Amity School of Engineering

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Chapter 6
FUZZY SYSTEMS

1
INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY
LOGIC, CLASSICAL SETS
AND FUZZY SETS
 FUZZY LOGIC
➢ Fuzzy logic is the logic underlying approximate, rather than
exact, modes of reasoning.

➢ It is an extension of multivalued logic: Everything, including

truth, is a matter of degree.

➢ It contains as special cases not only the classical two-value logic

and multivalue logic systems, but also probabilistic logic.

➢ A proposition p has a truth value

– 0 or 1 in two-value system,
– element of a set T in multivalue system,
– Range over the fuzzy subsets of T in fuzzy logic.
➢ Boolean logic uses sharp distinctions.
➢ Fuzzy logic reflects how people think.
➢ Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles for

➢ Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles for knowledge

representation and reasoning based on degrees of membership.
Fuzzy logic applications

•In automobiles, fuzzy logic is used for gear selection and is based on factors
such as engine load, road conditions and style of driving.

•In dishwashers, fuzzy logic is used to determine the washing strategy and
power needed, which is based on factors such as the number of dishes and
the level of food residue on the dishes.

•In copy machines, fuzzy logic is used to adjust drum voltage based on
factors such as humidity, picture density and temperature.

•In aerospace, fuzzy logic is used to manage altitude control for satellites and
spacecrafts based on environmental factors.
Fuzzy logic applications

•In medicine, fuzzy logic is used for computer-aided diagnoses, based on factors
such as symptoms and medical history.

•In chemical distillation, fuzzy logic is used to control pH and temperature

variables.

•In natural language processing, fuzzy logic is used to determine semantic

relations between concepts represented by words and other linguistic variables.
•In environmental control systems, such as air conditioners and heaters, fuzzy
logic determines output based on factors such as current temperature and target
temperature.

•In a business rules engine, fuzzy logic may be used to streamline decision-
making according to predetermined criteria.
TYPES AND MODELING OF UNCERTAINTY
FUZZY vs PROBABILITY
➢ Fuzzy ≠ Probability

➢ Probability deals with uncertainty an likelihood

➢ Fuzzy logic deals with ambiguity an vagueness

NEED OF FUZZY LOGIC
➢ Based on intuition and judgment.

➢ No need for a mathematical model.

➢ Provides a smooth transition between members and nonmembers.

➢ Relatively simple, fast and adaptive.

➢ Less sensitive to system fluctuations.

➢ Can implement design objectives, difficult to express mathematically, in

linguistic or descriptive rules.
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Classical sets (Crisp Sets)

• Basically, a set is defined as a collection of objects, which share certain

characteristics.
• A classical set is a collection of distinct objects.
• Consider an object x in a crisp set A.
• This object x is either a member or a non member of the given set A.
• In case of crisp sets, no partial membership exists.
• We know that for a crisp set A in universe U: -
1. An object x is a member of given set A (x 𝜖 A), i.e., x belongs to A.
2. An object x is not a member of given set A (x not 𝜖 A), i.e., x does not
belong to A.
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Ways to define a set:-
There are several ways for defining a set. A set may be defined using
one of the following:
1. The list of all the members of a set may be given. Example
A= { 2,4,6,8, 10}
2. The properties of the set elements may be specified. Example
A = {x | x is prime number< 20}
3. There exists a membership function, which may also be used to
define a set. The membership is denoted by the letter µ and the
membership function for a set A is given by (for all values of x)
CLASSICAL SETS (CRISP SETS)

Conventional or crisp sets are Binary. An element either belongs to the set or
does not.

{True, False}

{1, 0}
CRISP SETS
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The set which consist of all possible subset
of a given set A is called power set and is
denoted by:-
OPERATIONS ON CRISP SETS

➢ UNION:

➢ INTERSECTION:

➢ COMPLEMENT:

➢ DIFFERENCE:
Union:-
 20

Examples:-
Intersection:-
 22

Examples:-
 23

Complement:-
 24

Difference (Subtraction)
 25
Examples:-
PROPERTIES OF CRISP SETS
The various properties of crisp sets are as follows:
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Fuzzy Set
Membership Function in Fuzzy
Logic:-
• Definition: a membership function for a fuzzy set A
on the universe of discourse X is defined as
µA:X → [0,1], where each element of X is mapped to
a value between 0 and 1.
• This value, called membership value or degree
of membership, quantifies the grade
of membership of the element in X to the fuzzy
set A.
FUZZY SETS
 Degree of Membership
• How to decide the degree of memberships of elements
in a fuzzy set ?

Graphical Display of the Crisp Formulation

Graphical Display of the Fuzzy Formulation

OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS

Difference
PROPERTIES OF FUZZY SETS
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Numerical
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Question 2:-
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Question 4:-
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Question 5:-
CLASSICAL RELATIONS
AND FUZZY RELATIONS
RELATIONS

➢ Relations represent mappings between sets and connectives in logic.

➢ A classical binary relation represents the presence or absence of a

connection or interaction or association between the elements of two sets.

➢ Fuzzy binary relations are a generalization of crisp binary relations, and

they allow various degrees of relationship (association) between elements.
CRISP CARTESIAN PRODUCT
CRISP RELATIONS
CRISP BINARY RELATIONS

Examples of binary relations

OPERATIONS ON CRISP RELATIONS
PROPERTIES OF CRISP RELATIONS

The properties of crisp sets (given below) hold good for crisp relations as well.

➢ Commutativity,
➢ Associativity,
➢ Distributivity,
➢ Involution,
➢ Idempotency,
➢ DeMorgan’s Law,
➢ Excluded Middle Laws.
FUZZY RELATION
OPERATIONS ON FUZZY RELATION
The basic operation on fuzzy sets also apply on fuzzy relations.
PROPERTIES OF FUZZY RELATIONS

The properties of fuzzy sets (given below) hold good for fuzzy relations as well.

➢ Commutativity,
➢ Associativity,
➢ Distributivity,
➢ Involution,
➢ Idempotency,
➢ DeMorgan’s Law,
FUZZY CARTESIAN PRODUCT
Let R be a fuzzy subset of M and S be a fuzzy subset of N. Then the Cartesian
product R  S is a fuzzy subset of N  M such that

Example:

Let R be a fuzzy subset of {a, b, c} such that R = 1/a + 0.8/b + 0.2/c and S be
a fuzzy subset of {1, 2, 3} such that S = 1/1 + 0.5/2 + 0.9/3. Then R x S is
given by
 COMPOSITION OF FUZZY RELATIONS
Max-Min Composition
Max-Product Composition
CLASSICAL EQUIVALENCE RELATION
CLASSICAL TOLERANCE RELATION
FUZZY EQUIVALENCE RELATION
FUZZY TOLERANCE RELATION
A binary fuzzy relation that possesses the properties of reflexivity and
symmetry is called fuzzy tolerance relation or resemblance relation.

The equivalence relations are a special case of the tolerance relation. The fuzzy
tolerance relation can be reformed into fuzzy equivalence relation in the same
way as a crisp tolerance relation is reformed into crisp equivalence relation,
i.e.,

where ‘n’ is the cardinality of the set that defines R1.

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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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Amity School of Engineering
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