Name _____________________________

Advanced Lab Biology Midterm Review Study Guide – January 2022

Directions: Use your notes to define/fill in important information about the following
terms for each chapter.

The Study of Life (Chapter 1)

Biology – the science of life

-Characteristics of Life- 8
1. Made of one or more cells
• 2. Displays organization
– Biosphere Organism Organ System Organs Tissues Cells
• 3. Grows and develops
• 4. Reproduces
• 5. Responds to stimuli
– Stimulus: reaction by the organism
– Response: reaction to a stimulus
• 6. Requires energy
• 7. Maintains homeostasis
• 8. Adaptations evolve over time

How do organisms maintain homeostasis?

What is the difference between a theory and a law?

A law is proven to be right a theory there can have utiple ways of getting to the end
answer

Experimental Design:
Claim –

Evidence –

Reasoning –

Independent variable (include definition and which axis it is graphed on) -

Dependent variable (include definition and which axis it is graphed on) –

Control group vs. experimental group:

Hypothesis vs Inference:

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Levels of Organization:

Cells –
Tissues –
Organs –
Organ system –
Organism –
Population – : a group of a single type of organism
living in one area
Community – populations of different
organisms living in one area (only living
things)
Ecosystem – all of the living and non-living things in one area; a biological community
and all of the abiotic factors that affect it
Biome – all ecosystems in an area, they share the same climate and have similar types of
communities
Biosphere – includes all of earth

Ecology (Chapters 18, 19 and 20)

What is ecology?
The scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the
interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied

-Levels of organization- (big to small)

• Organism
• Population
• Biological community
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Biosphere

-Biosphere: includes all of earth

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-Biomes: all ecosystems in an area, they share the same climate and have similar types
of communities

-Ecosystem: all of the living and non-living things in one area; a biological community
and all of the abiotic factors that affect it

-Communities: populations of different

organisms living in one area (only living
things)

-Populations: a group of a single type of organism

living in one area

-Species A group of individuals that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic?

Biotic is all living thigs and abiotic is all nonliving things.

What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

Interactions in a community:
-competition
-predation
-symbiosis
-mutualism
-commensalism
-parasitism

Organisms-
-heterotroph
-herbivore
-carnivore
-omnivore
-detritivores
-autotroph

Energy Flow in a community:

-trophic levels (energy pyramid)

Food Chains – Linear series of feeding relationships

3
Food Webs (need to be able to create one when given a list of organisms) – Shows the
overlapping and interconnected food chains present in a community

Terrestrial Biomes –

Aquatic Biomes –

Population Density – The number of organisms per unit area

Dispersion –

-Patterns: uniform, clumped, random

Density-Dependent Factors –

Density-Independent Factors –

What affects a population size? (4 rates)

Carrying Capacity –The maximum number of individuals in a species that an

environment can support for the long term

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Chemistry in Biology (Chapters 2 & 3)

Atoms (nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons) – Simplest particle of an element that

retains all of the properties

Elements - Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of
matter

Ions –

Compounds – Combination of elements

Molecules –

Bonds: (covalent, ionic) –

Catalysts –

Enzymes- (substrate, active site)

Water: polarity, hydrogen bond – very important inorganic molecule

-Organic (with Carbon) Molecules –

Carbohydrate (monomer, polymer, example) –

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Lipid (monomer, polymer, example) –

Protein (monomer, polymer, example) –

Nucleic Acids (monomer, polymer, example) –

Cellular Structure, Function & Transport (Chapters 4 &5)

Robert Hooke -

Cell Theory- 3 parts

Prokaryotes –

Eukaryotes –

Plasma Membrane- parts and function

-selectively permeability
-fluid-mosaic model

-Organelles:
-cytoplasm

-cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments)

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 -nucleus

-nucleolus

-ribosomes

-ER

-Golgi bodies/apparatus

-vacuole (large, central in plant; small in animals)

-mitochondria

-lysosomes

-chloroplasts

-cell wall

-cilia

-flagella

Differences between plant and animal cells:

Cellular Transport

-Diffusion

-Osmosis (hypo, hyper, iso)

-Equilibrium

-Passive Transport

-Active Transport

-Channel/transport protein

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-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis

Cellular Energy (ATP & Cell Respiration) – Chapter 6

- Why do organisms need energy?

- What makes up ATP?

- How does ATP release energy?

when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken

Autotrophs – make their own food

Heterotrophs –

Cellular Respiration

Equation:

-Glycolysis - is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis

-Krebs cycle

-Electron transport chain

Mitochondria:

Anaerobic and Aerobic Reactions:

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 -lactic acid fermentation
-alcohol fermentation- – occurs in yeast and some bacteria

Photosynthesis (Chapter 7)

Equation:

Light Reactions (general overview)

Dark Reactions (general overview)

Chloroplast: