Easy Notes 0n Physics –IX

Written by Farooq Iqbal, (F.G.Sir Syed Model P/S RWP Cantt.)

Unit no.4 (Dynamics-II)
Q. Differentiate Between. Like and unlike parallel forces.

Ans. Difference b/w Like and unlike Parallel forces:

Like Parallel forces Unlike Parallel forces

The parallel forces that have the same direction. The parallel forces that have opposite direction
Their line of action is the same Their line of action is opposite to each other.
These forces forms clockwise as well as anticlockwise These forces forms one type of torque.
torque
Q. What is moment of force or torque? On what factors it depends? Write its mathematical formula.

Ans. Torque: The turning effect of force is called torque or moment of the force.

Mathematically Torque τ =FxL SI unit of torque is Newton-meter (Nm). Torque of

1Nm is caused by a force of 1 N acting perpendicular to the moment arm 1 m long.

Torque depends on two factors. 1 .Force 2. Moment arm

Q. Define center of mass. What is effect of mass distribution in a body on its center of mass?

Ans. Center of mass: Center of mass of a system is such a point where an applied force causes the system to
move without rotation. It is the point about which mass is equally distributed. Consider a system of two
unequal particles A and B connected by a light rigid rod as shown in the fig. A B
where o is the center of mass of a system. o

Q. What is Center of Gravity? Where will be the center of gravity of these regular shaped bodies: circular
plate, rectangular and square shaped plate, triangular shaped plate, cylinder, sphere.

(iv) Center of Gravity: A point where the whole weight of the body appears to act vertically downward is
called center of gravity of a body.

e.g center of gravity of circular plate is at its center, rectangular or square plate is at the point of intersection
of its diagonals, triangular plate is on the point of intersection of its medians, cylinder is on its axis of
symmetry and sphere is at its geometric center.

Q. Differentiate b/w center of mass and center of gravity. Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed
Model P/S Rwp 03345044822
Ans.

Q. How can you find center of gravity of an irregular shaped thin sheet of plastic?
Ans. Hang sheet randomly from three different points, then connecting vertical lines drawn with the help of
plumb line. These lines meet each other at a common point which will be the center of gravity of the irregular
plastic sheet.

Q. What is equilibrium? Describe the conditions of equilibrium. State an explain principle of moments.

Ans. Equilibrium: A body is said to be in equilibrium if a net force and net torque acting on the body is zero.
Mathematically 𝛴F = 0 and Στ = 0

Conditions of equilibrium: There are two conditions of equilibrium.

First condition of equilibrium: When the vector sum of all the forces acting on the body is zero then first
condition of equilibrium is satisfied. if Fnet is the sum of forces F1, F2, F3-------- Fn then Mathematically

Fnet = F1 + F2+---------+Fn = 0 or ΣF = 0

Second Condition of equilibrium: When the vector sum of all the torques acting on the body is ZERO then the
second condition satisfied. If τnet is the sum of torques τ1, τ2, --------τn then mathematically

τnet = τ1 + τ2 + τ3 + -------------+ τn = 0 or Στ = 0

Principle of moments: For an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments must be equal to sum of
anticlockwise moments taken about the same pivot. Clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments

By convention the anticlockwise torques are taken as positive while clockwise torques are taken as negative,
which leads to second condition of equilibrium. Second condition of equilibrium is also called principle of
moments.

Q. Propose how the stability of an object can be improved. Illustrate the application of stability physics in
real life.

Ans. Objects stability can be improved by (a) Lowering the center of mass or (b) increasing the area of support
or (c) by both. For stability , the center of mass is aligned vertically beneath the point of support. e.g self
balancing toys their center of mass is designed below the support point and have a specific weight
distribution. These objects might include, balancing birds, wobbling dolls, or weighted bottom drinking cups,
all these exhibit stable equilibrium.

Q. Define force of friction. What causes friction? What are advantages and disadvantages of friction?
Explain with examples. How can friction be reduced?

Ans. Friction: it is the resistance to relative motion that occurs whenever two material are in contact with
each other, whether they are solids, liquids, or gases. It is denoted by ‘f’ and unit is newton.

Causes: Every surface is rough, even highly polished surfaces look quite rough when examined with
microsocope. Thus roughness of two surfaces interlock when sliding, which makes friction.

Advantages of friction: Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed

Model P/S Rwp 03345044822
 1. We can walk due to friction b/w shoes and ground.
2. Friction b/w tyre and road helps to drive vehicles.
3. Friction holds the screw and nails in wood.
4. Friction help us to write on paper.
5. Friction helps birds to fly.
Disadvantages of friction:

1. Friction slows down moving objects.

2. Friction causes heating of moving parts in machinery. Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed
3. Energy is wasted to overcome friction in machinery. Model P/S Rwp 03345044822
4. Friction produces wear and tear.
. Methods to reduce friction:

1. Making the sliding surfaces smooth.

2. Making the fast moving objects streamline shape (fish shape).
3. Lubricating the sliding surfaces.
4. Using ball bearings or roller bearings.
Q. Compare rolling friction and sliding friction. How are they different in terms of contact surfaces, motion,
and forces involved? Explain with examples.
Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed
Ans. Friction: The force that opposes the motion of a body is called friction. Model P/S Rwp 03345044822

Comparison of rolling friction and sliding friction:

Rolling Friction Sliding Friction

Contact Surface: in rolling friction contact area is very In sliding friction contact area is large between two
small between two surfaces. Eg. wheels surfaces which are slide one over another. E.g
pushing a heavy box on floor, have large contact area.
Motion: when body rolls over the surface then Friction during two surfaces slide over each other, is
friction is called rolling friction. Eg. Ball rolling on thecalled sliding friction. E.g Pushing a book across a
ground. table.
Forces involved: The force required to overcome The force required to overcome sliding friction is
rolling friction is much less than force requird to higher than rolling friction due to the large contact
overcome sliding friction. E.g wheel rolling on a road area. E.g pushing a heavy box on a floor.
experience rolling friction.
Rolling friction involves smaller contact area and less Sliding firction involves larger contact area and more
force required to overcome as compared to sliding force is required to overcome it as compared to
friction. rolling friction.
Q. Analyse the dynamics of an object reaching terminal velocity.

Ans. Terminal velocity: The constant velocity with which falling objects moving down is called terminal
velocity. When drag force and force of gravity balance each other then body move with constant velocity
which is called terminal velocity.
When object fall the only significant force acts on it is gravity which causes the objects to accelerates
downward. Force of gravity is constant as F = w=mg . As the velocity increases drag force also increases which
depends upon the shape of body. as the object continues to fall. The drag force grows until it equals the force
of gravity. At this point the net force on objects becomes zero and body moves with constant velocity which is
called terminal velocity.

Q. Define centripetal force. Describe the motion of a body in a circular path under the action of centripetal
force.

Ans. Centripetal force: The center seeking force is called centripetal force. OR The force which pulls objects
towards circular path is called centripetal force. It is denoted by Fc = - 𝑚𝑣² where m is mass of object, v is
𝑟
velocity of object and r is the radius of circular orbit. –ve sign indicates the force is directed towards the
center.

Example: the motion of moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force. This centripetal force directed
towards the center of the earth. Similarly the motion of planet around the sun is also due to centripetal force.

Q. identify different sources of centripetal force in real life examples.

Ans. Sources of Centripetal Force: 1. Tension in a string: swinging a ball tied to a string. The tension in the
string provides the centripetal force that keeps the ball moving in a circular path. 2. Gravitational force: earth
orbit around the sun. the gravitational force b/w the earth and sun acts as the centripetal force that keeps the
earth in orbit. 3. Frictional force: a car turning around a curve, the friction b/w the tyre and road provides the
centripetal force needed for car to turn. 4. Electromagnetic force: electrons orbiting a nucleus, the
electromagnetic force b/w electrons and nucleus acts as the centripetal force ,keeping electrons in their
orbits.

Q. Define orbital velocity. How do scientists use the concept of orbital speed to launch satellites into specific
orbits? What factors influence the chosen speed?

Ans. Orbital Velocity: The orbital velocity of the body is the velocity at which it orbits around the center of the
system.

To put an artificial satellite into orbit, first we move it to high altitude and then accelerate it to a required
tangential speed using rockets. The specific speed with which satellite put into orbit is approximately 8Km/s.
𝑑
Derivation of orbital speed: as we know that v = in one orbit satellite travels a distance equal to
𝑡
circumference of a circle 2𝜋r so d = 2𝜋r the time taken for an object to orbit around an other object is
2𝜋r
equal to orbital period “T” so time = T so average orbital speed will become v=
𝑇

which means all the satellite should have the same orbital speed irrespective of the size of satellite.
2𝜋r
Factors influence speed of satellite: as we know that v= this equation shows that speed of satellite
𝑇
depends upon two factors 1. Radius of orbit. 2. Period of orbit.
Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed
Model P/S Rwp 03345044822
Short Response questions:

Q.1 Why long spanner is used to open or tight nuts of vehicle’s tyre? While tightening a small nut, extra-long
wrench is not suitable. Why?

Ans. long spanner provides greater torque for same force, making it easier to loosen or tighten the nuts.
However extra-long wrench is not suitable because it can exert too much torque causing the nut or bolt to
break.

Q.2 Why door knobs are fixed at the edge of door? What will happen if the door knob is at the middle of the
door?

Ans. To maximize the torque, knobs are fixed at the edge of door, which makes it easier to turn the door. If
knobs fixed at the middle then moment arm decreases which decreases torque, more force would be
required to open or close the door.

Q.3 if you drop a feather and a bowling ball from the same height, which one will reach the terminal
velocity first? Which one of them will hit the ground first?

Ans. Terminal velocity depends on mass, as mass of feather is much less than ball so feather get terminal
velocity first. While ball will hit the ground first because it has greater mass and is less affected by air
resistance and continues accelerates toward the ground. If air resistance is neglected then both reach at
ground at the same time.

Q.4 Why do ice skates effortlessly slide on ice, while your shoes cause skidding?

Ans. Because pressure applied by skates melts ice which reduces friction and allowing smooth movement.
While shoes skid due to more friction.

Q.5 Explain why it’s easier to push a car on flat tyres than inflated ones. What happens to the frictional
force between the tyres and the road?

Ans. Because flat tyres have less contact area with road which causes low friction and easier to push while
inflated tyres have large contact area with road that causes more friction needed more force to push.

Q.6 When standing on a crowded bus, which stance would provide better stability and prevent you from
being pushed over; legs joined or legs spread apart?

Ans.When standing on a crowded school bus, standing with legs spread apart provides better stability. This
wider stance lowers the center of gravity and increases the base of support, making it harder to be pushed
over.

Q.7 Why moving bicycle is easier to balance? Relate this to the principle of rotational motion.

Ans. moving bicycle is easier to balance due to the principle of rotational motion. The wheels act as
gyroscopes, providing angular momentum that helps to stabilize the bicycle.
Q.8 Why is a pencil standing on its tip unstable, and what factors effect the stability of an object balanced
on a point?

Ans. A pencil standing on its tip is unstable because its center of gravity is high, and a small disturbance can
cause it to topple over. The narrower the base of support, the more unstable the object.
Farooq
Q.9 While driving what happens if the driver take the curve too fast? HowIqbal
doesSSTcentripetal
F.G.SirSyedforce play a role
Model P/S Rwp 03345044822
in keeping the car from skidding off the road?

Ans.When a driver takes a curve too fast, the car tends to skid outward due to inertia. Centripetal force plays a
role in keeping the car on the road by pulling it inward toward the center of the curve.

Q.10 Consider a situation where you swing a ball connected to a string in a circle. How does the tension in
the string vary as the ball moves across different points in its circular path, and what forces are involved?

Ans.When you swing a ball connected to a string in a circle, the tension in the string provides the centripetal
force, which keeps the ball moving in a circular path.

Q.11 Why is it important for communication satellites in geostationary orbit to maintain a specific speed?

Ans.Communication satellites in geostationary orbit must maintain a specific speed to stay over the same spot
on Earth. This speed balances the gravitational pull of the Earth and the satellite's inertia.

Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed

Q. Differentiate b/w torque and couple. Model P/S Rwp 03345044822

Difference b/w Torque and Couple:

Torque Couple
The turning effect of force is called torque. The couple is formed by two unlike parallel forces of same
magnitude but not along the same line.
Torque can be produced by a single force. Couple can be produced by two forces
τ=FxL Couple = F x couple arm
Difference b/w Stable and Neutral equilibrium:

Stable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium

After a slight tilt body return to its previous position. A body remains in its new position when disturbed from
previous postion.
Center of gravity is in its lowest position. Center of gravity remains at the same height.
e.g book lying on the table e.g ball is placed on horizontal surface.
Q When a body is said to be in equilibrium?

Ans. Equilibrium: A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force is acting on it. i.e Net force = 0

Q. Explain the first condition for equilibrium.

Ans. First condition for equilibrium: A body is said to satisfy first condition for equilibrium if the resultant of all the
forces acting on it is zero. If n number of forces acting on a body such that F1 + F2 + F3 + …………………..+ Fn = 0 or ∑ 𝐹 = 0
Q. Why there is a need of second condition for equilibrium if a body satisfies first condition for equilibrium?

Ans. If two equal and opposite forces acting on different lines of action then in this case first condition is still satisfied .
but body has tendency to rotate. This situation demands second condition for equilibrium as shown in fig. according to
second condition a body will be in equilibrium when resultant torque acting on it is zero. i.e ∑ 𝜏 = 0

Q. What is second condition for equilibrium?

Ans. Second Condition for equilibrium: A body satisfies second condition for equilibrium when the resultant torque
acting on it is zero. Mathematically ∑ 𝜏 = 0

Q. Give an example of a moving body which is in equilibrium.

Ans. (i) A paratrooper coming down with terminal velocity is in equilibrium. (ii) a car moving with uniform velocity on
leveled road with zero acceleration is in equilibrium.

Q. Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium.

Ans. When ball is thrown vertically upward it comes to rest at top position before falling to ground, at that position ball
is at rest but not in equilibrium.

Q. Why a body cannot be in equilibrium due to a single force acting on it?

Ans. Due to a single force acceleration produced in a body and net force can’t be zero due to this body can’t be in
equilibrium.

Q. Why the height of vehicles is kept as low as possible?

Ans. Height of vehicles is kept as low as possible to lower their center of gravity which increase their stability.

Q.. Describe two situations in which force of friction is needed.

Ans. 1. We can not write if there is no friction. Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed
Model P/S Rwp 03345044822
2. we can not walk with out friction.

3. we can not stop moving vehicle without friction.

4. birds can not fly without friction.

Q.. How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lowers friction?

Ans. oil overcome the resistive forces of moving parts that causes friction That’s why friction reduces.

Q. Describe ways to reduce friction.

Ans. Methods to reduce friction:

5. Making the sliding surfaces smooth.

Farooq Iqbal SST F.G.SirSyed
6. Making the fast moving objects streamline shape (fish shape).
Model P/S Rwp 03345044822
7. Lubricating the sliding surfaces.
 8. Using ball bearings or roller bearings.
Q. Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?

Ans. When a body roll with the help of wheels, contact area of wheel with surface is very small in rolling
friction that causes approximately 100 times less friction as compared to sliding friction. while in sliding
friction contact area of object with surface is very large that causes more friction.

*******BEST WISHES****

FAROOQ IQBAL QAISRANI

F.G.SIR SYED MODEL PUBLIC SCHOOL RAWALPINDI

CELL# 03345044822