Ncert CH 1 Solution Physics Class 11
Ncert CH 1 Solution Physics Class 11
(d) The relative density of lead is 11.3. Its density is �.g cm�3 or �.kg m�3.
Answer:
(b) Surface area = curved area + area on top /base = 2?rh + 2?r2 = 2?r (h + r)
r = 2 cm = 20 mm
h = 10 cm = 100 mm
1 km = 1000 m
1 hr = 60 x 60 = 3600 s
(b) 1 m = �.. ly
(c) 3.0 m s�2 = �. km h�2
(d) G = 6.67 � 10�11 N m2 (kg)�2 = �. (cm)3s�2 g�1
Answer:
We know that,
1kg = 103
1m = 100cm = 102cm
1kg x 1m2 x 1s-2 = 103g x (102cm)2 x 1s-2 = 103g x 104 cm2 x 1s-2 = 107 gcm2s-2
(b) 1 m = �.. ly
3.0 m s-2 = 3.0 (1/1000 km) (1/3600 hour) -2 = 3.0 x 10-3 km x ((1/3600)-2h-2)
We know that,
1N = 1kg m s-2
1 kg = 103 g
1m = 100cm= 102 cm
=> 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2 = 6.67 x 10-11 x (1kg m s -2) (1m2) (1kg-2)
2.3 A calorie is a unit of heat (energy in transit), which equals about 4.2 J,
where 1J =1 kg m2 s�2. Suppose we employ a system of units in which the unit of
mass equals ? kg, the unit of length equals ? m, and the unit of time is ? s. Show
that a calorie has a magnitude of 4.2 ?�1 ?�2 ?2 in terms of the new units.
Answer
Here, x = 1, y = 2 and z =- 2
M1 = 1 kg, L1 = 1m, T1 = 1s
and M2 = ? kg, L2 = ? m, T2 = ? s
Answer:
(c) When compared with the mass of a cricket ball, the mass of Jupiter is very
large.
(d) As compared with the air inside a lunch box, the air inside the room has a
large number of molecules.
(f) Like comparing the speed of a bicycle and a jet plane, the speed of light is
more than the speed of sound.
2.5 A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in a vacuum is
unity. What is the distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit
if light takes 8 min and 20 s to cover this distance?
Answer:
Distance between them = Speed of light x Time taken by light to cover the distance
2.6 Which of the following is the most precise device for measuring length?
(a) a vernier callipers with 20 divisions on the sliding scale
(b) a screw gauge of pitch 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale
(c) an optical instrument that can measure length to within a wavelength of light
Answer:
= 0.01cm
(b) Least count =
= 0.001 cm
(c) least count = wavelength of light = 10-5 cm
= 0.00001 cm
We can come to the conclusion that the optical instrument is the most precise
device used to measure length.
Answer
Answer
(a) The thread should be wrapped around a pencil a number of times to form a coil
having its turns touching each other closely. Measure the length of this coil with
a metre scale. If L be the length of the coil and n be the number of turns of the
coil, then the diameter of the thread is given by the relation
Diameter = L/n.
(b) Least count of the screw gauge = Pitch/number of divisions on the circular
scale
So, theoretically, when the number of divisions on the circular scale is increased,
the least count of the screw gauge will decrease. Hence, the accuracy of the screw
gauge will increase. However, this is only a theoretical idea. Practically, there
will be many other difficulties when the number of turns is increased.
(c) The probability of making random errors can be reduced to a larger extent in
100 observations than in the case of 5 observations.
2.9 . The photograph of a house occupies an area of 1.75 cm2 on a 35 mm slide. The
slide is projected onto a screen, and the area of the house on the screen is 1.55
m2. What is the linear magnification of the projector-screen arrangement?
Answer
= 1.55/1.75 x 104
= 8.857x 103
= ?8.857x 103
= 94. 1
2.10 State the number of significant figures in the following:
(a) 0.007 m2
(b) 2.64 � 1024 kg
(c) 0.2370 g cm�3
(d) 6.320 J
(e) 6.032 N m�2
(f) 0.0006032 m2
Answer:
(a) 0.007 m2
Answer:
Answer:
For the given value with decimals, all the numbers 2, 3, 7, and 0 are significant.
The 0 before the decimal point is not significant
(d) All the numbers are significant. The number of significant figures here is 4.
2. 11. The length, breadth and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are 4.234
m, 1.005 m, and 2.01 cm, respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to
correct significant figures.
Answer
The volume of the rectangular sheet = length x breadth x thickness = 4.234 x 1.005
x 2.01 x 10-2 = 8.55 x 10-2 m3.
2.12 The mass of a box measured by a grocer�s balance is 2.30 kg. Two gold pieces
of masses 20.15 g and 20.17 g are added to the box. What is
Answer:
Since 1 is the least number of decimal places, the total mass = 2.7 kg.
Since 2 is the least number of decimal places, the total mass = 0.02 g.
P =
The percentage errors of measurement in a, b, c and d are 1%, 3%, 4% and 2%,
respectively. What is the percentage error in the quantity P? If the value of P
calculated using the above relation turns out to be 3.763, to what value should you
round off the result?
Answer:
x 100 ) % = ( 3 x
x 100 + 2 x
x 100 +
x 100 +
x 100 ) %
= 3 x 1 + 2 x 3 +
x 4 + 2
= 3 + 6 + 2 + 2 = 13 %
P = 4.235
= 13 % of P
=
= 0.55
The error lies in the first decimal point, so the value of p = 4.3
2.14 A book with many printing errors contains four different formulas for the
displacement y of a particle undergoing a certain periodic motion:
(a) y = a sin (
)
(b) y = a sin vt
(c) y =
sin
(d) y =
( sin
+ cos
)
Answer:
(a) y = a sin
Dimension of y = M0 L1 T0
The dimension of a = M0 L1 T0
Dimension of sin
= M0 L0 T0
Since the dimensions on both sides are equal, the formula is dimensionally correct.
(b) It is dimensionally incorrect, as the dimensions on both sides are not equal.
(c) It is dimensionally incorrect, as the dimensions on both sides are not equal.
(d) y =
( sin
+ cos
)
Dimension of y = M0 L1 T0
The dimension of a = M0 L1 T0
Dimension of
= M0 L0 T0
The formula is dimensionally correct.
2.15 A famous relation in physics relates �moving mass� m to the �rest mass� mo of
a particle in terms of its speed v and the speed of light, c (This relation first
arose as a consequence of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). A boy recalls
the relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant c. He writes :
m =
Answer:
should become
.
Thus, m =
.
2.16 The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an angstrom and
is denoted by �: 1 � = 10�10 m. The size of a hydrogen atom is about 0.5 �. What is
the total atomic volume in m3 of a mole of hydrogen atoms?
Answer:
Volume =
x (0.5 x 10-10)3
= 0.524 x 10-30 m3
2.17 One mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure occupies 22.4 L
(molar volume). What is the ratio of molar volume to the atomic volume of a mole of
hydrogen (Take the size of the hydrogen molecule to be about 1 �)? Why is this
ratio so large?
Answer:
Volume =
=
x ( 0.5 x 10-10)3
= 0.524 x 10-30 m3
= 3.16 x 10-7 m3
= 7.1 x 104
The molar volume is 7.1 x 104 times more than the atomic volume. Hence, the inter-
atomic separation in hydrogen gas is larger than the size of the hydrogen atom.
2.18 Explain this common observation clearly: If you look out of the window of a
fast-moving train, the nearby trees, houses etc., seem to move rapidly in a
direction opposite to the train�s motion, but the distant objects (hilltops, the
Moon, the stars etc.) seem to be stationary (In fact, since you are aware that you
are moving, these distant objects seem to move with you).
Answer:
An imaginary line which joins the object and the observer�s eye is called the line
of sight. When we observe the nearby objects, they move fast in the opposite
direction as the line of sight changes constantly, whereas the distant objects seem
to be stationary as the line of sight does not change rapidly.
Answer
Parsec is defined as the distance at which the average radius of the Earth�s orbit
subtends an angle of 1?
2. 20. The nearest star to our solar system is 4.29 light-years away. How much is
this
distance in terms of parsecs? How much parallax would this star (named Alpha
Centauri) show when viewed from two locations of the Earth six months apart in its
orbit around the Sun?
Answer
Therefore, distance travelled by light in 4.29 light years = 4.29 x 9.46 x 1015 =
4.058 x 1016 m
4.29 light years =4.508 x 1016/3.80 x 1016 = 1.318 parsec = 1.32 parsec
2.21 Precise measurements of physical quantities are a need for science. For
example, to ascertain the speed of an aircraft, one must have an accurate method to
find its positions at closely separated instants of time. This was the actual
motivation behind the discovery of radar in World War II. Think of different
examples in modern science where precise measurements of length, time, mass etc.,
are needed. Also, wherever you can, give a quantitative idea of the precision
needed.
Answer:
2.23 The Sun is a hot plasma (ionised matter) with its inner core at a temperature
exceeding 107 K, and its outer surface at a temperature of about 6000 K. At these
high temperatures, no substance remains in a solid or liquid phase. In what range
do you expect the mass density of the Sun to be, in the range of densities of
solids and liquids or gases? Check if your guess is correct from the following
data: a mass of the Sun = 2.0 � 1030 kg, the radius of the Sun = 7.0 � 108 m.
Answer:
Mass = 2 x 1030 kg
Radius = 7 x 108 m
Volume V =
x (7 x 108)3
=
2.24. When the planet Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million kilometres from the
Earth, its angular diameter is measured to be 35.72? of arc. Calculate the diameter
of Jupiter.
Answer:
Distance of the planet Jupiter from Earth, D= 824.7 million kilometres = 824.7 x
106 km
2.25. A man walking briskly in the rain with speed v must slant his umbrella
forward, making an angle ? with the vertical. A student derives the following
relation between ? and v: tan ? = v and checks that the relation has a correct
limit: as v ?0, ? ?0, as
expected (We are assuming there is no strong wind and that the rain falls
vertically
for a stationary man). Do you think this relation can be correct? If not, guess the
correct relation.
Answer
2.26. It is claimed that two caesium clocks, if allowed to run for 100 years, free
from any disturbance, may differ by only about 0.02 s. What does this imply for the
accuracy of the standard caesium clock in measuring a time interval of 1 s?
Answer
2.27. Estimate the average mass density of a sodium atom, assuming its size to be
about 2.5 � (Use the known values of Avogadro�s number and the atomic mass of
sodium). Compare it with the mass density of sodium in its crystalline phase: 970
kg m�3. Are the two densities of the same order of magnitude? If so, why?
Answer
Therefore, the mass of one sodium atom, M= 23 x 10-3/6.023 x 1023= 3.818 x 10-26 kg
2.28. The unit of length convenient on the nuclear scale is a fermi: 1 f = 10�15 m.
Nuclear sizes obey roughly the following empirical relation :
r = r0 A1/3
where r is the radius of the nucleus, A its mass number, and r0 is a constant equal
to
about 1.2 f. Show that the rule implies that nuclear mass density is nearly
constant
for different nuclei. Estimate the mass density of the sodium nucleus. Compare it
with the average mass density of a sodium atom obtained in Exercise. 2.27.
Answer:
r = r0 A1/3
Answer
Time taken for the laser beam to return to Earth after reflection by the Moon�s
surface = 2.56 s
2. 30. A SONAR (sound navigation and ranging) uses ultrasonic waves to detect and
locate objects underwater. In a submarine equipped with a SONAR, the time delay
between the generation of a probe wave and the reception of its echo after
reflection from an enemy submarine is found to be 77.0 s. What is the distance of
the enemy submarine? (Speed of sound in water = 1450 m s�1).
Answer:
The time between generation and the reception of the echo after reflection, 2t=
77.0 s
Time taken for the sound waves to reach the submarine, t = 77.0/2 = 38. 5 s
Then v = d/t
2.31. The farthest objects in our Universe discovered by modern astronomers are so
distant that light emitted by them takes billions of years to reach the Earth.
These objects (known as quasars) have many puzzling features which have not yet
been satisfactorily explained. What is the distance in km of a quasar from which
light takes 3.0 billion years to reach us?
Answer
Time taken by light from the quasar to reach the observer, t = 3.0 billion years =
3.0 x 109 years = 3.0 x 109 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 s
= 94608000 x 109 s
= 9.46 x 1016 m
2.32. It is a well-known fact that during a total solar eclipse-the disk of the
moon almost completely covers the disk of the Sun. From this fact and the
information you can gather from examples 2.3 and 2.4, determine the approximate
diameter of the moon.
Answer
Sun�s angular diameter,? = 1920? = 1920 x 4.85 x 10-6 rad = 9.31 x 10-3 rad [1? =
4.85 x 10-6 rad]
During a total solar eclipse, the disc of the moon completely covers the disc of
the sun, so the angular diameter of both the sun and the moon must be equal.