3/10/24, 6:56 PM Classifications-Maharashtra Board

oesClass 10-Science &Technology-2-Chapter-6-Animal

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Notes-Class 10-Science &Technology-2-Chapter-6-Animal Classifications-Maharashtra Board
Antmal Classifications

Iass 10 Science &Technology Datt 2Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

Notes
Topics to be learn
1. Benefits of animal cdassification
2. Non Chorodates and Chorodate
3. New system of animal dassification
4, Kingdonm Anamalia
" Phylum -Subphyium
5. Vertebrata

Class

characteristiCs, such as presence or absence of

ena Tor ciassihcation of organisms: The livina organisms are classified according to their basic
nucleus, unicellular body or multicellular body. presence or absence of cell wall and the mode of nutrition in them.
Plants classification : The plants are classified according to the following basis :
" Presence or absence of the organs.
" Presence or absence of separate conducting tissues for the conduction of fo0d and water.

Presence or absence ofseeds in plants.

" Whether seeds are enclosed in fruits or not.
" Number of cotyledons in seeds: one or two.
Animal Classification : Plants em bryo found o ithin the Seed.
about 7 million species of different animals.
" There is great diversity among the animals on the earth. There are
been classified.
" Depending upon the similarities &differences among these animals, they have
" Such systematic classification makes it easy to study the great diverse animal forms.

History of Classification :

History of Classification :
Ray, Linnaeus.
1) Scientists : Greek philosopher Aristotle Theophrastus, Pliny, John
" Basis for classification : Body size, habits and habitats
" Method: Artificial method
2) Scientists : Dobzhansky and Mayor
bio-chemical properties
" Basis for classification : Body organization, types of cells, chromosomes,
" Method: Natural system of classification
3) Scientists : Carl Woese

. Basis lor classilicaúon : Presence or absence of notochord. eibe roJ Iikp shuckise ynas h.
. Method: Method based on evolution Traditional method. ody's supportng ax/S (collapsel

Benefits of animal classification :

(1) By placing the animals in proper classified groups, their study becomes convenient.
(2) By studying few animals trom each group understanding the entire group becomes easy.

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(3) Animal classification leads to
better understanding of animal evolution.
(4) ldentification of animals can be
done with great accuracy.
(5)The relationship of animals with other living
organisms is better understood.
(6) The habitat of each animal and it's exact role in the
nature can be understood by learníng animal classiicallon.
(7) VarioUS adaptations of animals can be
studied.
Traditional method of animal Classification :

Traditional method of animal Classification:

Animal dassification : Formation of groups and sub-groups of animals by taking into account their similarities and differences is called animal
classification.
Non Chorodates:

" Notochord: Absent

" Pharyngeal Gill slits: Absent

" Nerve cord: Ventral, solid and paired
" Heart: Dorsally locate
Chorodates:
" Notochord: Present
" Pharyngeal Gill slits: Present
" Nerve cord: Dorsal, hollow and single
" Heart: Ventraly located

Notochord Nervc chord

Muscle

Mouth
Anus Gillsits
Tuil fi
Cherdatfes

Chordates :Allchordate animals are belong to the single group which is called Chordata,
Chordata has three subphyla, viz.
. Urochordata
" Cephalochordata
. Vertebrata
Sub-phylum Vertebrata is further divided into following six Classes as:

Cyclostomata
" Pisces

" Amphibia
" Reptilia
" Aves
" Mammalia

(collaosel

Robert Whittaker has given five kingdom classification system. All the multicellular, heterotrophic organisms are included under kingdom Animalia or
Animal kingdom.
According to this system the criteria for classitication are as follows :

(1) Body organization (2) Body symmetry (3) Body cavity (4) Germinal layers (5) Segmentation.
New system of animal classification:
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Notes-Class 10-Science &Technology-2-Chapter-6-Animal Classifcations-Maharashtra Board -
criteria for new system of classification

(1)Grades of organization :

(1)Grades of organization: Unicellular organisms have a single cell. But

in multicellular animals there are many cells.
Grades of Organization

Protoplasmic grade Body made up of only protoplasm. E.g. Unicellular animals.

Cellular grade Many cells are present. But tissues are not formed. E.g. Porifera

Cel-tissue grade Cells performing similar function form the tissues. Tissues pertorm allbody functions. E.g.
Cnidaria

Tissue Organ grade Tissues are organized to form some organs. But complete organ systens are not formmed. E.g.
Flat worms

Different organs form organ system to perform specific functions in the body. E.g. Human
Organ-system grade
beings and other higher animals

(collapse)

(2)Body Symmetry :
(2)Body Symmetry :
if body of any animal cut through imaginary axis of body, it may or may not produce two equal halves. Depending upon this property, there are
different types of animal bodies.
"Asymmetrical Body : in case of such body, there is no any such imaginary axis of the body through which we can get two equal haves. Ex.
Amoeba, Paramoecium, some sponges.

Asymmtrical body
" Radial symmetry : In this type of body, if imaginary cut passes through central axis but any plane of body, it gives two equal halves. Ex. Star fish.
In case of this animal, there are five different planes passing through central axis of body through which we can get two equal halves.

Rodial Symmetry

Bilateral symmetry: In this type of body, there is only one such imaginary axis of body through which we can get two equal halves. Ex. Insects,
fishes, trog, birds, human, etc.

Bilateral Symmetry

(collapsel

(3) Germ Layers:

(3) Germ Layers:

" During the initial embryonic period of any multicellular animal there is formation of germinal layers or germ layer.
" These germ layers give rise to new tissues in the developing animal.

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 sey e

S4 Boty
caty Coeim
Soty cry Coeim

Ecoelomac

Segme
SSegmeror
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" Theso animala fend upon smal organinms taken in thalr body nlong wth water. Water is iaken in through osla and ghven out through oscula.
Germinal Layors coalom : Acoelomate, cellular grade
Locomotion: These aninals arn always atached to substralum, hence do not show locomotlon. Hence, they are reterred as sedentary animals.
" Reproduction ithese animals reproduce by budding, an asexual method and / or by sexual method. Besides, they have good ability of
regeneration,
" Examples: Sycon, Euupongla (Bath ponge), Hyalonema, Euplectella, etc.

Collar cells
Osculu

(Ostha

Syeon sponge
[collapsel

3) Phylum-Coelenterata/Cnidaria
3) Phylum - ColentoratalCnidaria
. Body Structure: Body of these animals is cylindrical or umbrella-4ike. It it is cylindrical, it is called as Polyp' and it it is umbrella like called as
'Medusa'.
. Habltat :Most of these animals are marine, Only few are tresh-water dwellers.
. Body Symmetry: Body of these animals is radially symmetrical &diploblastic.
Characterlstics :Cnidoblast bearing tentacles are prasent droind the mouth. Tentacles are usetul for capturing the prey whereas cnidoblasts
inject the toxin in the tbody of prey. Tlose are uselulfor protection too.
Locomotion: sedentaryor free swimming
" Germinal Layers coelom :Acoelomate, Diploblasti.
" Reproduction: Asexual, Sexual clon't h e coty
. Examples: Hydra,Adamsia (Sea anemone), Physalla (Portuguese- man-of war), Aurelia (Jelly fish), Corals, etc.

Seece toy
Drganl e Moull
Tentuces

jay hch Tentes=

Body

Ovary New bud

(collapsel

4) Phylum - Platyhelminthes

4) Phylum - Platyheiminthes
215-4ickó (huy)
" Body Structure: Body of these anirmals is slender &flat like a leaf or strip. Hence, they are called as latworms'.
. Habitat :Most of these anlmals are endoparasites, Few are tree-living &aquatic.
Body 8ymmetry: Bilaterally Nymmetrical.
Characterintica:Flat hody is a typical chnrncter.
. Locomotlon: Swimming
. Germinal Layers coolom
3embryonc Ceeu ayers
Body is Acoelomate and triploblastic i.e. their body is made up of three germ layers- endoderm, ectode n &
nesodemn.

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Reproductlon : Bisexual, Sexual. These animals are hermaphrodite i.e. male and female reproductive systems are present in the same animal
body.
Examples: Planaria, Liverfluke, Tapeworm, etc.

Mouth
Genitul Oral sucker
uperturc
Ventrul
Leaf like body
sucker

-Excretory pore
Liverfluke

(collapse]

5) Phylum- Aschelminthes

5)Phylum- Aschelminthes
" Body Structure: Body of these animals is long thread-like or cylindrical. Hence, they are
called as round worms.
" Habitat:These animals are either tree living or endoparasites. Free
living animals are either aquatic or terrestrial.

slaysaivespseudocoelomate.
Body Symmetry :Bilateraly symmetrical.
" Germinal Layers coelom: Body of these animals is
ins ide its host.
triploblastic and
" Characteristics:Body of these animals is
non-segmented and covered with tough cuticle.
. Locomotion: Swimming
" Reproduction :These animals are unisexual.
. Examples: Ascaris (Intestinal worm), Filarial worm, Loa loa (Eye worm), ete.

Mouth
Genital Mouth
apcrturC

hole
hole
Tuil
Male
Tail Ascaris
Female
Ascuris

6) Phylum - Annelida (collapse|

6) Phylum - Annelida

Body Structure: Body of these

animals is long, cylindrical &
" Habitat :Most of the animals are free-living, but metamerically segmented.
few are ectoparasites.
" Body
Symmetry : Bilaterally Free-4iving animals may be marine or fresh water
"
symmetrical dwellers or terrestrial.
Germinal Layers coelom:These animals are
Locomotion: They have setae or parapodia or triploblastic,
suckers for
and eucoelomate.
"
Characteristics :Their body is covered with special cuticle. locomotion.
"
Reproduction: These animals are either
" Examples:
Earthworm, Leech, hermaphrodite or unisexual.
Nereis,etc.

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 ctes-Class 1-5derce &Tectrag2haAriral CasstczirsAlararzshtra Board
.Rerstr KA SPKA Thess rirais are harmatrsite ie mde ard ter de regrodcbe ssemS e resert in te saTe anima

Eramces Prara Lvete Taew

Veotral

-Ecres poxe
Loertske

" Booy STCre Boy f tese rds s lrg treatÄke a cfiraica Herce. ey ae calet s rod
wÊns.
" Booy
SmetryBaeaySrerca res in5idu its host.

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 4.656 PM Notes-Class 10-Science & Technology-2-Chapter-6-AnimalClassifications-Maharashtra Board -
Segment
Anus Clitcllum Mouth

Earthworm

(collapse]

7) Phylum- Arthropoda

7) Phylum- Arthropoda

" Body Structure: These animals have jointed appendages. Hence they are called as arthropods.
"Planet Earth has highest number of animals from this phylum. Hence, this is largest phylum with highly successtul animals in animal kingdom.
" Habitat:These animals are found in all types of habitats ranging from deepest oceans to highest mountains.
" Germinal Layers coelom : Body of these animals is triploblastic, eucoelomate,
"Body Symmetry: Bilateralysymmetrical and segmented.
Locomotion: Swimming, creeping
" Characteristics :Chitinous exoskeleton is present around their body.
" Reproduction :These animals are unisexual,
" Examples: Crab, spider, scorpion, milipede, centipede, cockroach, buttertly, honey bee, etc.

Thorax
Wings Hcod

Antcnng

Abdumcn
Legs
Cockrooch

(collapse]
8) Phylum- Mollusca

8) Phylum- Mollusca

" Body Structure: Body of these animals is soft and slirmy.

Hence they are referred as mollusc.
" This is second largest phylum in animal kingdom,
. Habitat:These animals are aguatic or
terrestrial, Most of the aguatic molluscs are marine, but few are
" Germinal Layers coelom: Body of fresh water dwellers too.
these animals is triploblastic, eucoelomate,
" Body non-segmented and soft.
Symmetry: Except animals like snail, their body shows bilateral
Visceral mass. symmetry. Their body is divided into three divisions like head, foot and
" Locomotion: Swimming, creeping by floor
" Characteristics : Visceral mass is covered with mantle. This mantle secretes a
even absent in some cases, hard, calcareous shell. This shell may be
external or internal or
"
"
Reproduction:These animals are unisexual.
Examples: Bivalve, Snail, Octopus, etc.

S1phon

Eve

Tentacle

Octopus
Sucker

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 6:56PM Notes-Class 10-Science &Technology-2-Chapter-6-Animal Classifications-Maharashtra Board -
pIesence of ventrally siluated heart.

nending on the notochord, the Phylum chordata is classified into three subphyla,
ivuiidaid, CepilaivuiuIdaid dlu veiieaiuCialidid

A.Subphylum -Urochordata
A. Subphylum - Urochordata
" Urochordates are animals having notochord only in tail region of larvae.
" Marinc, sedentary adults.
" Larvae are free swimming, they metamorphose into sedentary adults.
Body is covered by test or tunic. This is a covering like a skin.
" Hermaphrodite animals.
.Examples :Herdmania, Doliolum, Oikopleura, etc.
Branchiol Atrial opcrture
uperlur

Tunic

Budy

Foot

Herdmaniu

/coiapsej

B. Subphylum - Cephalochordata

B. Subphylum - Cephalochordata
" Notochord is present in entire body length.
. Small. fish-like. marine animals.
" Large pharynx having gill-slits.
Unisexual animals.
" Example :Amphioxus.

Notochori
Nerve chord Scgmental Muscley

Liver Intestine Anus

Pharyngeal gils
Gonads

C. Subphylum - Vertebrata/Craniata (coliapsej

Vernebrala ihas Deen diviüed into sSiX Ciasses.

1.Class- Cyclostomata
1.Class- Cyclostomata:
" Body
Structure: These animals have jaw-less mouth
. Their skin is soft and without any provided with sucker.
scale.
Thermoregulation : Cold blooded animals
"
Appendages : Paired appendages are absent.

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 Notes-Class 10-Science &Technolog-2-Chapter-6-Animal Classifications-Maharashtra Board
Ensteleton Sot skin
without any scales. Endoskeleton is cartilaginous.
bitat Most of the animals are ectoparasites. Marine,aguatic
Respiration: Respiration occurs with gils.
. Reproduction :Oviparous-Eggs
. Examples: Petromyzon, Myxine, etc.

Eye

Body Sucker
Gill slits

[colansel

2. Class- Pisces

2. Class- Pisces
marine and fresh waters.
" Habitat :These are cold blooded (Poikilotherms) aquatic animals living in
" Body Structure: Body is spindle shaped to minimizewater-resistance.
Thermoregulation: Cold blooded animals
swimming. Tail fin is Useful as a steering organ during swimming.
" Appendages: They have paired &un-paired fins for
" Exoskeleton : Exoskeleton is in the form of scales & endoskeleton is
either cartilaginous or bony.
" Respiration: Respiration occurs with gills.
" Danrnduction :Oiparoue-lay Fggs
Example: Rohu, Pomfret, Sea horse, Shark, Electric ray, Sting ray, etc.

Laicroi itDc
Dursal fin

Eve
Cuwdui
fin

Ventral fin
Pelvic fin
Gll sits
Pocorul fin

[collanse)

3. Class- Amphibia

3. Class- Amphlbla
. Habitat:These animals are strictly aquatic during larval lite and perform only aquatic respiration whereas they can live in water as well as on land
during adult life and can perlorm aquatic as well as aerial respiration,

" Appendages :They have two pairs of appendages, Digits are without claws.
" Exoskeleton : Exoskeleton Is absent, Skin Is without any derivative and usually kept moist for resp1ration.
" Body Structure: Neck is absent, Eyes are prominent with eye lids, External ear is absent but tympanum is present.
Thernoregulation: Cold blooded unimals
Resplratlon During tadpolelarval stage by glls, In adulthood by skin in water and by kungs when on land
Roproduction : Eggs, larva, udult metaphorphosts.
" Example :Frog, Toad, Salamander, etc.

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Notes-Class 10-Science &
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Mouth
Norcs
Trunk Tympanum
Soffekin

Forc orn

Leg
Frog
fcolapse)

4.Class- Reptilia

4. Class- Reptilia

" Habitat :According to the course of animal evolution, these are first true terrestrial animals with creeping movement. Few are aquaulo
"Thermoregulation :These are cold blooded (poikilotherms) animals.
" Appendages: Two weak pairs of limbs. Digits are provided with claws.
They creep on the landas their body cannot be lifted up.
Cxoshelttuin:Thei skin is dry ard scay.
" Body Structure: Neck is present between head &trunk. External ear is absent.

" Respiration: By lungs.

" Reproduction : Eggs,young one, adults.
" Examples:Tortoise, Lizard, Snake,etc.
Éyes
Sculy skin

Legs

tcolapsej

5. Class- Aves

5. Class- Aves

" Habitat: These vertebrates are completely adapted for aerial life,
temperature constant.
" These are warm blooded (Homeotherms) i.e. they can maintain their body
head and trunk. Jaws are modified
Body Structure: Their body is spindle-shaped to minimize air resistance during flight. Neck is present between
intn heak
Thermoregulation : Warm blooded animals
" Appendages:Forelimbs are modified into wings. Digits are covered with scales and bear claws.
.Exoskeleton :ExOskeleton is present in the form of feathers.
"Respiration: By lungsaided by air sacks.
REprüducioii . Gvipaiüus, paieiái caië.
Examples: Peacock, Parrot, Pigeon, Duck, Penguin, etc

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 656PM
Notes-Class 10-Science &
Heod
Technology-2-Chapter-6-Animal Classifications-Maharashtra Board -
Eyes
Ncck
Rok

Claws

Pigcon

[collapsel

6. Class- Mammalia
b, CiaSS- Mansmaiia

Habitat:Mainly terrestrial, few aquatic, tew aerial.

" Presence of mammary glands is typical character of mammalia.
" Thermoregulation : These animals are warm blooded.
" Body Structure: Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail.
" Appendages:Digits are provided with nails, claws, or hooves.
" Exoskeleton:Exoskeleton is in the form of hairs or fur.
" Respiration: By lungs aided with diaphragm.
" Reproduction: Few Oviparous, majority viviparous. Birth to live young, mammary glands secreting milk.
. Examples: Elephant, Human, Kangaroo, Dolphin, Bat,etc.
Eycs

Body Patagium
Legs
Bat

fcollapse)

Q. Complete the Chart by taking intoconsideration the criteria for classification:

Answer

Living orqanisms

Prokaryote Eukarrote

Kingln. Niocid
Uniccllular Multucellulur
orgunists

h i j u i . Prousta
With Cell Walls Without Cell walls

Autotrophs Kingon Anmolka

Heterotrophs

Kinydom Plontoc Kngdom Fung1

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 Notes-Class 10-Science &Technology-2-Chapter-6-Animal Classifications-Maharashtra Board -
ghariyal and crocodile live in water as well as on land. Are they amphibians or reptiles?
like
Ms

respire only with the help of lungs. Their breathing is

crocodile arc reptiles. They can SWim in water and craw on land. But they can
breathe through the
nostrils. Even when in water, they have to inhale and
exhale by coming up to the surface of water for air. Amphibians can
not have. Gharival and crocodile cannot do so
also have hard exoskeleton which amphibians do
when in water and by lungs wnen on land. They
but they are reptiles.
bence they are not amphibians,
Mammalia?
oAnimals ike vwhac, wairus live ii wattr
(occan). Whcther they are inchude in Piscas or

Answer
oxygen in water.
not have gills to breathe in dissoved
aquatic and marine mammals, They do not belong to class Pisces. They do mammals. They give birth to Ive
Whale and walrus are alands like all other
body nor can they lay eggs, Whales and walrus have mammarv Mammalia.
Neither they have scales on the thev are included in
of the water at surface. Hence
heln of lungs bv Dutting their nostrils out
vouno one. Thev breathe onlv with the

friend of farmers?
Q. Why is earthworm called as

Answer
detritus in the soil
thefarms and fields, They feed on the
"Earthworms move through the soil in
matter.
They also help in decomposition of the organic
crops grow well.
. When the soil is loosened due
to their activities, the roots of the
which act as fertilizers.
They enrich the soi by their excreta
make earthworm a farmer's friend.
Allthese tacts

treatment?
used in ayuvedic system of
Q. In what way the leech is

and
blood is sucked up by leeches
Answer
to remove impure blood and blood clots. Such This
ectoparasite. In ayurveda leech is
used up the blood.
Leeches are blood sucking prevent plood clotting as it sucks
substance called hirudine which
relief. In the leech body there is a
then the patient gets some
niruiine is aiso used ior medicinai purpose.

Q. What is chitin?

Answer
N-acetylglucosamine, which is actually aderivative
chemical formula is (CgH1O;N)n. It is a long-chain polymer of
Chitin is a type of polysaccharide. Its In many medicines chitin is
arthropods, such as crustaceans and insects.
cellwalls in fungi, the exoskeletons of
of glucose. It is a primary component of
and the biotechnologicai experiments aiso use chitin.
usea. The industrial processes

Viey Suluien uf Tls Cioier

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