TORSION-II

LECTURER: IMTIAZ AHMED CHOUDHURY

LECTURE NOTES TAKEN FROM BEEAR AND JOHNSTON

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Statically Indeterminate Shafts
• Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft,

which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.
• Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,

• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

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 Design of Transmission Shafts
• Determine torque applied to shaft at
specified power and speed,
P = T = 2fT
P P
T= =
 2f
• Designer must select shaft
material and cross-section to • Find shaft cross-section which will not
meet performance specifications exceed the maximum allowable
without exceeding allowable shearing stress,
shearing stress. Tc
 max =
J
J  3 T
= c = (solid shafts )
c 2  max
J
=
 4 4
c2 2c2
(
c2 − c1 = )
T
 max
(hollowshafts )

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Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts
• The derivation of the torsion formula,
Tc
 max =
J
assumed a circular shaft with uniform
cross-section loaded through rigid end
plates.
• The use of flange couplings, gears, and
pulleys attached to shafts by keys in
keyways, and cross-section discontinuities
can cause stress concentrations.
• Experimental or numerically determined
concentration factors are applied as
Tc
 max = K
J

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Plastic Deformations in Circular Shafts
• With the assumption of a linearly elastic material,
Tc
 max =
J
• If the yield strength is exceeded or the material has
a nonlinear shearing-stress-strain curve, this
expression does not hold.
• Shearing strain varies linearly regardless of material
properties. Application of shearing-stress-strain
curve allows determination of stress distribution.
• The integral of the moments from the internal stress
distribution is equal to the torque on the shaft at the
section,
c c
T =   (2 d ) = 2   2 d
0 0

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Circular Shafts Made of Elastoplastic Materials
• At the maximum elastic torque,
J L Y
TY = Y = 12 c3Y Y =
c c

• As the torque is increased, a plastic region


(  =  Y ) develops around an elastic core (  = Y )
Y
L Y
Y =


2 c3 1 − 1 Y
3  4  1 Y3 
T= Y
 = TY 1 − 
3 4 3  3  4 3 
 c   c 
 3
4 T 1 − 1 Y 
T= 3 Y 4 3
  

• As Y → 0, the torque approaches a limiting value,

TP = 43 TY = plastictorque

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Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts
• Plastic region develops in a shaft when subjected to a
large enough torque.
• When the torque is removed, the reduction of stress
and strain at each point takes place along a straight line
to a generally non-zero residual stress.
• On a T- curve, the shaft unloads along a straight line
to an angle greater than zero.
• Residual stress found from principle of superposition.

Tc   ( dA) = 0
 =
m
J 12
 Example 3.08/3.09
SOLUTION:
• Solve Eq. (3.32) for Y/c and evaluate
the elastic core radius.
• Solve Eq. (3.36) for the angle of twist.
A solid circular shaft is subjected to a • Evaluate Eq. (3.16) for the angle
torque T = 4.6 kN  m at each end. which the shaft untwists when the
Assuming that the shaft is made of torque is removed. The permanent
 Y = 150MPa
an elastoplastic material with twist is the difference between the
and G = 77 GPa determine (a) the angles of twist and untwist.
radius of the elastic core, (b) the
• Find the residual stress distribution by
angle of twist of the shaft. When the
a superposition of the stress due to
torque is removed, determine (c) the
twisting and untwisting the shaft.
permanent twist, (d) the distribution
of residual stresses.

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Example 3.08/3.09
SOLUTION:
• Solve Eq. (3.36) for the angle of twist
• Solve Eq. (3.32) for Y/c and
evaluate the elastic core radius
 Y Y
1 =  =
 
4 T 1 − 1 Y
3
Y  T  3 Y c Y c
T=   =  4 − 3 
3 Y
 c 
4 3 c  TY 
Y =
TY L
=
( )
3.68  103 N  m (1.2 m )
(
J = 12 c 4 = 12  2510−3 m ) ( )
JG 614  10-9 m 4 (77  10 Pa)

= 61410 m −9 4 Y = 93.4  10−3 rad

 J 93.4  10−3 rad

T c
 Y = Y  TY = Y = = 148.3  10−3 rad = 8.50o
J c 0.630

TY =
(
150106 Pa )(61410−9 m 4 )  = 8.50o
2510−3 m
= 3.68 kN  m
1
Y  4.6  3
= 4 −3  = 0.630
c  3.68 
Y = 15.8 mm
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Example 3.08/3.09
• Evaluate Eq. (3.16) for the angle • Find the residual stress distribution by
which the shaft untwists when a superposition of the stress due to
the torque is removed. The twisting and untwisting the shaft

( )( )
permanent twist is the difference
between the angles of twist and Tc 4.6  103 N  m 25 10−3 m

 max = =
untwist. J 614 10-9 m 4
= 187.3 MPa
TL
 =
JG

=
(4.6  103 N  m )(1.2 m )
(6.14 10−9 m4 )(77 109 Pa)
= 116.8  10−3 rad = 6.69
φp =  −  
= 8.50 − 6.69
= 1.81o
 p = 1.81o
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Torsion of Noncircular Members
• Previous torsion formulas are valid for
axisymmetric or circular shafts.

• Planar cross-sections of noncircular

shafts do not remain planar and stress
and strain distribution do not vary
linearly.

• For uniform rectangular cross-sections,

T TL
 max = =
c1ab2 c2ab3G

• At large values of a/b, the maximum

shear stress and angle of twist for other
open sections are the same as a
rectangular bar.

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Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
• Summing forces in the x-direction on AB,
 Fx = 0 =  A (t Ax ) −  B (t B x )
 At A=  Bt B =  t = q = shear flow

shear stress varies inversely with thickness

• Compute the shaft torque from the integral

of the moments due to shear stress
dM 0 = p dF = p (t ds) = q( pds) = 2q dA
T =  dM 0 =  2q dA = 2qA
T
=
2tA
• Angle of twist (from Chapter 11)
TL ds
= 
4 A2G t

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Example 3.10
Extruded aluminum tubing with a rectangular
cross-section has a torque loading of 2.7 kN .
m. Determine the shearing stress in each of
the four walls with (a) uniform wall thickness
of 4 mm and wall thicknesses of (b) 3 mm on
AB and CD and 5 mm on CD and BD.

SOLUTION:
• Determine the shear flow through the
tubing walls.
• Find the corresponding shearing stress
with each wall thickness .

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Example 3.10
SOLUTION: • Find the corresponding shearing
stress with each wall thickness.
• Determine the shear flow through the
tubing walls.
With a uniform wall thickness,

With a variable wall thickness

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