Download full Choosing our religion the spiritual lives of America s Nones 1st Edition Drescher ebook all chapters
Download full Choosing our religion the spiritual lives of America s Nones 1st Edition Drescher ebook all chapters
Download full Choosing our religion the spiritual lives of America s Nones 1st Edition Drescher ebook all chapters
com
https://ebookname.com/product/choosing-our-religion-the-
spiritual-lives-of-america-s-nones-1st-edition-drescher/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD EBOOK
https://ebookname.com/product/psychoanalysis-neuroscience-and-the-
stories-of-our-lives-1st-edition-sarah-sutton/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/how-xena-changed-our-lives-nikki-
stafford/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/democracy-s-edge-choosing-to-save-our-
country-by-bringing-democracy-to-life-1st-edition-frances-moore-lappe/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/built-of-books-how-reading-defined-the-
life-of-oscar-wilde-1st-edition-thomas-wright/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/dr-tom-shinder-s-isa-server-and-beyond-
with-cdrom-1st-edition-thomas-w-shinder/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/rebuilding-babel-modern-architecture-
and-internationalism-1st-edition-mark-crinson/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/on-point-a-guide-to-writing-the-
military-story-1st-edition-tracy-crow/
ebookname.com
Choosing Our Religion
Choosing Our Religion
The Spiritual Lives of America’s Nones
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Sheridan, USA
And we all have a duty to do good. And this commandment
for everyone to do good, I think, is a beautiful path towards
peace. If we, each doing our own part, if we do good to others,
if we meet there, doing good, and we go slowly, gently, little
by little, we will make that culture of encounter: we need that
so much. We must meet one another doing good. “But I don’t
believe, Father. I am an atheist!” But do good. We will meet one
another there.
—Pope Francis, remarks at morning mass, May 22, 2013
CONTENTS
Appendix A: On Methodology 253
Appendix B: Characteristics of Interview Subjects 269
Notes 275
Bibliography 299
Index 315
vii
TA B L E S A N D F I G U R E S
Tables
1.1 Change in Childhood Religion by Religious Group 17
1.2 Basic Demographic Profile of US Nones 20
1.3 The Four Fs of Contemporary Spirituality 43
A.1 Spiritually Meaningful Practices for the Unaffiliated 255
A.2 Nones Beyond the Numbers Survey Questions 257
A.3 Interview Locales and Dates 261
A.4 Narrative Interview Guiding Questions 263
B.1 Age Distribution of Unaffiliated by Percentage 269
B.2 Gender Distribution of Unaffiliated by Percentage 269
B.3 Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Unaffiliated by Percentage 270
B.4 Household Configuration 270
B.5 Geographic Distribution 271
B.6.1 Religious/Spiritual Self-Identification 272
B.6.2 Primary Religious Upbringing 273
Figures
1.1 Percentage of Nones in Nine US Census Divisions (2014) 19
1.2 Growth in the Percentage of Nones in Nine US Census Divisions
(2007–2014) 19
ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xi
xii Acknowledgments
Directions in the Study of Prayer” (NDSP) initiative and for the encouragement
of Paul Bloom, Courtney Bender, Fenella Cannell, Taline Cox, Anna Glade,
Robert Orsi, Jonathan VanAntwerpen, and the array of challenging, insightful
colleagues with whom the NDSP initiative put me in conversation. Likewise,
funding through a Hackworth Grant from the Markkula Center for Applied
Ethics at Santa Clara University supported focused research on the ethical prac-
tices of Nones.
A number of speaking and consulting engagements also allowed me to inter-
view Nones across the United States, to share my early findings, and to test my
preliminary thinking with congenial groups of the (mostly) religiously affiliated. I
am grateful for the hospitality of following organizations: The Episcopal Diocese
of Northwestern Pennsylvania, Bradford, Pennsylvania; The Episcopal Diocese
of California, San Francisco, California; St. Michael and All Angels Episcopal
Church, Mission, Kansas; Luther Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota; The Episcopal
Church in Almaden, San Jose, California; Princeton Theological Seminary,
Princeton, New Jersey; The Association of Lutheran Church Musicians at
Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana; The BTS Center, Portland, Maine;
General Theological Seminary, New York, New York; Upper Dublin Lutheran
Church, Ambler, Pennsylvania; Sunnyvale Presbyterian Church, Sunnyvale,
California; St. Jude’s Episcopal Church, Cupertino, California; The Lilly
Endowment Web Consultation at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; The
Episcopal Diocese of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona; Andover-Newton Theological
School, Boston, Massachusetts; the New England Synod of the Evangelical
Lutheran Church in America, Worchester, Massachusetts; Bellarmine College
Preparatory, San Jose, California; St. Ignatius College Preparatory School, San
Francisco, California; Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York; Brite Divinity
School, Forth Worth, Texas; and the Forum for Theological Exploration
Transition-Into-Ministry Gathering, Indianapolis, Indiana.
The presentation of academic papers at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the
American Academy of Religion in Chicago and at the Religion, Politics, and
Globalization Program (RPGP) at the University of California, Berkeley, in the
spring of 2013 also provided opportunities to interview Nones and to hone my
thinking among challenging and encouraging colleagues. Likewise, articles writ-
ten for America, The BTS Center Bearings blog, The Narthex, Religion Dispatches,
Salon, the Washington Post, and elsewhere, as well as interviews with The Atlantic,
The Deseret News, Confirm Not Conform, and Collegeville Institute, have
allowed me to test my findings and refine my ideas with the varied and enthusi-
astic readers who very often shared their own perspectives on religion and spiri-
tuality through comments, posts, tweets, and emails.
My colleagues in Religious Studies and the Graduate Program in Pastoral
Ministry at Santa Clara University have been characteristically supportive as I
Acknowledgments xiii
have wended my way through this project. I would like to thank especially Gary
Macy, William J. Dohar, James Bennett, J. David Pleins, and Vicky Gonzalez.
Much gratitude is owed to Deborah Lohse and Deepa Arora in SCU’s outstand-
ing Media Relations department. My teaching and research life was likewise
made immeasurably easier by the efforts of my stalwart graduate teaching and
research assistant at Santa Clara University, Danyelle Kelly. Much gratitude
is owed, as well, to undergraduate research assistant Gillian Kratzer, of the
Pennsylvania State University, whose enthusiasm for the project and attention
to detail considerably lightened the load of early bibliographic research.
It is a delight and an honor to have been able to complete this project with
Oxford University Press. I am grateful for the guidance, support, and, especially,
the patience of Cynthia Read, the OUP editorial and marketing staff, and the
anonymous proposal reviewers who pressed me to sharpen my research and
writing plan at the earliest stages of the project. Anonymous reviewers of the
final manuscript likewise helped tremendously to improve the work that follows.
A wide network of colleagues, friends, and other supporters of my work have
made the writing of this book much easier than it could possibly have been with-
out them. It is impossible for me to list here all those whose kind words, thought-
ful comments, and generosity with background resources helped me along the
way. Nonetheless, I would like to thank in particular Keith Anderson, Jennifer
Alboim Anderson, Steven Bauman, Diane Bowers, Pat Carr, Hans-Christian
Kasper, Bettie Davis, Kenda Creasy-Dean, Mary Gray-Reeves, Robert Grove-
Markwood, Susan Grove-Markwood, James Estes, Matt Fisher, Donna Freitas,
Mary Hess, Anita Houck, Arthur Holder, Alyssa Lodewick, Rebecca Lyman, Jeff
Oakes, Nathaniel Porter, Ellen McGrath Smith, Kirk Smith, and Greg Troxell.
As always, Kelly Simons has added much to the spiritual richness of my own
everyday life throughout this project.
At the end of the day, I am reasonably certain that religion and spirituality—
however we might understand them—would not have come to be such enduring
forces in diverse human cultures across the millennia were it not for experiences
of suffering and loss encountered in every life. As I was working on this book,
I lost a dear friend and spiritual companion, Bill Vodzak (1957–2013). This
book is dedicated to the memory of Bill’s kindness, compassion, and encourage-
ment of others, whoever they happened to be and wherever they might be head-
ing on their particular pilgrimage.
Choosing Our Religion
Introduction
An American Spiritual Pilgrimage
Faith is not the clinging to a shrine but an endless pilgrimage of
the heart.
—╉Abraham Joshua Heschel
Once you see the boundaries of your environment, they are no longer
the boundaries of your environment.
—╉Marshall McLuhan
1
2 Introduction
embodied metaphor for the larger spiritual journey across time and geography,
though it is that, too. Labyrinths for her are also places where “prayer happens
as the body connects with the earth. It is not just words—the words spoken, the
words in your head,” she explained to me as we parked the car and swam into the
summer’s heat. “The words—or even just one word—can guide you or focus
you. But the word is not the prayer, you know. The walking is not the prayer.
Walking on the ground, on the earth, with a heart open to the divine, to God, if
you want to call it that—this is the prayer of a labyrinth.”
I had walked my share of labyrinths—the famous thirteenth-century Chartres
Cathedral labyrinth in my teens; years later, a remarkable square labyrinth at Ely
Cathedral in England; more recently, the Grace Cathedral labyrinth in my own
neck of the woods; and, not for nothing, a number of more or less impromptu,
“crowd-sourced” turf labyrinths in the Oakland Hills in Northern California,
where my dog and I walked when I lived in the area as a graduate student. On my
fortieth birthday, I built a labyrinth on a beach in Isla Mujeres, Mexico, with com-
panions on a women’s retreat. Some months after Brauer and I walked together
through the summer heat, I visited several labyrinths in Sedona, Arizona, these
often presented as pre-, post-, or otherwise extra-Christian designs. I was famil-
iar with the form and with the grounded and embodied contemplative prac-
tices they host. Labyrinths are in many ways the perfect symbol for the spiritual
lives of many Americans today, appearing as they do in traditional religious set-
tings as well as in the increasingly ad hoc spiritualities of people affiliated with
institutional religions as well as those whose spiritual lives unfold largely outside
the doors of churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples.
My aim in meeting with Dorit Brauer, however, was not to swap notes on
labyrinth spiritualities but rather to reconnect with one of the first people I had
known as a serious practitioner of “alternative” or “New Age” spiritualities. She
seemed the perfect resource at the beginning of my own cross-country pilgrim-
age into the spiritual lives of the religiously unaffiliated in America—and no few
of the affiliated as well. Throughout more than two years, I traveled from Maui
to Maine to collect the stories of these so-called “Nones”3—people who answer
“none” when asked with what religious group they are a member or with which
they identity—seeking to add flesh and spirit to the bare-bones demographic
data that have poured into academic research and popular media with increasing
frequency over the past few years.
I first met Dorit Brauer, then in her mid-thirties, in the 1990s, when she taught
a series of guided meditation classes offered through a wellness program at the
corporation where I worked. In addition to teaching these classes and maintain-
ing an active practice as a reflexologist,4 she had been part of a study on “alter-
native medicine” sponsored by the National Institutes of Health through the
Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
Int roduc tion 3
There, her meditation classes with cardiac patients, people with cancer, and oth-
ers with high-risk illnesses exacerbated by stress were regularly evaluated for
their impact on the overall well-being of participants. I also recalled that Brauer
shared a number of other spiritual practices—chanting, drumming, crystal heal-
ing bowls, and a spiritualized version of family systems counseling5—with vari-
ous groups and individuals as part of her “holistic living” practice, “Live Your
Best Life, Inc.” The labyrinth meditation was a new addition to her extensive
spiritual repertoire, as was her focus on various forms of spiritual writing. But
neither was a surprise to me in a woman with an expansive spiritual curiosity and
seemingly boundless energy—not just for experimenting with but for working
to master new practices that would deepen her own spirituality and allow her to
offer a wider array of spiritual teachings, practices, and healing options for her
clients.
We had not been in touch for more than a decade, yet early in my explora-
tion of the spiritual lives of America’s Nones I felt compelled to reconnect with
Brauer. She seemed to represent the sort of person who comes to mind for many
people when they think about the religiously unaffiliated: spiritually eclectic,
practicing outside or on the margins of institutional religions, self-authorizing
and idiosyncratic in choosing or constructing modes of spiritual practice, and
often connected to commercialized modes of such practice. My brief studies
with her had contributed to my own interest in the varieties of lived spirituality
and religion in America. Conventional academic and demographic assessments
tend to focus on people’s belief in a personal god or higher power; their formal,
membership-based affiliation with an institutional religious group; their atten-
dance at worship services in intuitional religious settings; and the frequency
with which they pray. Even before I began researching the spiritual lives of those
who are and those who are not affiliated with institutional religions, my experi-
ence studying with Brauer and observing others in her classes made clear that
spirituality and religion in American life could hardly be understood in all their
diversity and richness by focusing exclusively on what happens in relation to
churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples or the various administrative and
educational institutions that support them.
In many ways, Dorit Brauer typifies an extra-institutional spirituality, the
nuances of which are often marginalized in studies of religion. She is a self-
identified “seeker”6 with an eclectic toolkit of spiritual practices drawn from
diverse religious and spiritual traditions, which she has shaped into a self-
authorized mode of meaning-making.7 Still, though she does not affiliate with
an institutional religion, she nonetheless draws upon traditional religious prac-
tices (like labyrinth walking). She often conducts her own spiritual practices
and classes in traditional religious sites and generally argues for transhistorical,
universalist connections among religions. Brauer has long been a practitioner
4 Introduction
But a survey from Pew and the Religion & Ethics Newsweekly program,
“Nones on the Rise,” released just before the 2012 presidential election,
stirred considerably more conversation across religious, political, and media
organizations. In addition to foregrounding the generally more liberal politi-
cal leanings of Nones, the new data showed further dramatic growth in the
population of the religiously unaffiliated. One in five Americans overall—
20%—now claimed no religious affiliation. And among people under the
age of 30, a full 30%—one in three—were unaffiliated.16 By 2015, a new
Pew survey marked a further uptick in unaffiliated Americans to nearly
23%.17 A full 35% of American adults under age 30 are unaffiliated.18 This
newly reported increase in unaffiliation outpaced a projection by Pew only
a month earlier that suggested the rate of unaffiliation in the North America
would reach nearly 26% by 2050.19 Clearly, Nones are the overachievers of
the US religious landscape.
All of the numbers tell us that if the unaffiliated gathered into a formal reli-
gious organization, it would be larger than any Protestant denomination and
all Mainline Protestant denominations combined. Though there is of course
no Church of the Risen None, no Affiliation for the Religiously Unaffiliated,
the increase in Nones raises questions about contemporary American culture
that merit our attention: Are Americans giving up on God? Is the United States
becoming more fully secularized, along the lines of most Western European
nations? Or, is something altogether different happening? Are the meanings
of “religion” and “religious affiliation” themselves changing in profound and
enduring ways?
For a nation whose history, politics, legal and educational systems, and wide
swaths of the broader culture have been profoundly influenced by religion,
the questions raised by the recent growth in the population of Nones are not
unimportant, regardless of how we do or do not practice religion. What do the
Nones tell us about the changing American spiritual and religious ethos at the
beginning of the twenty-first century? What are the implications of a growing
population of religiously unaffiliated Americans for social cohesion, ethics and
morals, existential meaning-making, charitable giving, social justice action, vol-
unteerism, and other phenomena associated with religion as it has been tradi-
tionally understood?
Choosing Our Religion: The Spiritual Lives of America’s Nones offers an explora-
tion of this newly fascinating demographic category. Through interviews with a
diversity of Nones across the United States, the book explores who Nones are,
how they came to their unaffiliated status, their spiritual influences and exem-
plars, and how they live out their spiritualities, individually and with others. The
book moves through and then beyond the statistical reports that have been as
anxiety-provoking to religious leaders and many in their flocks as they have been
Int roduc tion 7
compelling to social commentators and political operatives who hanker for the
support of a newly defined constituency.
In Chapter 1, I explore recent demographic data on Nones. But I also consider
the role of such demography itself in a certain theologically and ideologically
compartmentalized, market-based, and institutionally oriented understanding
of American religion and spirituality. Ultimately, this book contests this view
through its more sustained attention to the spiritual narratives of the unaffili-
ated themselves. This initial discussion, then, is meant to open a more expansive
understanding of the population of Nones that moves beyond the ideas of lack
and loss—lack of faith, loss of belief, lack of commitment, loss of community,
and so on—that more often than not characterize conversations about the unaf-
filiated within institutional religious communities and many academic circles.
Chapter 1 sets up what I have taken as the primary challenge of the book: to
present Nones as other than a homogeneous group or “tribe”20 in competition
with the religiously affiliated. The book, thus, situates Nones as diverse partici-
pants in an increasingly vibrant, historically rich, and religiously pluralistic land-
scape within which conventional measures like institutional affiliation, worship
attendance, and belief in God or a Higher Power are increasingly less meaningful
indicators of the extent or depth of American religiosity or spirituality. In many
ways, even among “Somes”—as I have come to call the religiously affiliated—
exclusive participation in institutional religious groups is now becoming some-
thing of an “alternative” religious practice itself in a world where more diversely
resourced, everyday spiritualities are becoming the norm.
Given the complexity of this landscape, Chapter 1 also takes up the question
of what we mean when we talk about “spirituality” and “religion” in the United
States today. The two terms have a complex and often conflicted history that
flows through various streams of religious, academic, and popular discourse.
This history is inflected by the claims of secularism, religious pluralism, reli-
giously infused politics, and consumer culture, among other factors. I suggest
that the ongoing debate about what counts as the “spiritual” and what is more
properly “religious” reveals more about who is using these words than about the
terms themselves or, perhaps more significantly, than it does about the spiritual
and/or religious experiences and commitments of ordinary Americans in the
midst of everyday lives.
Chapter 1 also explores the idea of “the spiritual life” as defined by practices
rather than beliefs, though I do not set these two phenomena in opposition to
one another—thoughts against actions. Rather, I consider a richer understand-
ing of “practice” in the context of religious and spiritual identity as a dynamic
blend of actions, attitudes, preferences, material objects, feelings, and thoughts
that forms coherent ways of living with others in the world. Practice, in this sense,
both shapes and is shaped by the experiences of everyday life within networks
8 Introduction
of relationships. Practices are the raw material for stories of the self that narrate
what a person understands as her or his own identity, including spiritual or reli-
gious identity.
Based on narrative surveys with more than a thousand affiliated and unaffil-
iated Americans, and extended interviews with more than one hundred Nones
across the country,21 Choosing Our Religion invites readers to listen in on the
stories of Nones themselves as they describe their spiritual lives: the paths they
followed to their current approach to spirituality (Chapter 2); the writers, think-
ers, gurus, teachers, and other influencers of their spirituality (Chapter 3); the
specific practices they find spiritually enriching or otherwise meaningful
(Chapters 4); how prayer among the unaffiliated bridges traditional religious
understandings and new spiritual self-understandings (Chapter 5); the ways in
which the spirituality of Nones influences their ethical values and moral prac-
tices (Chapter 6); and how they approach the spiritual and moral formation of
their children (Chapter 7). In the end, this is not a book about Nones, but a book
of Nones and their stories. The pages that follow, in which Nones themselves
are extensively quoted, hardly map the whole of unaffiliated spirituality across
the country and within complex and changing lives. Still, my hope is that the
wide variety of unaffiliated Americans will recognize important elements of
their own stories here as well.
The book is more than this, however, for it situates Nones in relationship
to Somes in the midst of their lives in common. The spiritualities of Nones
are hardly distinct or isolated from the spiritualities of Somes with whom they
share much of their everyday lives, including experiences and practices that both
the affiliated and the unaffiliated alike would mark as “spirituality significant.”
Rituals associated with life transitions such as births, graduations, marriages, and
deaths, as well as seasonal celebrations and holidays, bring Nones and Somes
into frequent spiritual proximity. Although they may approach and interpret
these occasions differently, and though cultural norms frequently limit sustained
discussion of the spiritual meaning of such shared experiences,22 my interviews
with Nones as well as my conversations with many Somes make clear that most
of us, regardless of how we see ourselves in terms of affiliation and unaffiliation,
are actively attentive to and curious about each other’s spiritual or religious prac-
tices (even when we may be overtly dismissive or otherwise critical of them).
For many Americans, the resources this curiosity brings to consciousness will
find their way, directly or perhaps more obliquely, into their own spiritualities.
In addition, the recent data on religious affiliation in America tell us that
more than 70% of Nones were raised in families affiliated with institutional
religions, this background generally having been in a Christian denomina-
tion.23 This hard fact has churned considerable interest and angst among reli-
gious leaders and congregants, generating something of a cottage industry for
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
In einer Schieblade lagen alle seine Sachen, sie nahm sie nie
heraus. Sie wußte ja doch, wie jedes Stück aussah und wie es sich
auf der Handfläche anfühlte — das glatte, weiche Linnen, die rauhe
Wolle und die halbfertige Jacke aus grünem Flanell, die sie mit
Butterblumen bestickt hatte, die sollte er haben, wenn er
ausgefahren wurde. —
Sie hatte ein Bild vom Strande angefangen mit den roten und
blauen Kindern auf dem weißen Sandstrand. Einige der
teilnehmenden Damen kamen herbei, schauten zu und versuchten,
eine Bekanntschaft anzubahnen: „Wie nett!“ Sie war aber
unzufrieden mit der Skizze und mochte sie nicht beendigen, auch
eine neue wollte sie nicht anfangen. —
„Liebe Mutter. Jetzt kann ich Dir endlich berichten, daß ich
glücklich und wohl in Italien angekommen bin, und daß es mir
in jeder Hinsicht gut geht, sowie —“ Der Rest des Bogens war
mit Vokabeln bedeckt. Bei den Verben standen zugleich die
Deklinationen. Auch am Rande des Buches standen
Vokabeln — ganz dicht, an dem tragisch frohen
Karnevalsgedicht entlang. „Wie schön ist die Jugend, die so
schnell entflieht“.