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Faculty of engineering
Minoufiya University
Egypt

Introduction to chemical Engineering for Preparatory year

2022-2023

By
Prof. Dr. Maha A. Tony
Professor of Chemical Engineering

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Water Water distribution on earth

tasteless, odorless, colorless & a Fresh water 2.7%
liquid in its pure state

glaciers
Underground
97.3٪ 2.7 Atmosphere
Salt water Fresh water Rivers
Lakes
Surface water

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Water on earth
Only 1% is available for drinking
Ground Rain
waters water

Surface
waters
Sea
Water
water
Resources

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Hardness
Types of impurities in water

Physical Organic Mineral

Dissolved gases
Impurities Impurities impurities
• suspended • Odor and taste • residual • TDS
impurities vegetable • Ca, Mg, Na
• Color • animal matter ‘hardness in
• Temperature • bacteria water’
(dissolved O2) /microorganisms • F (1.5 mg/l) Hardness
• industrial • ‘Fluorosis’
Soft water
pollution problems teeth water with low concentration the soap consuming capacity of
& bones
of Ca & Mg, it gives foam with water sample due to Ca & Mg
soap

Soap: sodium salt + long-chain fatty acids

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Types of Hardness Problems of hard water

Temporary Hardness In industry (Boilers)
(Carbonate Hardness)
forms scales that cause
(Ca2+) & (Mg2+) associated with
bicarbonates (HCO3-) & carbonates
CO32- • Decreasing efficiency
• eliminated by boiling • Scales formation on tubes
overheated.
Permanent hardness • Corrosion takes place.
(Non-Carbonate Hardness)
• Explosion.
(Ca2+) & (Mg2+) associated with
chloride (Cl-), nitrates (NO3–) • Excessive scaling clogging tubes.
and/or sulphates (SO42--).
•cannot be eliminated by boiling

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Unit of hardness Water Treatment Processes

Softening
Purification boilers
For domestic & industry
Parts per millions (ppm)
One part per million is a unit weight of solute
per million unit weights of solution
advanced conventional
Ion exchange Processes
(1 ppm =1 mg/L) Lime-Soda process
• Natural and synthetic Zeolite
hardness in terms of equivalents of CaCO3 •
•
Carbonaceous ion exchange
Synthetic resins
• Zeolite Lime process

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Na2CO3 Ca(OH)2
I. Lime-Soda Softening
lime (Ca(OH)2) & soda (Na2CO3) Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH )2 ® 2CaCO3 ¯+2H 2O
1. Cold Lime -Soda softening Ca(HCO3 )2 ® Ca(OH )2

Water Chemicals
MgSO4 + Ca(OH )2 ® Mg(OH )2 ¯+CaSO4
CaSO4 + Na2CO3 ® CaCO3 ¯ +Na2 SO4 ¯
MgSO4 ® Ca(OH )2 + Na2CO3

Gravity filter Fe(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH )2 ® Ca(HCO3 )2 + Fe(OH )2 ¯

Clear Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH )2 ® 2CaCO3 ¯+2H 2O
water To service
Fe(HCO3 )2 ® 2Ca(OH )2
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Mg(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH )2 ® Mg(OH )2 + Ca(HCO3 )2 Example

Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH )2 ® 2CaCO3 + 2H 2O Water sample contains:
Mg(HCO3 )2 ® 2Ca(OH )2 CaSO4 140 mg/L
Mg(HCO3)2 73 mg/L
CaSO4 + Na2CO3 ® CaCO3 ¯ +Na2 SO4 NaCl 100 mg/L
CO2 11 mg/L
CaSO4 ® Na2CO3 Calculate:
1- Mg-Hardness
MgCl2 + Ca(OH )2 ® Mg(OH )2 ¯+CaCl2 2- Ca-Hardness
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 ® CaCO3 ¯+2 NaCl2 3- Total hardness
4- Amount of chemicals needed to treat 106 L of water
MgCl2 ® Ca(OH )2 + Na2CO3 5- Treatment cost if (Lime costs 480 LE/ton, Soda costs 650 LE/ton)
(Mwt: Ca 40, Mg 24, C 12, O 16, Na 23, S 32, H 1 )
CO2 + Ca(OH )2 ® CaCO3 ¯+H 2O
CO2 ® Ca(OH )2
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Solution Mg(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH )2 ® Mg(OH )2 + Ca(HCO3 )2

CaSO4 ® CaCO3
Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH )2 ® 2CaCO3 + 2H 2O
136 100
x1 = 102.34 ppm (1)
140 x1 Mg(HCO3 )2 ® 2Ca(OH )2
Mg(HCO3)2 ® CaCO3 162 148
73 y1 y1 = 66.7 mg
162 100
73 x2 x2 = 45.06 ppm (2) CO2 + Ca(OH )2 ® CaCO3 ¯ +H 2O
CO2 ® Ca(OH )2
Nacl does not cause hardness 44 74
Total hardness = x1 + x1 = 102.34+ 45.06 = 148 ppm (3) 11 y2 y2= 18.5 mg
Basis 1L of water
Required Lime = (y1+y2) *106 =66.6+15.8 0.082 ton (4)
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CaSO4 + Na2CO3 ® CaCO3 ¯ +Na2 SO4 Required Soda= z1 *106 = 103.12 0.103 ton (4)
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CaSO4 ® Na2 CO3 Lime Cost =0.082* 480 = 39.36 LE

136 106 Soda Cost = 0.103 * 650 = 66.95 LE
140 z1 z1 = 103.12 ppm
Total Cost = 106.31 LE (5)
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Advantages
2 .Hot Lime -Soda softening
1. economical.
• The process carried out under P & T (95-100°C 2. less chemicals
) 3. The process increases the pH of water; so pipes
corrosion is reduced.
• Treatment to completion 4. minerals in the water is reduced.
• CO2 is removed from heat so, no need for 5. alkaline nature of water, so pathogenic bacteria is
chemicals reduced.
• completeness of the precipitation reaction & the
velocity Disadvantage
1. Dispose sludge (insoluble precipitate)
2. remove hardness only up to 15 ppm
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1 .Zeolite
II. Ion Exchange Softeners Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2 .6H 2O (Na2 Ze)
Na2 Ze + Ca(HCO3 )2 ® CaZe + 2NaHCO3
Types of Zeolite
1. Natural and synthetic Zeolite • natural zeolite
non-porous green sand
2. Carbonaceous ion exchange
• synthetic zeolite
3. Synthetic resins porous & gel structure
4. Zeolite Lime process Regeneration (by passing 10% NaCl )
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Complete removal of hardness 1. treated-water contains more Na than in
2. small space needed lime-soda.
3. No impurities so no sludge formation 2. only replaces Ca and Mg ions by Na ions, but
4. The process automatically adjusts no acidic ions like HCO and CO
5. clean. 3. High turbidity water cannot be treated
6. less time for softening. because impurities get deposited on the
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Dr. Tonyskill for maintenance & operation. zeolite bed

2. Carbonaceous ion exchange

3. Synthetic resins ion exchange

• anion resin, anion exchange resin (a

condensation product of polyamines • organic polymers where
and formaldehyde) was developed. acidic or basic functional
groups
• remove all dissolved salts from water. • Cation exchange resins
• early anion exchangers were unstable contain acidic functional
and could not remove such weakly groups like -COOH, -SO3H
ionized acids as silicic and carbonic etc.
acid. • anion exchange resins
contain basic functional
groups like –OH, -NH2 etc.

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Purification
4. Zeolite-Lime process -Conventional Purification

• mixed process DisinfectionIncineration

Land filling
• First, the water is treated Sedimentation
basin Filtration
with excess lime to
precipitate most of www.veoliawater.com

bicarbonate and
www.veoliawater.com
Flocculation Water storage
tank conditioning
magnesium. Reservoir
Alum sludge
& dewatering

• Then zeolite for complete thickening

softening of suspended Residual Sludge Management (Dewatering)

matter  Natural (drying beds)
 Mechanical (thickeners, filter press)
 Physical (heat drying, incineration)

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Purification Advanced Purification

-Conventional Purification 1. Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
Schematic diagram of conventional drinking water treatment plant

RO
Pressure

Semi-permeable membrane

Water without salts

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2. Solar Still

Sun Rays
Glass Cover
Condensed vapour
Saline Water
Water Vapour

Distilled Water

advantage disadvantage
free energy source , economic Corrosion in basin & pipelines
infra structure Intermitted source of energy
Clean process no pollution Weather i.e. dust, process insufficient
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