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Green IT Strategies and Applications Using
Environmental Intelligence Advanced Emerging
Communications Technologies 1st Edition Bhuvan
Unhelkar Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Bhuvan Unhelkar
ISBN(s): 9781439837801, 1439837805
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 5.25 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
Green IT Strategies
and Applications
Using Environmental Intelligence

Advanced and Emerging Communications Technologies Series
Series Editor-in-Chief: Saba Zamir
ADSL: Standards, Implementation, and Architecture, Charles K. Summers

After the Y2K Fireworks: Business and Technology Strategies, Bhuvan Unhelkar
Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment, Kornel Terplan
Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary, Julie K. Petersen
Green IT Strategies and Applications : Using Environmental Intelligence,
Bhuvan Unhelkar
Handbook of Emerging Communications Technologies: The Next Decade, Rafael Osso
Intranet Performance Management, Kornel Terplan
Mobile Enterprise Transition and Management, Bhuvan Unhelkar
Multi-Domain Communication Management Systems, Alex Galis
Protocols for Secure Electronic Commerce, Second Edition, Mostafa Hashem Sherif
The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary, Second Edition, Julie K. Petersen
Web-Based Systems and Network Management, Kornel Terplan
Green IT Strategies
and Applications
Using Environmental Intelligence
Bhuvan Unhelkar
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Prabhavati
Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................................xix
Preface ................................................................................................................................xxi
Readers ............................................................................................................................ xxiii
Mapping to a Workshop.................................................................................................... xxv
Contents and Chapter Summaries ..................................................................................xxvii
Language ..........................................................................................................................xxix
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................xxxi
Endorsements (In Praise of Green IT Strategies and Applications) ..............................xxxiii
Author ............................................................................................................................. xxxv
PART A STRATEGIES AND APPLICATIONS

1 Green IT Fundamentals: Business, IT, and the Environment ......................................3
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................... 3
I ntroduction ....................................................................................................................... 3
Ā e Environment Today..................................................................................................... 6
Information Technology and Environment ........................................................................ 9
Business and Environment ................................................................................................14
Green Enterprise Characteristics .......................................................................................15
G reen Vision .....................................................................................................................17
Green Strategic Points .......................................................................................................18
G reen Value ......................................................................................................................18
Green IT Opportunity ......................................................................................................19
Challenges of a Carbon Economy .................................................................................... 22
E nvironmental Intelligence ...............................................................................................25
Bu siness Intelligence .........................................................................................................25
Application in Environmental Domain ............................................................................ 26
Envisioning the Green Future .......................................................................................... 29
D iscussion Points ............................................................................................................. 30
R eferences ........................................................................................................................ 30
vii
viii ◾ Contents
2 Green IT Strategies: Drivers, Dimensions, and Goals................................................35

K ey Points .........................................................................................................................35
Introducing Green Strategies ............................................................................................35
Green Strategic Mindset................................................................................................... 37
Philosophical Considerations in Green IT Strategy ......................................................... 39
Green IT Strategies: Range of Impact ...............................................................................41
Green Strategic Alignment ............................................................................................... 46
Proactive Green Strategies......................................................................................47
Reactive Green Strategies .......................................................................................47
Green IT Strategies Mix ....................................................................................................47
Green IT Drivers .............................................................................................................. 48
Costs (Energy, Operational) ................................................................................. 50
Regulatory and Legal ............................................................................................ 50
Sociocultural and Political .....................................................................................52
Enlightened Self-Interest .......................................................................................53
Responsible Business Ecosystem ........................................................................... 54
New Market Opportunities .................................................................................. 56
Green IT Business Dimensions (Factors) .......................................................................... 56
E conomy............................................................................................................... 56
T echnologies ......................................................................................................... 58
P rocesses ................................................................................................................59
P eople ................................................................................................................... 60
Developing an ERBS ........................................................................................................61
Wide-Ranging Considerations in ERBS........................................................................... 63
Steps in Developing an ERBS .......................................................................................... 64
Green Business Objectives .....................................................................................65
S trategy Descriptions ............................................................................................ 66
P olicy-Based Conditions ........................................................................................67
R esource Requirements......................................................................................... 68
T ransformation Plan/Timelines ............................................................................ 68
Iterations and Risks .............................................................................................. 68
KPIs in Green Strategies................................................................................................... 69
Additional KPI Examples ..................................................................................... 72
D iscussion Points ............................................................................................................. 72
A ction Points.................................................................................................................... 73
R eferences ........................................................................................................................ 73
3 Environmentally Responsible Business: Policies, Practices, and Metrics ..................77

K ey Points ........................................................................................................................ 77
I ntroduction .................................................................................................................... 78
Policies and Practices in ERBS ..........................................................................................81
Lean Impact on Green .................................................................................................... 83
Environmental Areas Covered ...........................................................................................85
Breadth of Environmental Policies (Areas Covered) ...............................................85
Depth of Environmental Policies (Intensity of Coverage) ..................................... 87
Length of Environmental Policies (Duration of Coverage) ................................... 87
Contents ◾ ix
Green Values in Practice................................................................................................... 89

Green Practice: A Balancing Act ..................................................................................... 90
Mobility and Environment .............................................................................................. 92
Advantages to Environment .................................................................................. 93
Challenges to Environment .................................................................................. 93
Relating Environmental Business Policies to Goals .......................................................... 94
Renewable Energy Resources ........................................................................................... 96
Mind Map for the Role of a Chief Green Officer (CGO) ................................................. 98
E nvironmental Practices................................................................................................... 99
Green IT Metrics and Measurements ..............................................................................101
Carbon Metrics Coverage ....................................................................................103
Green IT Measurement Challenges .....................................................................106
Framework for Green IT Metrics .........................................................................107
Measuring the Carbon Footprint of Your Organization.......................................109
Measuring Operational Costs in Your Organization............................................110
Green Balanced Scorecard ...............................................................................................110
Green IT Readiness and CMM.......................................................................................113
Context Sensitivity and Automation in Green IT Measures ............................................ 115
D iscussion Points ............................................................................................................ 117
A ction Points...................................................................................................................118
R eferences .......................................................................................................................118
4 Green Assets: Buildings, Data Centers, Networks, and Devices ..............................121
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................121
I ntroduction ................................................................................................................... 122
G reen Assets ................................................................................................................... 124
Building and Facility Management ............................................................................... 126
Green IT Hardware........................................................................................................ 127
Green Data Centers ....................................................................................................... 130
Data Center Building—Design, Layout, and Location ...................................................132
Data Center ICT Equipment—Server Strategies .............................................................133
Data Strategy and the Carbon Emitting Bit ....................................................................135
Data Servers Optimization ............................................................................................. 136
Data Servers Virtualization ............................................................................................137
Physical Data Server Organization and Cooling ............................................................139
Cloud Computing and Data Centers ..............................................................................140
Networking and Communications Infrastructure ...........................................................141
E nd-User Devices ............................................................................................................143
Smart Meters in Real Time .............................................................................................143
Managing Devices for Central Green Services ................................................................146
Devices and Organizational Boundaries for Measurements ............................................147
Mobile Devices and Sustainability ..................................................................................148
D iscussion Points ............................................................................................................ 151
A ction Points................................................................................................................... 151
R eferences ....................................................................................................................... 151
x ◾ Contents
5 Green Business Process Management: Modeling, Optimization, and

Collaboration ..........................................................................................................153
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................153
I ntroduction ....................................................................................................................154
Green Business Process Management ..............................................................................156
G reen Reengineering .......................................................................................................157
Green Processes: Individual, Organizational, and Collaborative .....................................159
Green BPM and Standards ..............................................................................................161
Green Business Analysis .................................................................................................164
Green Requirements Modeling .......................................................................................165
Green IT Governance .....................................................................................................167
Green Business Processes—Incremental Complexity ......................................................169
Green Business Applications ..........................................................................................171
Modeling Green Business Processes (UML, BPMN) ......................................................171
Quality of Service (QoS) and Green Business Processes ..................................................172
Documenting Process Goals ...........................................................................................173
Achieving Green BPM ....................................................................................................173
Green Mobile Business Processes ....................................................................................174
Environmental–Economic Mobile Use ................................................................176
Environmental–Technical Mobile Use .................................................................177
Environmental–Process Mobile Use ....................................................................177
Environmental–Social Mobile Use ......................................................................179
Example—Digital Library GPR ......................................................................................179
C onclusion ......................................................................................................................181
D iscussion Points ............................................................................................................181
A ction Points...................................................................................................................182
R eferences .......................................................................................................................182
6 Green Enterprise Architecture, Environmental Intelligence,
and Green Supply Chains .........................................................................................185
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................185
I ntroduction ...................................................................................................................186
Green Enterprise Architecture ........................................................................................187
Views of Green Enterprise Architecture ..........................................................................189
Green Enterprise Architecture—Categories of Requirements .........................................190
Green IT and Organizational Systems ............................................................................192
O rganizational Systems .......................................................................................192
E xternal Systems ..................................................................................................193
I nfrastructure ......................................................................................................193
Green Solutions Architecture .........................................................................................193
Evolving Green Systems Architecture ..............................................................................195
Aspects of Green Solutions Architecture ........................................................................196
C loud Computing ...............................................................................................197
V irtualization ......................................................................................................198
S mart Networks...................................................................................................198
Real-Time Decision Making ................................................................................198
Contents ◾ xi
A lignment............................................................................................................199
Op timization .......................................................................................................199
I ntegration ...........................................................................................................199
Contents and Integration with Service-Oriented Architecture ........................................199
Green Supply Chain Management ................................................................................ 202
Mobility in Green Supply Chain Management .............................................................. 204
Building Environmental Criteria into Supplier Contract Conditions ............................. 204
Green Portals in Green Enterprise Architecture ............................................................ 205
Business Intelligence and Green IT ................................................................................ 206
Ā e Environmental Intelligence Domain ...................................................................... 208
Environmental Intelligence Systems’ Evolving Complexity ............................................ 209
Communication Channels in Environmental Intelligence .............................................211
Environmental Intelligence Implementation with Web Services......................................212
Environmental Intelligence with Mobility ......................................................................213
An Example of Green Enterprise Architecture ................................................................215
A ction Points...................................................................................................................217
R eferences .......................................................................................................................217
7 Green Information Systems: Design and Development Models ...............................219
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................219
I ntroduction ....................................................................................................................219
Describing a GIS ............................................................................................................ 220
Phases in a GIS Development and Deployment .................................................. 220
Features of GIS ....................................................................................................221
Modeling and Architecture GIS—Requirements, Design, Implementation,
and Testing....................................................................................................... 222
GIS Requirements .......................................................................................................... 223
Green Organizational Portal ............................................................................... 224
Regulatory Standards Portal ............................................................................... 224
S takeholders/Actors............................................................................................. 225
Dat abases ............................................................................................................ 226
Package Diagrams and System Scope ............................................................................. 226
Use Case Diagram for GOP ........................................................................................... 227
Use Cases for “Green Organizational Portal” .....................................................233
Use Cases for “Emissions Benchmark Maintenance Use Case Diagram” ............ 236
Class Diagram for GOP ................................................................................................. 238
Sequence Diagram for “Emissions Check” ..................................................................... 240
Class Diagram for RSP ...................................................................................................241
Sequence Diagram for “Setting Standard Emissions Value” ............................................241
State Machine Diagrams for “Emission Report” and “Emission Standard Value”
Objects ............................................................................................................................241
Implementation Diagrams for GIS ..................................................................................241
GIS —Technical Requirements ........................................................................................245
D iscussion Points ........................................................................................................... 246
A ction Points.................................................................................................................. 246
xii ◾ Contents
8 Sociocultural Aspects of Green IT ...........................................................................247

K ey Points .......................................................................................................................247
I ntroduction ................................................................................................................... 248
Green IT’s Social Impact.................................................................................................250
L earning Organization ....................................................................................................250
Green Social Stakeholders ...............................................................................................251
Role-Based View of Green IT ..........................................................................................253
Green User Practices .......................................................................................................256
Attitude and Subjectivity in Green IT .............................................................................257
Green IT Ethics and Code of Conduct ...........................................................................259
Privacy and Security of Green Information .....................................................................261
G reen Washing .............................................................................................................. 262
Communications in Green Transformation Projects ...................................................... 262
Green IT Project—Channels of Communication .......................................................... 263
Green HR and Changing Organizational Structures ..................................................... 264
Green-Collar Workers: Roles and Skill Sets ....................................................................267
Skills Framework for Information Age (SFIA) and Green HR ........................................267
SFIA Skill Set and Green Roles ...................................................................................... 269
Green Virtual Communities ...........................................................................................271
A ction Points.................................................................................................................. 272
R eferences ...................................................................................................................... 272
9 Green Enterprise Transformation Roadmap ............................................................275
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................275
I ntroduction ....................................................................................................................276
Green Enterprise Transformation ................................................................................... 277
In fluence of Economic Dimension on GET ................................................................... 279
In fluence of Technical Dimension on GET.................................................................... 279
In fluence of Process Dimension on GET ....................................................................... 280
In fluence of Social Dimension on GET ......................................................................... 280
Transforming the Individual, Organizational, and Collaborative Processes ....................281
A Green ICT Framework ............................................................................................... 283
E quipment Lifecycle....................................................................................................... 284
P rocurement ................................................................................................................... 284
Recycle and Reuse .......................................................................................................... 285
Disposal of ICT Systems ................................................................................................ 285
E nd-User Computing ..................................................................................................... 285
Enterprise and Data Center ............................................................................................ 286
Data Center ICT Equipment ......................................................................................... 287
Data Center Environmentals .......................................................................................... 287
Networking and Communications ................................................................................. 287
Outsourcing and Cloud Computing .............................................................................. 288
S oftware Architecture .................................................................................................... 288
IT for Enterprise ............................................................................................................ 288
Governance and Compliance ......................................................................................... 289
Teleworking and Collaboration ...................................................................................... 289
Contents ◾ xiii
Business Process Management........................................................................................ 289

Bu siness Applications .....................................................................................................290
Carbon Emissions Management ..................................................................................... 290
A ttitude .......................................................................................................................... 290
P olicy ..............................................................................................................................291
P ractice ...........................................................................................................................291
T echnology......................................................................................................................291
M etrics ........................................................................................................................... 292
Ā e Green Transformation Process................................................................................. 292
Organizational Focus Areas for GET ..............................................................................293
Co nfiguring a GET Road Map ...................................................................................... 295
GET Program: Roles and Deliverables ........................................................................... 295
Setting Up a Business Transformation Office (BTO) ..................................................... 296
Forming Transformation Work Areas ............................................................................ 297
Green IT Project Roles ................................................................................................... 297
Green Enterprise Transformation Champion (GTC) .......................................... 298
Business Architect and Variations ....................................................................... 298
Technical Architect and Variations ..................................................................... 299
Bu siness Partners ................................................................................................ 299
Green IT Auditors .............................................................................................. 300
E nd-Users ........................................................................................................... 300
I T Managers ....................................................................................................... 300
Bu siness Managers .............................................................................................. 300
I T Governance.................................................................................................... 300
C orporate Governance .........................................................................................301
Green IT Transformation—Deliverables.........................................................................301
GET: Diagnosis Phase .................................................................................................... 302
C hallenges .......................................................................................................... 303
C hallenges .......................................................................................................... 303
C hallenges .......................................................................................................... 306
C hallenges .......................................................................................................... 306
GET: Planning and Scoping Phase ................................................................................. 309
P ilot Project.....................................................................................................................310
Enterprise Lifecycle Plan .................................................................................................310
I nput ....................................................................................................................312
Ou tput.................................................................................................................312
C hallenges ...........................................................................................................312
Planning for End-User Efficiencies ..................................................................................312
De liverables .....................................................................................................................314
I nput ....................................................................................................................314
Ou tput.................................................................................................................314
C hallenges ...........................................................................................................314
Enterprise IT Data Center Efficiencies ............................................................................316
De liverables .....................................................................................................................316
I nput ....................................................................................................................316
Ou tput.................................................................................................................316
C hallenges ...........................................................................................................317
xiv ◾ Contents
Planning for IT as a Low-Carbon Enabler for the Enterprise ..........................................317

De liverables .....................................................................................................................319
I nput ....................................................................................................................319
Ou tput.................................................................................................................319
C hallenges ...........................................................................................................319
GET: Enactment Phase ...................................................................................................319
T echnology-Driven Enactment ...................................................................................... 320
Customer Relationships Management .............................................................................321
Supply Change Management (SCM) ..............................................................................321
Human Resource and Payroll Systems ............................................................................321
Business Partner’s Systems ...............................................................................................321
I ntegration .......................................................................................................... 322
Dat a Migration ................................................................................................... 322
Business Process–Driven Enactment .............................................................................. 322
GET: Review and Measure Phase ................................................................................... 323
A ction Points...................................................................................................................324
R eferences ......................................................................................................................325
10 Green Compliance: Protocols, Standards, and Audits .............................................327
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................327
I ntroduction ....................................................................................................................327
Protocols and Standards ................................................................................................. 328
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC, Rio)............................................................................................. 329
K yoto Protocol .....................................................................................................329
Greenhouse Gas Protocol.................................................................................... 330
C openhagen ....................................................................................................... 330
Ā e ISO 14000:2004 Family of STANDARDS .............................................................331
ISO 14001 ...........................................................................................................332
G overnment Initiatives....................................................................................................332
C ompelling Regulation........................................................................................332
USA Energy Star—1992 ................................................................................................ 334
EPEAT—Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool....................................... 334
EU RoHS—Restriction of Hazardous Substances Regulations ...........................................335
EU WEEE—Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations............................335
Industry and Vendor Initiatives ......................................................................................335
Green Grid—2007 ........................................................................................................ 336
CSCI—Climate Savers Computing Initiative ............................................................... 336
IT Vendor Initiatives ...................................................................................................... 336
Global Reporting Initiative ............................................................................................ 336
Green IT Audits ..............................................................................................................337
A udit Types .....................................................................................................................339
Green IT Audits—Approach, Maturity, and Comparison.............................................. 342
Undertaking Green IT Audits ........................................................................................ 342
Audit and Use of Carbon Emissions Management Software .......................................... 343
C omparative Audits ....................................................................................................... 344
Contents ◾ xv
C onclusion ..................................................................................................................... 344

A ction Points...................................................................................................................345
R eferences ...................................................................................................................... 346
11 Emergent Carbon Issues: Technologies and Future .................................................347
K ey Points ...................................................................................................................... 347
I ntroduction ................................................................................................................... 347
Future Carbon Landscape .............................................................................................. 348
Green ICT and Technology Trends.................................................................................350
C loud Computing ...........................................................................................................350
Sa aS ................................................................................................................................353
N anotechnologies ............................................................................................................353
Qu antum/Trinary Computing ........................................................................................354
New Renewable Energies ................................................................................................354
ISO—New and Upgraded Standards ..............................................................................354
Security and Legal...........................................................................................................354
E codesign ........................................................................................................................355
B iomimicry .....................................................................................................................355
Green ICT—Business and Economic Trends ..................................................................356
Dichotomy of Developing Economies ............................................................................358
Collaborative Environmental Intelligence .......................................................................358
R eferences .......................................................................................................................361
PART B CASE STUDIES

12 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies and Applications
to a Hospital .............................................................................................................365
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................365
G oodMead Hospital .......................................................................................................365
Preliminary Green Investigation .................................................................................... 366
Green Business Objectives...............................................................................................367
SWOT of GoodMead Hospital ...................................................................................... 368
S trengths ............................................................................................................ 368
W eaknesses ......................................................................................................... 369
Op portunities ......................................................................................................370
Ā re ats .................................................................................................................370
Strategic Concerns of Management .................................................................................371
Steps in Developing a Hospital’s ERBS ...........................................................................372
Green Transformational Elements ...................................................................................373
Ā e Green Transformation Project ..................................................................................374
Social Dimension in Hospital GET................................................................................ 377
Technology Changes in Hospital ................................................................................... 377
Applying Mobile Technologies in GET ...........................................................................378
Do ctors ................................................................................................................379
N urses..................................................................................................................379
xvi ◾ Contents
P atients ................................................................................................................379
Suppliers (e.g., Pharmacies) ..................................................................................379
Lessons Learned in Implementing Green IT Strategies .................................................. 380
13 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies to the Packaging Industry .................381
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................381
A uPack Scenario .............................................................................................................381
AuPack’s Green IT Strategies ......................................................................................... 383
SWOT of AuPack in Green Context ...............................................................................385
Green IT Strengths ..............................................................................................385
Green IT Weaknesses ......................................................................................... 386
Green IT Opportunities ..................................................................................... 386
Green IT Ā re ats ................................................................................................ 386
Diagnosis in AuPack ...................................................................................................... 387
Planning for GET .......................................................................................................... 388
Economic Dimension in AuPack.................................................................................... 389
Technical Dimension in AuPack .................................................................................... 390
Process Dimension in AuPack .........................................................................................391
Social Dimension in AuPack ...........................................................................................391
Enactment of GET for AuPack .......................................................................................391
Review of GET for AuPack .............................................................................................393
Lessons Learned in GET for AuPack...............................................................................393
14 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies and Applications
to the Telecom Sector ...............................................................................................395
K ey Points .......................................................................................................................395
ZeeTel Telecom Scenario .................................................................................................395
Strategic Approach to Green ICT................................................................................... 398
SWOT of ZeeTel—Environmental Context .................................................................. 400
S trengths ............................................................................................................ 400
W eaknesses ..........................................................................................................401
Op portunities ......................................................................................................401
Ā re ats .................................................................................................................401
Motivators and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 402
Diagnosing the “As Is” State ........................................................................................... 402
P lanning......................................................................................................................... 404
Enterprise Data Center Transformation Plan ................................................................. 405
Enacting GET for ZeeTel ............................................................................................... 406
Data Center Changes in GET ........................................................................................ 407
Next-Generation Networks in GET ............................................................................... 407
E quipment Lifecycle....................................................................................................... 407
Attitude and Training .................................................................................................... 408
Review and Measure ...................................................................................................... 408
C onclusions.................................................................................................................... 408
R eferences ...................................................................................................................... 408
Contents ◾ xvii
Appendix A Ā e Environmentally Responsible Business Strategies (ERBS) Research

Project Survey............................................................................................ 409
Appendix B Case Study Scenarios for Trial Runs ..........................................................419
Appendix C Green IT Measurements from a CEMS ......................................................423
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................427
Green Glossary ..................................................................................................................429
Index .................................................................................................................................433
Foreword
Green IT means many things to many people, but most definitions boil down to two key aspects:
internal and external. Ā e first of these refers to the lowering of the energy consumption and car-
bon footprint of the IT process itself, and the second refers to t he use of IT to lower the energy
consumption and carbon footprint of the whole organization. Ā is book examines both.
Not so lo ng ago, sustainability was a f ringe issue. Environmentalism was the preserve of
“greenies” or “techies.” Now these issues are mainstream.
Green IT is a natural result of the world’s increasing interest in all things sustainable. Ā e
term did not exist 5 years ago—now it is an essential part of any discussion about the role of
IT in the modern world. IT is pervasive in business and society, and it is c losely linked with
sustainability.
Sustainability is, u ltimately, about ensu ring t hat we t ake out no more t han what we pu t
into a closed system—an organization, a society, or a planet. How do we ensure this? We need
to measure inputs a nd outputs. How do we me asure t hem? Invariably, it is I T s ystems t hat
provide the metering capabilities. IT is a lso used as the data repository and as the reporting
tool. IT systems are intrinsic to the measurement and management of sustainability on both a
local scale and a global scale.
Internal Green IT is b ecoming an important issue f or many reasons. Data center power
bills are soaring as electricity prices go up, and increased processing power means hotter pro-
cessors, which means more cooling. At the same time, tough economic circumstances are put-
ting a greater focus on running costs, and power consumption as a component of these costs is
becoming more visible. Environmental reporting requirements are becoming more stringent,
and there is an increased awareness across business and society of the unsustainability of many
current consumption patterns.
Rising ele ctricity cost s me an t hat m ore a nd m ore I T depa rtments a re i ncluding p ower
costs in their operating budgets as metering capabilities and measurement techniques improve.
Power consumption will become a very significant component of the cost of enterprise comput-
ing in the next few years. Even if organizations are unable to directly measure their IT power
consumption, they are often aware that it is too high and should be lowered if possible.
Ā ere are many well-documented ways of reducing IT’s power consumption, such as server and
storage virtualization and consolidation, “Green PCs,” thin clients, and so on. Internal Green IT
is important. By various measures, IT is responsible for 2%–3% of the world’s carbon emissions,
which puts it on par with the airline industry. In some IT-intensive industries, such as banking,
it can constitute well over half of all electricity consumed. Lowering or reducing the growth rate
xix
xx ◾ Foreword
of IT’s energy consumption is a worthwhile activity. Ā us, reduction in IT’s energy consumption
would have a significant effect on the big picture.
Ā e d isciplines, te chnologies, a nd m ethodologies o f i nternal G reen I T a re re asonably we ll
known, b ut n ot so w idely d iscussed i s I T’s en abling e ffect—its a bility to re duce a n o rganiza-
tion’s carbon footprint by facilitating more efficient a nd less c arbon-intensive work practices—
teleconferencing instead of flying or commuting, improved supply chain management, the use of
IT systems to replace carbon-intensive applications, IT-enabled energy reduction systems, smart
metering, and so on. Ā at is what we might call external Green IT.
IT has always been an enabling technology. Computers by themselves are nothing more than
pieces of metal and plastic, and software nothing more than magnetized dust on a hard disk. IT
systems exist to help individuals and organizations perform better—they are a means to an end.
Just a s I T c an bring g reater e fficiencies to business processes, automate direct marketing cam-
paigns, or improve the manufacturing efficiencies, so can it help reduce an organization’s carbon
footprint—both within and outside the IT department.
Technology, a nd e specially I T, i s t he ke y to a m ore su stainable f uture. From sm art m eter-
ing in the home to i nternational carbon trading systems, it is IT-based systems that make it all
work. IT-based systems are used to design renewable energy platforms and run waste management
facilities.
Ā is book addresses all these issues. Unhelkar takes a holistic and pragmatic view of sustain-
ability and Green IT, examining every aspect of Green IT and the way it can be implemented. Ā is
reflects the passion for and knowledge of these issues by the author. Unhelkar is particularly good
at mixing the theoretical with the practical: discussing the ideas and demonstrating their use. Ā at
is this book’s great strength.
Ā is b ook a lso d iscusses t he c orporate re sponsibilities o f o rganizations i n a m arket-driven
economy. Increase in profits, reduction in costs, application of innovations in business, adherence
to g overnance s tandards, re gulatory metrics a nd measurements, process m anagement, environ-
mental i ntelligence, a nd t he so ciocultural a spects o f a b usiness a re a ll n eatly i ntertwined w ith
Green IT issues. Green IT is not treated as a separate silo of technology; this book shows Green
IT as an integral part of reducing the environmental impact of all business activities. It looks at
the facilities, processes, and people that can all be brought together to reduce the overall impact of
business activities on the environment.
Ā e bottom line in being more sustainable is greater efficiency. It is no coincidence that this is
also the bottom line in success in business. Ā e two go hand-in-hand. And more often than not, it
is the effective use of IT that is the key to success. Ā at is what this book will help you do.
Graeme Philipson
Wollongong, Australia
Graeme Philipson is one of the world’s leading Green IT consultants. His company Connection
Research developed the Green IT Framework, a system for identifying the different components
of Green IT, and the Green IT Readiness Index, a benchmarking methodology for quantifying the
maturity of Green IT within an organization. He was the founding editor of MIS Magazine and
is a former research director with consultancy Gartner.
Preface
Profits versus carbon, customer services versus carbon, competition versus carbon, regulations ver-
sus carbon. For too long, the carbon reduction debate has pitched good environmental outcomes
against good business outcomes. Yet t he reality, however, is t hat be st business practice delivers
both good business outcomes and environmental benefits. Many CEOs are either looking to show
leadership or leading in carbon reduction because it is good for their businesses.
Ā e c arbon reduction debate i s changing. In t he c ontext of t he environment, t he questions
revolve around what the strategies, policies, and objectives of a business should be. What are the
green drivers a business should anticipate, and what are the motivational levers? CEOs are asking
what they should measure and how they should report their attempts at green transformations to
get the best business outcomes. How will enterprise architecture change when a Carbon Emissions
Management Software (CEMS) tool is implemented? What are the risks a business will encounter
as green strategies are developed and implemented? What are the risks to a business from a lack of
environmental consciousness within the business?
Ā ese are some of the practical questions answered in this book. While respecting the contrary
views within the carbon reduction debate, t his book focuses pragmatically on the activities and
tasks, roles and deliverables, and metrics and measurements that enable an organization to sensibly
reduce its carbon footprint because of the business benefits achieved through good environmental
outcomes.
Ā e scope for carbon reduction is large. Ā erefore, Green IT, as discussed in this book, is not
restricted to IT alone. Instead, Green IT (technology, communications, information, policies, pro-
cedures, governance, risk, audit, compliance, strategy, service levels, performance management,
and more) is discussed in an all-encompassing manner covering a wide range of issues in environ-
mental sustainability. Such an approach utilizes the resources available to a business in a unified
(holistic) approach toward t he environment to fo rm a re sulting environmental intelligence (EI)
and keep business goals closely meshed with the environmental goals. Ā is intelligence imbues the
organization with a green value system that is highly relevant to the future carbon economy.
Ā e discussion in this book is an opportunity to tap into this intelligence. It is a journey of
transformation, expansion, and application of the resident business intelligence in a way that will
benefit both the business and the environment. Ā is is an invaluable discussion to have in today’s
business world, which is fraught with risks, regulations, and customer preferences—all impacted
by environmental considerations.
Ā e application of business intelligence to enhance the environmental credentials of a business
can be formalized into the concept of EI. EI can be understood as the use of the organization’s sys-
tems, applications, contents, processes, architectures, and designs to transform the organization.
xxi
xxii ◾ Preface
Ā is b ook a lso e xamines t he a reas of Business Transformation a nd a ssociated a spects of Change

Management in the context of the environment.
Ā e ideas expressed in this book are a judicious combination of research (as a PhD project over
the past three years), the practical experiences of the author as a consultant and trainer in the area
of Green IT, and the scholarly and business insights of select colleagues who see the future profit-
ability and sustainability of businesses aligned with environmental outcomes. Ā us, you will find a
substantial literature review, many statistical survey results, and insights gained within this book.
Ā is is a highly pragmatic and practical book that is written to demonstrate the role of EI within a
business, particularly environmentally responsible business strategies (ERBS).
Ā e practical aspect of this book comes from the fact that it demonstrates how ERBS can be
implemented i n a n o rganization t hrough m odifications, u pgrades, re deployment, a nd o ptimi-
zations of e xisting s ystems a nd processes, tog ether w ith s ystems a nd processes t hat a re new to
Green IT. Ā is book discusses environmental issues from multiple and varied angles. Ā es e angles
include the technologies that create carbon emissions, the technologies that can be used in reduc-
ing the organization’s carbon footprint, the impact of carbon emissions on business, the existing
and upcoming compliance requirements by business, and the role that business and society can
play in utilizing IT in a g reen way. Ā e sociopolitical challenges of environmentally responsible
business are also discussed, together with strategies to ameliorate them.
Ā is book aims to incorporate business intelligence, as used by business systems, technolo-
gies, and people, into environmental intelligence. Ā is book also provides the roadmap for green
business transformation using existing business intelligence. Finally, it also provides views on the
future direction of Green IT.
Readers
Many types of readers interested in environmental issues from a business perspective will find this
book interesting:
(a ) Dec ision makers: Strategic decision makers in the industry who are involved in the process
of improving their business operations and services to become environmentally responsible.
Ā is book includes advice on measurements to back their decisions and for transformation
within and from outside the business.
(b ) Te chnologists: Ā e technical leaders of the organization, including IT managers, development
managers, data center directors, and network managers. Such technologists will find the dis-
cussions in this book, especially Chapters 3, 4, and 6, highly relevant. Of focus is the appli-
cation of various strategies and techniques to optimize the use of hardware and upgrade the
processes, measurements, and reporting on the organization’s environmental performance.
(c ) Dev elopers: Ā ose i nvolved i n de sign, de velopment, a nd te sting o f C arbon E missions
Management Software (CEMS). Chapter 7 in this book has detailed UML-based require-
ments and an initial design for such a system that is directly relevant to developers.
(d ) Trainers and Teachers: Ā is book is organized in a way that is highly conducive to industrial
training and higher degree courses. Ā e discussion points, action points, and case studies are
highly relevant in this regard. Ā e discussion topics can also be used for interactive discus-
sions within a classroom environment.
(e ) A cademics: Ā e rapidly increasing body of researchers and academics who are exploring vari-
ous ways of incorporating environmental strategies in business. Ā e chapters in this book
are based on literature reviews that provide the scholarly background for the discussions in
technologies a nd business i ntelligence for t he environment. Ā e social, cultural, political,
and legal aspects of environmental compliance will also be of interest to non-IT researchers.
For academic teachers, each chapter is organized with an introduction, detailed discussion,
relevant summaries, and discussion topics.
xxiii
Mapping to a Workshop
Ā e book has material that can be divided into a two-day training course or workshop that can be
delivered in public or as an in-house customized training, as shown in the following table.
Mapping of the Chapters in This Book to a Two-Day Workshop
Presentation and
Discussion Workshop Relevant
Day Session Topic Chapters Comments
1 8:30 a.m.– Green IT strategies and 1, 2, 3 Covers drivers and dimensions of

10:00 a.m. policies change; approach to policies,
their deployment, and green
metrics
10:30 a.m.– Green IT and data 4, 6 Virtualization; smart meters;
12:00 a.m. centers; devices; Green optimization; interfaces between
enterprise architecture existing systems (CRM, ERP) and
new carbon systems
1:30 p.m.– Green business process 5 Process reengineering as
3:00 p.m management applicable to Green IT
3:30 p.m.– A case study 12–14
5:00 p.m. (any one)
2 8:30 a.m.– Green enterprise 9 In-depth business transformation
10:00 a.m. transformation process framework for Green IT
10:30 a.m.– Carbon Emissions 7, 8 UML-based models of a CEMS;
12:00 a.m. Management Software rewards/motivation and structure
(CEMS) design; Green of Green HR
HR
1:30 p.m.– Green IT audits, laws, 10 ISO 14001 and related standards.
3:00 p.m. and standards Audits
3:30 p.m.– Second case study 12–14
5:00 p.m. (any one)
When used in an academic course, this book forms a 13-week teaching exercise for graduate-
level study, with each chapter corresponding to a lecture topic, supported by practical group work
based on the case studies.
xxv
Contents and Chapter
Summaries
Ā is book has 14 chapters. Ā is first part of the book is made up of 11 chapters that discuss Green
IT within a business a context, whereas the second part provides 3 supporting case studies. Each
chapter in the first part is laid out in the following form: title, keypoints, main body of the chapter,
summary, a nd d iscussion topics. E ach chapter is interspersed w ith sidebars a nd concludes w ith
action points that provide step-by-step guidance on implementing the discussions. Each chapter
also includes detailed referencing, a comprehensive index, meanings of acronyms, and keywords,
figures, tables, and appendices that are invaluable for practitioners. Ā e following table provides a
brief overview of each chapter.
Chapter Description
Part A—Strategies and Applications

Chapter 1 Green IT Fundamentals: Business, IT, and the Environment
Chapter 2 Green IT Strategies: Drivers, Dimensions, and Goals
Chapter 3 Environmentally Responsible Business: Policies, Practices, and Metrics
Chapter 4 Green Assets: Buildings, Data Centers, Networks, and Devices
Chapter 5 Green Business Process Management: Modeling, Optimization, and

Collaboration
Chapter 6 Green Enterprise Architecture, Environmental Intelligence, and Green

Supply Chains
Chapter 7 Green Information Systems: Design and Development Models
Chapter 8 Sociocultural Aspects of Green IT
Chapter 9 Green Enterprise Transformation Roadmap
Chapter 10 Green Compliance: Protocols, Standards, and Audits
Chapter 11 Emergent Carbon Issues: Technologies and Future
xxvii
xxviii ◾ Contents and Chapter Summaries
Chapter Description
Part B—Case Studies

Chapter 12 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies and Applications to a
Hospital
Chapter 13 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies to the Packaging Industry
Chapter 14 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies and Applications to the

Telecom Sector
Ā e following appendices provide supporting information.
Appendix Description
Appendix A The Environmentally Responsible Business Strategies (ERBS) Research

Project Survey
Appendix B Case Study Scenarios for Trial Runs
Appendix C Green IT Measurements from a CEMS

Language
Ā e author firmly believes in gender-neutral language. However, in order to maintain the simplic-
ity of reading she and he have been used freely. Terms like user and manager represent roles and
not people. We may play more than one role at a g iven time—such as consultant, academic, and
analyst. As a result, the semantics behind the theory and examples may change depending on the
role you are playing, and should be kept in mind as you read this book. “We” throughout the text
primarily refers to the reader and the author—you and me. Occasionally, we refers to the general
business or the ICT community, depending on the context.
Critiques
Critiques of this work are welcome. Ā e author will be grateful to you for your comments, feed-
back, and criticisms, as they surely will add to t he overall k nowledge available on mobility and
mobile transitions. A very big thank you to all readers and critics in advance.
Bhuvan Unhelkar
xxix
Acknowledgments
Warren Adkins Dale Nott

Akshai Aggrawal Christopher Payne
Prasanta K. Banerjea Graeme Philipson
Adriana Beal Amit Pradhan
Siddharth Bhargav B. Ramesh
Dave Curtis Norbert Raymond
Julian Day Prashant Risbud
Yogesh Deshpande Zahra Saeed
William Ehmcke Manan Shah
Abbass Ghanbary Nawaz Sharif
Tushar H azra Keith Sherringham
R. Kinjal Vivek Shrinivasan
Anand Kuppuswami Chitra Subramanium
Amit Lingarchani Louis Taborda
Mohammed Maharmeh Amit Tiwary
Girish Mamdapur Bharti Trivedi*
Javed Matin Sanjay Vij
Vikas Mehrunkar Mindy Wu
San Murugesan Houman Younessi
In addition to the names above, the author is also extremely grateful to the students, colleagues,
and friends at the University of Western Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, DD University
(Nadiad India), Gujarat University (SVIT India), and Gujarat Technological University (GTU)
for their valuable inputs, research opportunities, comments and criticisms, and practical experi-
ences. My heartfelt thanks to all these wonderful people spread across the globe.
*Bharti Trivedi needs special mention for undertaking a noted PhD that provided an important
backdrop to this book. Her assiduous research, meticulous reporting, and also some editorial help—
all balanced with her family responsibilities—have been invaluable in the completion of this work.
xxxi
xxxii ◾ Acknowledgments
My sp ecial t hanks a lso to G raeme Philipson a nd W illiam E hmcke for t heir su pport. Ā ey
are c ontributing to t he fi eld of Green I T a nd enterprises, pa rticularly i n t he a rea of t he Green
IT readiness index and the Green enterprise transformation frameworks. Ā eir permission to use
some of their material is highly appreciated.
Finally, thanks to my family, Sonki, Keshav, and Asha, and extended family, Chinar, Girish,
and Amit. Ā is book is dedicated to a beloved person who came into my family before me and left
quickly and softly, hardly making any footprints. Perhaps she loved the Earth too much to toddle
(let alone tread) over it!
Endorsements (In Praise
of Green IT Strategies
and Applications)
Ā e foremost reason I would buy this book is because it does not separate and thereby
alienate business efficiency from carbon efficiency. Ā at is an excellent approach to
take toward carbon reduction in a market-driven economy.
Warren Adkins
Sydney, Australia
Ā is book brings together the research on environmental sustainability with its prac-
tice in real life. Ā e value of this book comes from this synergy of research and prac-
tice. Ā e practical approaches in this book fi nd support in the robustness associated
with doctoral-level research.
Akshai Aggrawal
Vice Chancellor, Gujarat Technological University India;
and Associate Professor and Interim Director,
School of Computer Science
University of Windsor, Canada
Unhelkar has been on the panel of judges for the Consensus GreenTech Awards since
their inception t wo years a go. He has a lso been a j udge of t he C onsensus Software
Awards for nine years. His passion for Green IT and environmental sustainability is
well known—and is reflected in the pages of this book. Ā is is a must-have book for
anyone associated with efforts at re ducing c arbon em issions a nd u nderstanding t he
key issues affecting the future of our planet.
Julian Day
MACS MAICD, Founder and CEO,
Consensus Group; Past Chair
QESP (Quantitative Enterprise Software Performance) Australia
xxxiii
xxxiv ◾ Endorsements (In Praise of GISA)
Ā e new economy is the green economy where cost a nd carbon savings a re unified.
My own experience in leading and promoting the development of an enterprise-class
energy consumption monitoring and environmental impact analysis platform has con-
vinced me that management of carbon footprint is an integral part of business—not
an add on. Precisely the theme that comes out again and again through the chapters of
this excellent book on Green IT strategies authored by Dr. Unhelkar.
Ramin Marzbani, AMSRS, FMA, EPTS

Director, Event Zero Pty Limited (Creators of Greentrac)
San Murugesan
Professor of Information Systems and IT Management
Multimedia University, Malaysia
For too long, the carbon emissions debate has pitched good environmental outcomes
against good business outcomes when, in reality, the two are synonymous. It is refresh-
ing to see a business-focused pragmatic and practical approach to delivering business
outcomes through good environmental practice.
Keith Sherringham
Independent business consultant
Author of Cookbook for Shareholder Value and Market Dominance
Sydney, Australia
Ā is book expresses very well the basic idea that carbon efficiency is not an isolated
activity but, rather, implicit in running a lean and efficient business. Ā e discussions
on carbon efficiency of Green IT in this book span almost all the dimensions of an
enterprise—strategies a nd p olicies, a rchitecture a nd de sign, so cial [and] l egal s tan-
dards, and audits. A must read for any business embarking on the journey of Green
enterprise transformation.
Aditya Ghose
Professor, Director of Decision Systems Lab
School of Computer Science and Software Engineering
University of Wollongong, Australia
Author
Dr. Bhuvan Unhelkar (BE, MDBA, MSc, PhD; FACS) has more than two decades of strategic as
well as hands-on professional experience in the information and communication technologies (ICT)
industry. As a founder of MethodScience.com, he has notable practical consulting and training exper-
tise in business analysis (use cases, BPMN), software engineering (object modeling, Agile processes
and quality), Green IT (environment), enterprise architecture (including SOA), project management,
collaborative web services, and mobile business. His domain experience includes banking, financial,
insurance, government, as well as telecommunication organizations, wherein he has created indus-
try-specific process maps, quality strategies, and business transformation approaches. For the past
few years, Dr. Unhelkar has been actively involved in researching Green IT and the environment—
and its application in practice. He has supervised a PhD in the area of Environmentally Responsible
Business Strategies (by B. Trivedi) and also set up and delivered a two-day training course approved
by the Australian Computer Society titled “Green IT Design and Implementation” (delivered around
Australia through Connection Research/Envirability). He is a w inner of the Consensus IT profes-
sional award and the IT writer award under the “best author” category.
Apart f rom au thoring t his b ook, D r. U nhelkar h as p ublished/presented t he fo llowing i n
relation to Green IT:
Trivedi, B., and Unhelkar, B. (2009), Extending and Applying Web2.0 and beyond for envi-
ronmental Intelligence, Handbook in Research on Web 2.0, 3.0 and x.0: Technologies, Business
xxxv
xxxvi ◾ Author
and S ocial Ap plications ( Edited b y Sa n M urugesan), Pub lished b y I nformation S cience

Reference, USA, chapter no 43.
Trivedi, B., a nd Unhelkar, B. ( 2009), S emantic I ntegration of E nvironmental Web S ervices
in an Organization, Selected in ICECS 2009 Conference held at Dubai 28th to 30th Dec
2009, to be published in IEEE Computer Society Journal.
Unhelkar, B., editor, the Handbook of Research in Green ICT: Technological, Methodological and
Social P erspectives, IGI Gl obal, Hershey, PA, U SA. E dited. I n p ress (close to 5 0 c hapters
contributed globally).
Unhelkar, B. , Cu tter B enchmark R eview ( CBR) ( 2009), Cre ating a nd A pplying G reen I T
Metrics and Measurement in Practice, Green IT Metrics and Measurement: Ā e Complex Side
of Environmental Responsibility, 9(10): 10 –17.
Unhelkar, B. , a nd T rivedi, B. ( 2009) “ Managing E nvironmental C ompliance: A T echno-
Business P erspective,” SCIT ( Symbiosis C entre for I nformation Technology) J ournal, ISSN
0974–5076, Sep, 2009, paper ID: JSCIT09_015.
Unhelkar, B., and Trivedi, B. (2009) “Merging Web Services with 3G IP Multimedia systems
for providing Solutions in Managing Environmental Compliance by Businesses,” Proceedings
of t he Ā ird I nternational C onference on I nternet T echnologies an d Ap plications (I nternet
Technologies and Applications, ITA 09), 8–11 Sep, 2009, Wrexham, North Wales, UK.
Unhelkar, B. a nd Trivedi, B. ( 2009), “ Role o f m obile te chnologies i n a n E nvironmentally
Responsible Bu siness St rategy,” i n Handbook of Research in Mobile Business: Technical,
Methodological and S ocial P erspectives, 2n d E dition (Edited b y B. U nhelkar), I GI Gl obal
Publication, Hershey, PA, USA.
Unhelkar, B., and Dickens, A . (2008), L essons in implementing “Green” Business Strategies
with ICT, Cutter IT Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2008, Cutter Consortium, USA.
Unhelkar, B., and Philipson, G. (2009), “Development and Application of a Green IT Maturity
Index,” ACOSM2009—Ā e Australian Conference on Software Measurement (ACOSM),
Nov. 2009.
Dr. U nhelkar e arned h is do ctorate i n t he a rea o f “ object o rientation” f rom t he U niversity o f

Technology, Sydney, in 1997. Subsequently, he designed and delivered course units such as Global
Information Systems, Object Oriented Analysis and Design, Business Process Reengineering, and
IT Project Management in the industry as well as across universities in Australia, China, and
India. He led the Mobile Internet Research and Applications Group (MIRAG) at the University of
Western Sydney, where he is also an adjunct associate professor. He has authored/edited 16 books
in t he a reas of c ollaborative business, g lobalization, mobile business, software quality, business
analysis, business processes and the UML and has extensively presented and published papers and
case studies.
Apart f rom Green I T, m any other i ndustrial c ourses de veloped by Dr. Unhelkar h ave now
been delivered to b usiness executives and IT professionals globally (in Australia, USA, Canada,
UK, China, India, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, and Singapore). Training courses delivered through
MethodScience are consistently ranked highly by the participants.
Dr. Unhelkar is a sought-after orator, a fellow of the Australian Computer Society (elected to
this prestigious membership grade in 2002 for his distinguished contribution to the field of infor-
mation and communications technology), a life member of Computer Society of India, Rotarian
at St. Ives (Paul Harris Fellow), Discovery volunteer at NSW parks and wildlife, and a previous
TiE Mentor.
STRATEGIES AND A
APPLICATIONS
Chapter 1
Green IT Fundamentals:
Business, IT, and the
Environment
If you lose touch with nature you lose touch with humanity.
J. Krishnamurti’s Journal, April 4, 1975
Key Points
◾ A strategy for Green IT forms part of and aligns to an overall business strategy.
◾ Astute business sees Green IT as organizational best practices that lowers costs, provides
better customer service, and improves business operations.
◾ Ā e practical discussions within this book on the alignment of business and environmental
outcomes are underpinned by industrial research.
Introduction
An indisputably winning argument behind the implementation of Green IT* initiatives is based
on business efficiency. Ā is is the same reason why businesses strive to be lean, improve their qual-
ity, and reengineer their processes. Ā us, while myriad reasons abound for why an organization
should become green, the one reason that is beyond reproach is that “a green business is synony-
mous with an efficient business.” When a reduction in carbon is allied with the economic drivers
of a b usiness, t he s earch for justifying t he c osts to o ptimize business processes a nd v irtualized
* Ā e t erm I T i mplies i nformation, t echnology, a nd c ommunications dom ain. O ccasionally, t he t erm ICT i s
used—especially in emphasizing the communications aspect of IT.
3
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identical with the arseniates of several bases. These, and similar
results, were expressed by saying that, in such cases, the bases,
lime, protoxide of iron, and the rest, are isomorphous; or in the latter
instance, that the arsenic and phosphoric acids are isomorphous.
37 Essay on the Theory of Chemical Proportions, p. 122.
Since, in some of these cases, the substitution of one element of

the isomorphous group for another does alter the angle, though
slightly, it has since been proposed to call such groups
plesiomorphous.
This discovery of isomorphism was of great importance, and

excited much attention among the chemists of Europe. The history of
its reception, however, belongs, in part, to the classification of
minerals; for its effect was immediately to metamorphose the existing
chemical systems of arrangement. But even those crystallographers
and chemists who cared little for general systems of classification,
received a powerful impulse by the expectation, which was now
excited, of discovering definite laws connecting chemical constitution
with crystalline form. Such investigations were soon carried on with
great activity. Thus, at a recent period, Abich analysed a number of
tessular minerals, spinelle, pleonaste, gahnite, franklinite, and
chromic iron oxide; and 336 seems to have had some success in
giving a common type to their chemical formulæ, as there is a
common type in their crystallization.
[2nd Ed.] [It will be seen by the above account that Prof.
Mitscherlich’s merit in the great discovery of Isomorphism is not at all
narrowed by the previous conjectures of M. Fuchs. I am informed,
moreover, that M. Fuchs afterwards (in Schweigger’s Journal)
retracted the opinions he had put forward on this subject.]
Dimorphism.—My business is, to point out the connected truths
which have been obtained by philosophers, rather than insulated
difficulties which still stand out to perplex them. I need not, therefore,
dwell on the curious cases of dimorphism; cases in which the same
definite chemical compound of the same elements appears to have
two different forms; thus the carbonate of lime has two forms,
calcspar and arragonite, which belong to different systems of
crystallization. Such facts may puzzle us; but they hardly interfere
with any received general truths, because we have as yet no truths
of very high order respecting the connexion of chemical constitution
and crystalline form. Dimorphism does not interfere with
isomorphism; the two classes of facts stand at the same stage of
inductive generalization, and we wait for some higher truth which
shall include both, and rise above them.
[2nd Ed.] [For additions to our knowledge of the Dimorphism of

Bodies, see Professor Johnstone’s valuable Report on that subject in
the Reports of the British Association for 1837. Substances have
also been found which are trimorphous. We owe to Professor
Mitscherlich the discovery of dimorphism, as well as of isomorphism:
and to him also we owe the greater part of the knowledge to which
these discoveries have led.]
CHAPTER VII.
Attempts to Establish the Fixity of other Physical Properties.—Werner.
T HE reflections from which it appeared, (at the end of the last

Book,) that in order to obtain general knowledge respecting
bodies, we must give scientific fixity to our appreciation of their
properties, applies to their other properties as well as to their
crystalline 337 form. And though none of the other properties have
yet been referred to standards so definite as that which geometry
supplies for crystals, a system has been introduced which makes
their measures far more constant and precise than they are to a
common undisciplined sense.
The author of this system was Abraham Gottlob Werner, who had
been educated in the institutions which the Elector of Saxony had
established at the mines of Freiberg. Of an exact and methodical
intellect, and of great acuteness of the senses, Werner was well
fitted for the task of giving fixity to the appreciation of outward
impressions; and this he attempted in his Dissertation on the
external Characters of Fossils, which was published at Leipzig in
1774. Of the precision of his estimation of such characters, we may
judge from the following story, told by his biographer Frisch. 38 One
of his companions had received a quantity of pieces of amber, and
was relating to Werner, then very young, that he had found in the lot
one piece from which he could extract no signs of electricity. Werner
requested to be allowed to put his hand in the bag which contained
these pieces, and immediately drew out the unelectrical piece. It was
yellow chalcedony, which is distinguishable from amber by its weight
and coldness.
38 Werner’s Leben, p. 26.
The principal external characters which were subjected by Werner

to a systematic examination were color, lustre, hardness, and
specific gravity. His subdivisions of the first character (Color), were
very numerous; yet it cannot be doubted that if we recollect them by
the eye, and not by their names, they are definite and valuable
characters, and especially the metallic colors. Breithaupt, merely by
the aid of this character, distinguished two new compounds among
the small grains found along with the grains of platinum, and usually
confounded with them. The kinds of Lustre, namely, glassy, fatty,
adamantine, metallic, are, when used in the same manner, equally
valuable. Specific Gravity obviously admits of a numerical measure;
and the Hardness of a mineral was pretty exactly defined by the
substances which it would scratch, and by which it was capable of
being scratched.
Werner soon acquired a reputation as a mineralogist, which drew

persons from every part of Europe to Freiberg in order to hear his
lectures; and thus diffused very widely his mode of employing
external characters. It was, indeed, impossible to attend so closely to
338 these characters as the Wernerian method required, without
finding that they were more distinctive than might at first sight be
imagined; and the analogy which this mode of studying Mineralogy
established between that and other branches of Natural History,
recommended the method to those in whom a general inclination to
such studies was excited. Thus Professor Jameson of Edinburgh,
who had been one of the pupils of Werner at Freiberg, not only
published works in which he promulgated the mineralogical doctrines
of his master, but established in Edinburgh a “Wernerian Society,”
having for its object the general cultivation of Natural History.
Werner’s standards and nomenclature of external characters were
somewhat modified by Mohs, who, with the same kinds of talents
and views, succeeded him at Freiberg. Mohs reduced hardness to
numerical measure by selecting ten known minerals, each harder
than the other in order, from talc to corundum and diamond, and by
making the place which these minerals occupy in the list, the
numerical measure of the hardness of those which are compared
with them. The result of the application of this fixed measurement
and nomenclature of external characters will appear in the History of
Classification, to which we now proceed.
SYSTEMATIC MINERALOGY.
CHAPTER VIII.
Attempts at the Classification of Minerals.
Sect. 1.—Proper object of Classification.
T HE fixity of the crystalline and other physical properties of

minerals is turned to account by being made the means of
classifying such objects. To use the language of Aristotle, 39
Classification is the architectonic science, to which Crystallography
and the Doctrine of External Characters are subordinate and
ministerial, as the art of the bricklayer and carpenter are to that of
the architect. But classification itself is useful only as subservient to
an ulterior science, which shall furnish us with knowledge concerning
things so classified. To classify is to divide and to name; and the
value of the Divisions which we thus make, and of the names which
we give them, is this;—that they render exact knowledge and
general propositions possible. Now the knowledge which we
principally seek concerning minerals is a knowledge of their chemical
composition; the general propositions to which we hope to be led are
such as assert relations between their intimate constitution and their
external attributes. Thus our Mineralogical Classification must always
have an eye turned towards Chemistry. We cannot get rid of the
fundamental conviction, that the elementary composition of bodies,
since it fixes their essence, must determine their properties. Hence
all mineralogical arrangements, whether they profess it or not, must
be, in effect, chemical; they must have it for their object to bring into
view a set of relations, which, whatever else they may be, are at
least chemical relations. We may begin with the outside, but it is only
in order to reach the inner 340 structure. We may classify without
reference to chemistry; but if we do so, it is only that we may assert
chemical propositions with reference to our classification.
39 Eth. Nicom. i. 2.
But, as we have already attempted to show, we not only may, but

we must classify, by other than chemical characters, in order to be
able to make our classification the basis of chemical knowledge. In
order to assert chemical truths concerning bodies, we must have the
bodies known by some tests not chemical. The chemist cannot
assert that Arragonite does or does not contain Strontia, except the
mineralogist can tell him whether any given specimen is or is not
Arragonite. If chemistry be called upon to supply the definitions as
well as the doctrines of mineralogy, the science can only consist of
identical propositions.
Yet chemistry has been much employed in mineralogical

classifications, and, it is generally believed, with advantage to the
science: How is this consistent with what has been said?
To this the answer is, that when this has been done with
advantage, the authority of external characters, as well as of
chemical constitution, has really been brought into play. We have two
sets of properties to compare, chemical and physical; to exhibit the
connexion of these is the object of scientific mineralogy. And though
this connexion would be most distinctly asserted, if we could keep
the two sets of properties distinct, yet it may be brought into view in a
great degree, by classifications in which both are referred to as
guides. Since the governing principle of the attempts at classification
is the conviction that the chemical constitution and the physical
properties have a definite relation to each other, we appear entitled
to use both kinds of evidence, in proportion as we can best obtain
each; and then the general consistency and convenience of our
system will be the security for its containing substantial knowledge,
though this be not presented in a rigorously logical or systematic
form.
Such mixed systems of classification, resting partly on chemical

and partly on physical characters, naturally appeared as the earliest
attempts in this way, before the two members of the subject had
been clearly separated in men’s minds; and these systems,
therefore, we must first give an account of.
Sect. 2.—Mixed Systems of Classification.
Early Systems.—The first attempts at classifying minerals went

upon the ground of those differences of general aspect which had
been 341 recognized in the formation of common language; as
earths, stones, metals. But such arrangements were manifestly
vague and confused; and when chemistry had advanced to power
and honor, her aid was naturally called in to introduce a better order.
“Hiarne and Bromell were, as far as I know,” says 40 Cronstedt, “the
first who founded any mineral system upon chemical principles; to
them we owe the three known divisions of the most simple mineral
bodies; viz., the calcarei, vitrescentes, and apyri.” But Cronstedt’s
own Essay towards a System of Mineralogy, published in Swedish in
1758, had perhaps more influence than any other, upon succeeding
systems. In this, the distinction of earths and stones, and also of
vitrescent and non-vitrescent earths (apyri), is rejected. The earths
are classed as calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous, and the like.
Again, calcareous earth is pure (calc spar), or united with acid of
vitriol (gypsum), or united with the muriatic add (sal ammoniac), and
the like. It is easy to see that this is the method, which, in its general
principle, has been continued to our own time. In such methods, it is
supposed that we can recognize the substance by its general
appearance, and on this assumption, its place in the system conveys
to us chemical knowledge concerning it.
40 Mineralogy, Pref. p. viii.
But as the other branches of Natural History, and especially

Botany, assumed a systematic form, many mineralogists became
dissatisfied with this casual and superficial mode of taking account of
external characters; they became convinced, that in Mineralogy as in
other sciences, classification must have its system and its rules. The
views which Werner ascribes to his teacher, Pabst van Ohain, 41
show the rise of those opinions which led through Werner to Mohs:
“He was of opinion that a natural mineral system must be
constructed by chemical determinations, and external characters at
the same time (methodus mixta); but that along with this,
mineralogists ought also to construct and employ what he called an
artificial system, which might serve us as a guide (loco indicis) how
to introduce newly-discovered fossils into the system, and how to
find easily and quickly those already known and introduced.” Such
an artificial system, containing not the grounds of classification, but
marks for recognition, was afterwards attempted by Mohs, and
termed by him the Characteristic of his system.
41 Frisch. Werner’s Leben, p. 15.
Werner’s System.—But, in the mean time, Werner’s classification

had an extensive reign, and this was still a mixed system. Werner
himself, indeed, never published a system of mineralogy. “We might
342 almost imagine,” Cuvier says, 42 “that when he had produced his
nomenclature of external characters, he was affrighted with his own
creation; and that the reason of his writing so little after his first
essay, was to avoid the shackles which he had imposed upon
others.” His system was, indeed, made known both in and out of
Germany, by his pupils; but in consequence of Werner’s
unwillingness to give it on his own authority, it assumed, in its
published forms, the appearance of an extorted secret imperfectly
told. A Notice of the Mineralogical Cabinet of Mine-Director Pabst
von Ohain, was, in 1792, published by Karsten and Hoffman, under
Werner’s direction; and conveyed by example, his views of
mineralogical arrangement; and 43 in 1816 his Doctrine of
Classification was surreptitiously copied from his manuscript, and
published in a German Journal, termed The Hesperus. But it was
only in 1817, after his death, that there appeared Werner’s Last
Mineral System, edited from his papers by Breithaupt and Köhler:
and by this time, as we shall soon see, other systems were coming
forwards on the stage.
42 Cuv. El. ii. 314.
43 Frisch. p. 52.
A very slight notice of Werner’s arrangement will suffice to show

that it was, as we have termed it, a Mixed System. He makes four
great Classes of fossils, Earthy, Saline, Combustible, Metallic: the
earthy fossils are in eight Genera—Diamond, Zircon, Silica, Alumina,
Talc, Lime, Baryta, Hallites. It is clear that these genera are in the
main chemical, for chemistry alone can definitely distinguish the
different Earths which characterize them. Yet the Wernerian
arrangement supposed the distinctions to be practically made by
reference to those external characters which the teacher himself
could employ with such surpassing skill. And though it cannot be
doubted, that the chemical views which prevailed around him had a
latent influence on his classification in some cases, he resolutely
refused to bend his system to the authority of chemistry. Thus, 44
when he was blamed for having, in opposition to the chemists,
placed diamond among the earthy fossils, he persisted in declaring
that, mineralogically considered, it was a stone, and could not be
treated as anything else.
44 Frisch. p. 62.
This was an indication to that tendency, which, under his

successor, led to a complete separation of the two grounds of
classification. But before we proceed to this, we must notice what
was doing at this period in other parts of Europe.
Haüy’s System.—Though Werner, on his own principles, ought to

343 have been the first person to see the immense value of the most
marked of external characters, crystalline form, he did not, in fact,
attach much importance to it. Perhaps he was in some measure
fascinated by a fondness for those characters which he had himself
systematized, and the study of which did not direct him to look for
geometrical relations. However this may be, the glory of giving to
Crystallography its just importance in Mineralogy is due to France:
and the Treatise of Haüy, published in 1801, is the basis of the best
succeeding works of mineralogy. In this work, the arrangement is
professedly chemical; and the classification thus established is
employed as the means of enunciating crystallographic and other
properties. “The principal object of this Treatise,” says the author, 45
“is the exposition and development of a method founded on certain
principles, which may serve as a frame-work for all the knowledge
which Mineralogy can supply, aided by the different sciences which
can join hands with her and march on the same line.” It is worthy of
notice, as characteristic of this period of Mixed Systems, that the
classification of Haüy, though founded on principles so different from
the Wernerian ones, deviates little from it in the general character of
the divisions. Thus, the first Order of the first Class of Haüy is
Acidiferous Earthy Substances; the first genus is Lime; the species
are, Carbonate of Lime, Phosphate of Lime, Fluate of Lime, Sulphate
of Lime, and so on.
45 Disc. Prél. p. xvii.
Other Systems.—Such mixed methods were introduced also into

this country, and have prevailed, we may say, up to the present time.
The Mineralogy of William Phillips, which was published in 1824, and
which was an extraordinary treasure of crystallographic facts, was
arranged by such a mixed system; that is, by a system professedly
chemical; but, inasmuch as a rigid chemical system is impossible,
and the assumption of such a one leads into glaring absurdities, the
system was, in this and other attempts of the same kind, corrected
by the most arbitrary and lax application of other considerations.
It is a curious example of the difference of national intellectual

character, that the manifest inconsistencies of the prevalent systems,
which led in Germany, as we shall see, to bold and sweeping
attempts at reform, produced in England a sort of contemptuous
despair with regard to systems in general;—a belief that no system
could be consistent or useful;—and a persuasion that the only
valuable knowledge is the accumulation of particular facts. This is
not the place to 344 explain how erroneous and unphilosophical such
an opinion is. But we may notice that while such a temper prevails
among us, our place in this science can never be found in advance
of that position which we are now considering as exemplified in the
period of Werner and Haüy. So long as we entertain such views
respecting the objects of Mineralogy, we can have no share in the
fortunes of the succeeding period of its history, to which I now
proceed.
CHAPTER IX.
Attempts at the Reform of Mineralogical Systems.—Separation of the

Chemical and Natural History Methods.
Sect. 1.—Natural History System of Mohs.
T HE chemical principle of classification, if pursued at random, as

in the cases just spoken of leads to results at which a
philosophical spirit revolts; it separates widely substances which are
not distinguishable; joins together bodies the most dissimilar; and in
hardly any instance does it bring any truth into view. The vices of
classifications like that of Haüy could not long be concealed; but
even before time had exposed the weakness of his system, Haüy
himself had pointed out, clearly and without reserve, 46 that a
chemical system is only one side of the subject, and supposes, as its
counterpart, a science of external characters. In the mean time, the
Wernerians were becoming more and more in love with the form
which they had given to such a science. Indeed, the expertness
which Werner and his scholars acquired in the use of external
characters, justified some partiality for them. It is related of him, 47
that, by looking at a piece of iron-ore, and poising it in his hand, he
was able to tell, almost precisely, the proportion of pure metal which
it contained. And in the last year of his life, 48 he had marked out, as
the employment of the ensuing winter, the study of the system of
Berzelius, with a view to find out the laws of combination as
disclosed by external characters. In the same spirit, his pupil 345
Breithaupt 49 attempted to discover the ingredients of minerals by
their peculiarities of crystallization. The persuasion that there must
be some connexion between composition and properties,
transformed itself, in their minds, into a belief that they could seize
the nature of the connexion by a sort of instinct.
46 See his Disc. Prél.
47 Frisch. Werner’s Leben, p. 78.
48 Frisch. 3.
49 Dresdn. Auswahl, vol. ii. p. 97.
This opinion of the independency of the science of external

characters, and of its sufficiency for its own object, at last assumed
its complete form in the bold attempt to construct a system which
should borrow nothing from chemistry. This attempt was made by
Frederick Mohs, who had been the pupil of Werner, and was
afterwards his successor in the school of Freiberg; and who, by the
acute and methodical character of his intellect, and by his intimate
knowledge of minerals, was worthy of his predecessor. Rejecting
altogether all divisions of which the import was chemical, Mohs
turned for guidance, or at least for the light of analogy, to botany. His
object was to construct a Natural System of mineralogy. What the
conditions and advantages of a natural system of any province of
nature are, we must delay to explain till we have before us, in
botany, a more luminous example of such a scheme. But further; in
mineralogy, as in botany, besides the Natural System, by which we
form our classes, it is necessary to have an Artificial System by
which we recognize them;—a principle which, we have seen, had
already taken root in the school of Freiberg. Such an artificial system
Mohs produced in his Characteristic of the Mineral Kingdom, which
was published at Dresden in 1820; and which, though extending only
to a few pages, excited a strong interest in Germany, where men’s
minds were prepared to interpret the full import of such a work.
Some of the traits of such a “Characteristic” had, indeed, been
previously drawn by others; as for example, by Haüy, who notices
that each of his Classes has peculiar characters. For instance, his
First Class (acidiferous substances,) alone possesses these
combinations of properties; “division into a regular octohedron,
without being able to scratch glass; specific gravity above 3·5,
without being able to scratch glass.” The extension of such
characters into a scheme which should exhaust the whole mineral
kingdom, was the undertaking of Mohs.
Such a collection of marks of classes, implied a classification

previously established, and accordingly, Mohs had created his own
mineral system. His aim was to construct it, as we shall hereafter
see that other natural systems are constructed, by taking into
account all the 346 resemblances and differences of the objects
classified. It is obvious that to execute such a work, implied a most
intimate and universal acquaintance with minerals;—a power of
combining in one vivid survey the whole mineral kingdom. To
illustrate the spirit in which Professor Mohs performed his task, I
hope I may be allowed to refer to my own intercourse with him. At an
early period of my mineralogical studies, when the very conception
of a Natural System was new to me, he, with great kindliness of
temper, allowed me habitually to propose to him the scruples which
arose in my mind, before I could admit principles which appeared to
me then so vague and indefinite; and answered my objections with
great patience and most instructive clearness. Among other
difficulties, I one day propounded to him this;—“You have published
a Treatise on Mineralogy, in which you have described all the
important properties of all known minerals. On your principles, then,
it ought to be possible, merely by knowing the descriptions in your
book, and without seeing any minerals, to construct a natural
system; and this natural system ought to turn out identical with that
which you have produced, by so careful an examination of the
minerals themselves.” He pondered a moment, and then he
answered, “It is true; but what an enormous imagination
(einbildungskraft, power of inward imagining), a man must have for
such a work!” Vividness of conception of sensible properties, and the
steady intuition (anschauung) of objects, were deemed by him, and
by the Wernerian school in general, to be the most essential
conditions of complete knowledge.
It is not necessary to describe Mohs’s system in detail; it may

sufficiently indicate its form to state that the following substances,
such as I before gave as examples of other arrangements, calcspar,
gypsum, fluor spar, apatite, heavy spar, are by Mohs termed
respectively, Rhombohedral Lime Haloide, Gyps Haloide, Octohedral
Fluor Haloide, Rhombohedral Fluor Haloide, Prismatic Hal Baryte.
These substances are thus referred to the Orders Haloide, and
Baryte; to Genera Lime Haloide, Fluor Haloide, Hal Baryte; and the
Species is an additional particularization.
Mohs not only aimed at framing such a system, but was also
ambitious of giving to all minerals Names which should accord with
the system. This design was too bold to succeed. It is true, that a
new nomenclature was much needed in mineralogy: it is true, too,
that it was reasonable to expect, from an improved classification, an
improved nomenclature, such as had been so happily obtained in
botany by the 347 reform of Linnæus. But besides the defects of
Mohs’s system, he had not prepared his verbal novelties with the
temperance and skill of the great botanical reformer. He called upon
mineralogists to change the name of almost every mineral with which
they were acquainted; and the proposed appellations were mostly of
a cumbrous form, as the above example may serve to show. Such
names could have obtained general currency, only after a general
and complete acceptance of the system; and the system did not
possess, in a sufficient degree, that evidence which alone could gain
it a home in the belief of philosophers,—the coincidence of its results
with those of Chemistry. But before I speak finally of the fortunes of
the Natural-history System, I will say something of the other attempt
which was made about the same time to introduce a Reform into
Mineralogy from the opposite extremity of the science.
Sect. 2.—Chemical System of Berzelius and others.
If the students of external characters were satisfied of the

independence of their method, the chemical analysts were naturally
no less confident of the legitimate supremacy of their principles: and
when the beginning of the present century had been distinguished by
the establishment of the theory of definite proportions, and by
discoveries which pointed to the electro-chemical theory, it could not
appear presumption to suppose, that the classification of bodies, so
far as it depended on chemistry, might be presented in a form more
complete and scientific than at any previous time.
The attempt to do this was made by the great Swedish chemist

Jacob Berzelius. In 1816, he published his Essay to establish a
purely Scientific System of Mineralogy, by means of the Application
of the Electro-chemical Theory and the Chemical Doctrine of Definite
Proportions. It is manifest that, for minerals which are constituted by
the law of Definite Proportions, this constitution must be a most
essential part of their character. The electro-chemical theory was
called in aid, in addition to the composition, because, distinguishing
the elements of all compounds as electro-positive and electro-
negative, and giving to every element a place in a series, and a
place defined by the degree of these relations, it seemed to afford a
rigorous and complete principle of arrangement. Accordingly,
Berzelius, in his First System, arranged minerals according to their
electro-positive element, and the elements according to their electro-
positive rank; 348 and supposed that he had thus removed all that
was arbitrary and vague in the previous chemical systems of
mineralogy.
Though the attempt appeared so well justified by the state of

chemical science, and was so plausible in its principle, it was not
long before events showed that there was some fallacy in these
specious appearances. In 1820, Mitscherlich discovered
Isomorphism: by that discovery it appeared that bodies containing
very different electro-positive elements could not be distinguished
from each other; it was impossible, therefore, to put them in distant
portions of the classification;—and thus the first system of Berzelius
crumbled to pieces.
But Berzelius did not so easily resign his project. With the most
unhesitating confession of his first failure, but with undaunted
courage, he again girded himself to the task of rebuilding his edifice.
Defeated at the electro-positive position, he now resolved to make a
stand at the electro-negative element. In 1824, he published in the
Transactions of the Swedish Academy, a Memoir On the Alterations
in the Chemical Mineral System, which necessarily follow from the
Property exhibited by Isomorphous Bodies, of replacing each other
in given Proportions. The alteration was, in fact, an inversion of the
system, with an attempt still to preserve the electro-chemical
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The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary Second

Artificial Intelligence and Integrated Intelligent

Advanced wireless communications 4G technologies 1st

Fire Resistant Paper Materials Technologies and

Keep It Simple A Guide to Assistive Technologies 1st

Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Technologies Volume 5

Advanced Mathematics and Mechanics Applications Using

Handbook of Research on Green ICT Technology Business and

Using Environmental Intelligence

ADSL: Standards, Implementation, and Architecture, Charles K. Summers

Using Environmental Intelligence

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4398-3780-1 (Hardback)

PART A STRATEGIES AND APPLICATIONS

2 Green IT Strategies: Drivers, Dimensions, and Goals................................................35

3 Environmentally Responsible Business: Policies, Practices, and Metrics ..................77

Green Values in Practice................................................................................................... 89

5 Green Business Process Management: Modeling, Optimization, and

8 Sociocultural Aspects of Green IT ...........................................................................247

Business Process Management........................................................................................ 289

Planning for IT as a Low-Carbon Enabler for the Enterprise ..........................................317

C onclusion ..................................................................................................................... 344

PART B CASE STUDIES

Appendix A Ā e Environmentally Responsible Business Strategies (ERBS) Research

Ā is b ook a lso e xamines t he a reas of Business Transformation a nd a ssociated a spects of Change

Mapping of the Chapters in This Book to a Two-Day Workshop

1 8:30 a.m.– Green IT strategies and 1, 2, 3 Covers drivers and dimensions of

Part A—Strategies and Applications

Chapter 2 Green IT Strategies: Drivers, Dimensions, and Goals

Chapter 3 Environmentally Responsible Business: Policies, Practices, and Metrics

Chapter 4 Green Assets: Buildings, Data Centers, Networks, and Devices

Chapter 5 Green Business Process Management: Modeling, Optimization, and

Chapter 6 Green Enterprise Architecture, Environmental Intelligence, and Green

Chapter 7 Green Information Systems: Design and Development Models

Chapter 8 Sociocultural Aspects of Green IT

Chapter 9 Green Enterprise Transformation Roadmap

Chapter 10 Green Compliance: Protocols, Standards, and Audits

Chapter 11 Emergent Carbon Issues: Technologies and Future

Part B—Case Studies

Chapter 13 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies to the Packaging Industry

Chapter 14 Case Study in Applying Green IT Strategies and Applications to the

Ā e following appendices provide supporting information.

Appendix A The Environmentally Responsible Business Strategies (ERBS) Research

Appendix B Case Study Scenarios for Trial Runs

Appendix C Green IT Measurements from a CEMS

Warren Adkins Dale Nott

Ramin Marzbani, AMSRS, FMA, EPTS

and S ocial Ap plications ( Edited b y Sa n M urugesan), Pub lished b y I nformation S cience

Dr. U nhelkar e arned h is do ctorate i n t he a rea o f “ object o rientation” f rom t he U niversity o f

Since, in some of these cases, the substitution of one element of

This discovery of isomorphism was of great importance, and

[2nd Ed.] [For additions to our knowledge of the Dimorphism of

Attempts to Establish the Fixity of other Physical Properties.—Werner.

T HE reflections from which it appeared, (at the end of the last

The principal external characters which were subjected by Werner

Werner soon acquired a reputation as a mineralogist, which drew