EASY NOTES ON PHYSICS - IX

Complete Q/A Unit no.6 (Work and Energy)

Q.1. Define work and its unit. Describe the conditions for maximum and minimum work.

Ans. Work: product of force F and displacement S in the direction of force is called work.

Mathematically, W = F S SI unit of work is joule. Work is a scalar quantity.

Joule: Amount of work is one joule when a force of one Newton displaces a body through
one meter in the direction of force. Thus 1j = 1N x 1m

Minimum Work: As W = F x S There are three conditions in which work will be Zero or
minimum.
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1. If F=0 then work will be zero.
2. If S=0 then work will be zero.
3. If angle between F and S is 900 then work will be Zero/minimum.

Maximum work: work will be maximum when force and displacement are in same direction
or parallel to each other.

Q.2. What is Kinetic Energy?Drive its expression by using graphical analysis.

Ans. Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its K.E.
𝟏
Relation K.E = mv2
𝟐

Consider a body of mass m moving with velocity V. The body stops after
some distance due to friction force acting on it. The body has K.E and capable to do work
against opposing force.

K.E of the body = Work done

𝐹
K.E = FS , as vi = v , vf = 0 as F = ma or a = - ( as motion is opposed, so a is
𝑚
negative) Using third equation of motion 2as = vf2 – vi2
𝐹 1 1
2( - ) S = 0 – v2 or FS = mv2 so we get K.E = mv2
𝑚 2 2

Q.3 What is Potential energy? What are its different types? Show that gravitational
potential energy is equal to the product of mass m gravitational field strength g and height
h.
 Ans. Potential energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position is called
potential energy. P.E = mgh

P.E = mgh : let a body of mass m is raised up through height h from the ground. So body
has P.E equal to work done in lifting it to height h.

P.E = F x h or P.E = w x h (here w=mg weight of the body) So EP.grav = mgh

So gravitational potential energy is the product of mass m the acceleration due to gravity
g and height h. FAROOQ QAISRANI, SST
F.G.SirSyed model PublicSCHOOL RWP
Types of Potential energy: 1. Gravitational potential
CANTT. energy ( enegy by virtue of position)
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2. Elastic potential energy ( due to elasticity of objects) 3. Chemical potential energy (
energy store in batteries is a chemical potential energy)

Q.4 What is meant by energy conversion and energy conservation?

Ans. conversion of Energy: Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into
some other forms. Example 1, rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them warm.
You have used your muscular energy in rubbing hands, mechanical energy is converted into
heat energy. Example 2, some of the heat energy from sun is taken up by water in the
oceans. This thermal energy causes water to evaporate. These vapors rise up and forms
clouds. As they cool down, forms water drops and fall down as rain. Potential energy is
changes to kinetic energy as the rain falls.

Law of Conservation of Energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed in any
process. It can be converted from one form to another, but the total amount of energy
remains constant.

It means that if the work done is zero then change in energy is also zero ie. ∆E = 0 if the
total energy at final stage is Ef and the total energy at initial stage is Ei then by conservation
of principle Ef – Ei = 0 or Ef = Ei

Q.5 Describe how useful energy may be obtained from natural resources?

Ans. Energy resources are divided into two groups . 1. Non-renewable energy resources:
These resources are limited and can not be replaced naturally in short time. Most of the
energy we use comes from non-renewable energy sources for example fossil fuels like coal,
natural gas and petroleum.

2. Renewable energy resources: These resources are replaced rapidly by a natural process.
These resources capture their energy from an on going natural processes, such as sunshine,
wind flowing water and biological processes.
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Q.6 Differentiate between renewable and non renewable energy sources with examples,
write down advantages and disadvantages of each in reference to their availability and
environmental impact.

Ans.

Non-Renewabale Resources Renewable Resources

These sources are limited. These sources are unlimited
These cannot replaced naturally. They are constantly being renewed by
natural process
These can run out when sources used These can not run out.
These are costly and cause environment These are cheap and environmental friendly
pollution.
Fossil fuel, coal, natural gas and petroleum Sun shine, wind, flowing water etc.
Non-Renewable energy Resources:
Advantages: 1. These resources provide large energy per unit, making them efficient.

2. They provide a continuous stable supply of energy.

3. These industries create jobs for locality which provide economic benefits.

Disadvantages: 1. Burning fossil fuels cause environmental pollution.

2. These are limited sources and will eventually run out.

3. These have high operational cost.

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Renewable Energy ReSources: RWP CANTT. 03345044822

Advantages: 1. These are environmental friendly.

2. Low maintenance and operational cost.

3. These resources can be produced locally reducing dependency on imported fossil fuels.

Disadvantages: 1. These are weather dependent and may not provide constant energy.

2. These require large area of land for installation.

3. Since production is not continuous, so storage is costly.

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Q.7 Describe the processes by which energy is converted from one form to another
with reference to fossil fuel energy, hydroelectric generation, solar energy,
nuclear energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, and biomass energy.
Ans. Fossil Fuel Energy: Fossil fuels are burned to release heat energy, which is used to
convert water into steam. The steam drives a turbine connected to a generator, converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Hydroelectric Generation: Water stored at a height has potential energy. When it flows
down, it converts to kinetic energy, which rotates a turbine connected to a generator,
converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Solar Energy: Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electrical energy through the
photovoltaic effect, or solar heat is used to produce steam that drives turbines for electricity
generation.
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Nuclear Energy: Nuclear reactions (fission) in a reactor release energy as heat, which is used
to produce steam. The steam rotates turbines connected to generators, converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Geothermal Energy: Heat from within the Earth is used to produce steam, which drives
turbines connected to generators, converting thermal energy into electrical energy.

Wind Energy: The kinetic energy of wind turns the blades of a wind turbine, which rotates a
generator, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Biomass Energy: Organic materials are burned or processed to release chemical energy as
heat, which is used to produce steam. This steam drives turbines connected to generators,
converting thermal energy into electrical energy.

Q.8. Describe the process of electricity generation from fossil fuel input to
electricity output.
Ans. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, or natural gas) are burned in a boiler to release heat, which
converts water into steam. The high-pressure steam drives a turbine connected to an
electrical generator, converting thermal energy into mechanical energy and then into
electrical energy. The generator’s motion produces electricity, which is transmitted through
power lines for use.
Q.9. Define power. What is the relation of its unit with horsepower?
Ans. Power:it is the rate at which work is done or energy is consumed .
𝑊
mathematically P = Its unit is watts (W). Horse power is bigger unit 1 hP = 746 watts.
𝑡

Q.10. What is efficiency? Why is it important for cars or electronic devices to be

designed with high efficiency? Why can efficiency of machines never be unity or
100%?
Ans. Efficiency is the ratio of useful energy output to the total energy input, usually
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
expressed as a percentage. % Efficiency = x 100 FAROOQ QAISRANI, SST
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
F.G.SirSyed model PublicSCHOOL RWP
High efficiency in cars and devices is essential to reduce energy wastage, fuel consumption,
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and environmental impact. Efficiency can never be 100% due to unavoidable energy losses,
primarily as heat, caused by friction, resistance, and other factors.

11. Explain by drawing energy flow diagrams that energy steadily stays in some
systems, such as a filament lamp, a power station, or a vehicle traveling at a
constant speed on a level road.
Filament Lamp: Electrical energy → Light energy + Heat energy (some heat energy is always
lost, which reduces efficiency).

Power Station: Chemical energy (in fuel) → Heat energy → Mechanical energy (turbine) →
Electrical energy (generator) + Waste heat.

Vehicle at Constant Speed: Chemical energy (fuel) → Kinetic energy + Heat energy (from
engine and frictional forces).
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Q.2. When does a force do work? Explain.

Ans. when a force acts on a body and displaces it in the direction of force then work will be
done. As W = F S, work also depends upon angle between F and S. if angle between F and S
is 00 then work will be maximum. Sometimes force and displacement do not have the same
direction. Then force resolve into its components and work will be found as W= FS Cos𝜃

Short Response Questions

1. A car is moving with a constant speed along a straight road. Is there any work done on
the car?
No work is done on the car if it is moving at constant speed in a straight line, as there is no change in kinetic energy.
2. Does the work done in raising a box up in a building depend upon how fast it is raised
up? Through which path? To how much height?
No, the work done depends on the height the box is raised to, not the speed. The work done is
given by W = mgh, where h is the height.

3. Work done on the body either speeds it up, slows it down. Keeping it mind, explain
how much work is done by centripetal force on an orbiting satellite?
No work is done by the centripetal force on an orbiting satellite, as it acts perpendicular to the
direction of motion. so work done is Zero

4. A car has Kinetic energy 'Ek'; By what factor its kinetic energy would change, if its
velocity is doubled?
If velocity is doubled, the kinetic energy increases by a factor of four, since K.E. is proportional to
the square of velocity (K.E. = 1/2 mv^2).

5. A bullet is fired from gun, bullet penetrates into sand wall and it stops. Where does its
kinetic energy used?
The kinetic energy is converted into heat, sound, and deformation energy of both the bullet and the
sand.

6. An LED light bulb has efficiency of 80%. Does it violate conservation of energy
principle?
No, it does not violate the conservation of energy. The 80% efficiency means that 80% of electrical
energy is converted into light energy, while the rest is lost as heat.

7. How does using renewable energy sources contribute to reducing environmental

impact compared to non-renewable sources?
Renewable energy sources reduce environmental impact by producing fewer emissions and
pollutants, and they are sustainable, unlike non-renewable sources.

8. Will we eventually rely entirely on renewable energy sources? Why or why not?
Yes, we are likely to rely on renewable energy in the future because non-renewable resources are
finite and renewable energy is more sustainable.

9. How can increasing the power of a machine impact its energy consumption?
Increasing the power of a machine increases its energy consumption because power is the rate at
which energy is used.

10. A perpetual engine has an efficiency equal to 1. Why it will not work?
A perpetual engine will not work because it violates the second law of thermodynamics, which
states that some energy is always lost as waste heat in any energy conversion process.

Extra Questions FAROOQ QAISRANI, SST

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Q.4.Why do we need energy? RWP CANTT. 03345044822
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 FAROOQ QAISRANI, SST
Ans. We need energy to fulfill our requirements. F.G.SirSyed model PublicSCHOOL
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1. We need energy for walking, moving and running.
2. We need energy for lightning, running fans and washing clothes.
3. We need energy to drilling wells for drinking water.
4. We need energy to drives windmills and pushing sailing boat.

Q.5.Define energy, give two types of mechanical energy.

Ans. Energy: A body possesses energy if it is capable to do work. It is scalar quantity and
its SI unit is joule.

Types of Mechanical Energy: it has two types. 1- Kinetic energy 2- Potential energy.

Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic
1
enegy. K.E = mv2
2

Potential Energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called potential
energy. P.E = mgh

Q.8.Why fossils fuels are called non-renewable forms of energy?

Ans. Fossils fuels are called non-renewable forms of energy because they took millions of
years for their formation. Fossils fuels are usually hydrocarbons.

Q.9.Which form of energy is most preferred and why?

Ans. Solar energy is the energy coming from the Sun.Solar energy is most preferred
because it is limitless, cheap and does not pollute the environment.

Q.10.How is energy converted from one form to another? Explain.

Ans.

Q.11. Name the five devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Ans. The following devices convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. 1. Electric
motor. 2 Drill machine. 3- Washing machine 4- Electric iron 5- Electric fan. 6- Electric
grinder. 7- Electric spinner 8- Electric bulb

Q.12. Name a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Ans. AC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Q.14. How can you find the efficiency of a system? FAROOQ QAISRANI, SST
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 Ans. We can find the efficiency of a system with the help of following formula
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = Or % Efficiency = x 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Q.15. What is meant by one watt power?

Ans. Watt: The power of a body is one watt if it does work at the rate of 1 joule per
second. 1watt = 1 Js-1 Bigger units of power are 1 KW = 1000 watt. 1 MW =
10 watt
6 1horse power = 1 hp = 746 watt.

Q.18. Make a flow-diagram of energy conversion for a hydroelectric power station.

Ans. Flow diagram of Hydroelectric power station.

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of stored water RWP CANTT. 03345044822

(input)

Kinetic Energy
of flowing water

Heat Energy Work Done Sound Energy

due to friction (output) in running the turbine Noise (output)

Electric Energy
from electric generator
(output)

Q.19. What is a solar cell? What are its uses?

Ans. Solar cell: A solar cell also called a photo cell is made of silicon wafer. When sun light
falls on a solar cell, it converts it into electrical energy.

Uses: 1- solar cells are used in calculators. 2- solar cells are used in watches. 3- solar
cells are used in toys. 4- solar cells are used in solar panels which provide power to
telephone booths. 5- solar panels also used to power satellites.
Q.20.Write names of three parts of solar house heating system?

Ans. There are three main parts of solar house heating system.

1. A collector FAROOQ QAISRANI, SST

2. A Storage device F.G.SirSyed model PublicSCHOOL
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3. A distribution system.

Q.22.From where nuclear power plant gain energy to generate electric power?

Ans. A nuclear power plant uses energy released in nuclear reactor such as fission to
generate electric power.

Q.23. What is Mass-Energy equation?/ what is Einstein Mass-Energy equation?

Ans. Mass-Energy equation: Einstein predicted the interconversion of matter and energy.
According to him, a loss in the mass of a body provides a lot of energy. the realtion is E = mc2
Here c is the speed of light ( 3 x 108 ms-1).

Q.24. How energy sources produces environmental problems/ pollutions.

Ans. Energy and environment: Energy sources produces different type of pollution such as
air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution etc. 1- Natural processes such as volcanic
eruptions,forest fires and dust storms add pollutant to the air. 2- Burning of fuel and solid
waste in homes,automobiles and factories releases harmful amount of air pollutants. 3- All
power plants produce waste heat, but fission plants produce the most heat that causes
thermal pollution. 4- Nuclear power plant produce dangerous radioactive wastes which
causes environmental pollution.

***Best luck***
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FAROOQ QAISRANI, SST
F.G.SirSyed model PublicSCHOOL
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