar = al? = x=3x= at Hence x = a y = 2atis parametric representation of }? = 4ar Note. (1) Advantage of Parametric Representation. ‘Suppose a problem is connected with a point lying on the parabola y? = 4ar. Generally we suppose the co-ordinates of a point on it in the form (Qi, ¥:) which involves two arbitrary constant, x; and yy, To solve the problem we take the help of the elation. yi? = dar, [~ G1, yi) lies on the parabola} But the parametric co-ordinates of this point i.e. (a2, 2a) contains only one arbitrary constant ‘7° and no relation between the co-ordinates of the point has to be made use of for solving the problem and hence a good deal of labour is saved. Q)x=ar,y = 2ar is called standard parametric representation of y? = 4ax. Point P (at, 2ar) is called any point “1” on the parabola. @) Points “r,” and “f)” on the parabola y? = 4ax means Points A(at,?, 2at;) and B(at,?, 2at,). alte Ral ope of Sesd orme se “4” and “ty” on the parabola y’ = 4ax, Hence deduce equation of tangent at “ t alten cede r Proof. Given equation of parabola is 2 y= dar 0) ee Also given points “n” and “1.” means P(ar,?, 2at,) and Q(ary?, 2ar,) ‘The equation of chord joining points P and Q is ping yyy Ce Insing y—y1= AES (2) 2a, ~ ay, 2) = 244) (4 gp? y= ah = aie = at} (x = at?) weeny aay an) 2m - 4) = 2a) tae @+4Xh -ay (arg, any 2 2 Yo Paty = Eg EO MY Oy ~ 2am) (ty + ta) = De = Dan? Yh + Ya ~ an? ~ angry = 2x ~ 2aty? 2 +) y + ahh = 0 2) Which i the required equation of chord joining P and Q0 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A,/B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-|) 2at ¥ yar nas ed , 2) : eee. = naar aye Putting value of tin (2), we get naar ax - as. yp =a - a) ‘. locus of mid point Q (x1, ¥1) is? = a(x - @) which is a parabola. EXERCISE 5 1. If 1, be the lengths of the segments of any focal chord of the parabola y> = 4ar, prove that pene T a 2. FF be the focus and P,Q are the ends of a focal chord of the parabola * = Br, then show that eee TFPi” IFO] 2° 3. If F be the focus and P, Q are the ends of a focal chord of the parabola )* = 16x, then show that 1 dele \FP| |FQ| 4 4. Ifthe point (a?, 221) be one end ofa focal chord of the parabola y? = 4ar, show thatthe length of te store fr + 4] 5, Show thatthe length of the focal chord of the parabola y? = 4ax yhich makes an angle c with its axis is 4a cosec? a. 6. Prove that the distance of any point on the parabola y? = 4ax is mean proportional between the latus rectum and the abscissa. 17. If the sum ofthe ordinates of two points on y? = 4ax is equal to the sum of ordinates of two other points on the same curve. Show that the chord joining the first two points is parallel to the chord joining the other two points. 8. Prove that the locus of the intersection of the normal at the ends of a focal chord of a parabola is another parabola 9. Tange ata point P ofthe parabola y? = dar meets x-axis at T and normal at the same point meets -vanis at N. Show that focus F bisects TN. 10. Prove that semi latus rectum of a parabola is the H.M. between segments of a focal chord 11, Show tangents at one extremity of a focal chord of a parabola is parallel to normal at other extremity. 12, If FQ be perpendicular tothe tangent at a point P on the parabola whose focus is F and vertex A Prove that Q lies on the tangent at A and FQ? = AF. FP 13, Prove thatthe circle described on any focal chord of a parabola as diameter touches the directrix. ‘Art. 19. Position of « point w.r.t. porabola IP is any point in the plane of the parabola, then i) P is called exterior to parabola of outside the parabola iff P lies in the region not containing focus of parabola.The Parabola us Example 3. Prove that the chord of contact of any point on the directrix of a parabola passes through focus (Pbi U. 20114) Sol. Let equation of parabola be y? = dar ..(1) ‘equation of directrix is x ‘Any point on the directrix is (- a, »,) Chord of contact of point P is S; = 0 ie yO It_ passes through focus F (a, 0) if (Oy: = 2a(a a) ie., 0 = 0, which is tue +, chord of contact of any point on the directrix always pass through focus. EXERCISE 6 1. Find joint equation of pair of tangents drawn from the point (1, 5) to the parabola )? = 16r. 2. Find the equation of the clotd f contact of tangents dravm from (2, 3) to the parabola y? = 4e. Also find points of contact of the tangents 3. Find co-ordinates of the point of intersection of tangents drawn to y? = dar at the points where itis cut by the straight line x cos a + y sin & = p. Prove that in a parabola the chord of contract of tangents at right angles passes through focus. 5. Find equation of the directrix ofthe parabola 2+ dy + y?- 4x + By-6=0 (Hint, Find joint equation of pair to tangent from P(x, ya) Le. SS = Si? ‘Then tangents from P (x,, y;) are mutually 1 i.e., coeff. of x? + coeff. y* = 0} 6 Prove that the length of chord of contact of tangents drawn from the point (x), y:) to the parabola L paris LY? = 40? Yo = 4a 7. If the tangents be drawn to the parabola y? = 4ax from a point on the line x + 4a = 0. Show that the chord of contact of tangents will subtend a right angle atthe vertex. ‘Answers 1, 64x2 + 16)? - BOxy + 272x - 80y + 64 = 02. 2x -3y +4 = 0; (1, 2), 4, 4). 3. (- p sec at, ~ 2a tan @) S. 3x - 3y + 8 = 0. Pole and Polar +o(25*) or yy, = 2atx - a) ' Polar of P Art. 27. Pole and Polar Definition. Let $ be a parabola and P be given point. Let Tif be any chord of S which pass through P. Let Q be point of intersection of tangents at T; and > o the parabola, Then locus of point Q is a straight line which is called polar of w.r.t the parabola. Also point P it called pole.118 Dinesh Plane Geometry B.A,/B.Sc. | (P.U. Semester-l) Example 2. Show that the locus of the poles of the tangents to the parabola y = 4ax wrt. the parabola y? = Bax is also a parabola Sol. Let (x1, yy) be pole Polar of (x1, y1) w.t-t. the parabola y* = 8ax is yyy e224.) Wr = date + xy) = dar - yyy + dary = 0 ol) Line (1) becomes tangent to the parabola y? = dar, If line (1) touches y? = dar, then (4a) (4axy) = a(- yi (apply in = am?) — [compare (1) with Lx + my +n = 0] => 16a°x; = ayy = locus of (4), y1) is )? = 16ax which is again a parabola, Example 3. Find pole of the line 2x ~ 3y = 2a w.r.t. y? = dax. Sol. Given equation of parabola is »? = dax (or S = y? - 4ax) a) Let (x, y1) be pole of given line 2x ~ 3y ~ 2a = 0 @ rey Equation of polar of (x1, y;) w.r.t. parabola (1) is S; = 0=3 99; — se rs ) fe, yi ~2ate +x) = 0 ~ dar + yy1~ 2ary = 0 .G) Compare (2) and (3) [both represents polar of (x, y;)} aa H Dae als From Ist and IInd Ya = 3a; From Ist and Md x; = -a . Pole is (1, 91) = a, 3a) Example 4. ifthe polar of any point w.r.t. the parabola y? = 4ax touches the circle x2 + show that the locus ofthe point isthe curve x? - ys = 4a? Sol. Let P(x,, y1) be any point. Then the polar of P w.r.t. the parabola is $; = 0 Ji - ae + my) = 0 E ~ 4ax = 0} = 2ax ~ yy, = 2ar, = 0 a) ‘Now it is given that line (1) touches the circle 2° +)? = 4a? length of perpendicular from centre on the line (1) = Radius [2a(0) - Oy, - 2ax, | Guzen tbe! on Vay? +(-y,)? 4a? +97 F betty 4a? is a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius = 2a) locus of (x, y1) is [change x, -> x, yi y] Qa)? = dada? + y2) 932 = 4a? + y2 a x2 -y? = 4a? EXERCISE 7 1. For the parabola ) = 4ar, prove that () the pole of the focus is the directrix. 2. Find the polar of the point (2, ~ 1) w.r.. the parabola }? = 16x. Also prove thatthe poins (2, - 1) and (~ 2, 0) are conjugate w.t.t. this parabola, 3. Prove that polar of (- a, 2a) w.r.t. the circle x? + y?- 2ax - 3a? = 0 touches the parabola ‘4. Prove that the lines y = 2¢ and 3x + 4y = 2 are conjugate lines w.t.t. the parabola )? = 2x. trix is the focus (ii) the polar of thethe a 2) @ v1 oO » ) B 6. 10, a 12, 1B. Art, Ute polars of two points P and Q w.r.t. a parabola meetin R, then prove Ris the pole of the nc PQ {chords of the parabola y? = dar are drawn ata fixed distance “a” from the focus. Show that he locus of their poles w.r.t. the parabola is y? = 4x (2a + 2), ‘Show that locus of their poles of chords of the parabola ax which are at a constant distance 2 from vertex is? + 4a? (: e =) 0. Prove that polar of any point onthe ciclex° +)? ~2ax - 3a? = Ow.rt the circle x2 + y2 4 2a ~ 34° = 0 will touch the parabola =~ da ‘The perpendicular from a point P upon its polar w.r.. the parabola K. Find locus of the point P. sri that he locus ofthe ples of chords of parabola »? = dar which subtends a constant angle « atthe vertex is (? ~ dat) = (e + 4a tata et tat the locus ofthe poles of chords ofthe parabola 2 = dar which sutends aright ange at the vertex is x + da = 0, Prove that the locus of the poles of tangents wo the parabola = 2ax is the circle x? + y? Prove locus of the poles of chords which are normal 16 the parabola y? = day is the curve Ye + 2a) + 4a = 0, 4ax is of constant length 4ax wart. the circle x2 + 9? Answers 2B +y + 16=0 9. 02- dan? = 2G? + 40, Chord in terms of Mid point ‘32. To find the equation of the chord of the parabola = 4ax in terms of its mid point (x;, ni. Proof. Given equation of, parabola is y’ bax A) Let PQ be any chord where P, Q have co-ordinates (x’, y’) and (x”, ”) resp. Let M (x1, yi) be mid point of chord PQ. By Slope of chord PQ = >» Since P(x’, y) and Q (3, y") lies ony? = dax y? = 4a 2) and y? = dar” 3) )—@) gives ¥? yf? = dar" ~ dar’ = dale” — x) O" FY) O%-y) = date" - x) (using ¥ + y” = 2y,) Qy) 0" -y) = daar" - x) ie FAS Aa. Wax? = Te * slope of PQ