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9th International
Symposium on
High-Temperature
Metallurgical
Processing
EDITED BY
Jiann-Yang Hwang
Tao Jiang
Mark William Kennedy
Dean Gregurek
Shijie Wang
Baojun Zhao
Onuralp Yücel
Ender Keskinkilic
Jerome P. Downey
Zhiwei Peng
Rafael Padilla
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
Jiann-Yang Hwang Tao Jiang
•
Mark William Kennedy Dean Gregurek

•
Shijie Wang Baojun Zhao

•
Onuralp Yücel Ender Keskinkilic

•
Jerome P. Downey Zhiwei Peng

•
Rafael Padilla
Editors
9th International Symposium

on High-Temperature
Metallurgical Processing
123
Editors
Jiann-Yang Hwang Onuralp Yücel
Michigan Technological University Istanbul Technical University
Houghton, MI Istanbul
USA Turkey
Tao Jiang Ender Keskinkilic

Central South University Atilim University
Changsha Ankara
China Turkey
Mark William Kennedy Jerome P. Downey

Proval Partners SA Montana Tech of the University of Montana
Lausanne Butte, MT
Switzerland USA
Dean Gregurek Zhiwei Peng

RHI AG Central South University
Leoben Changsha
Austria China
Shijie Wang Rafael Padilla

Rio Tinto Kennecott Utah Copper Corp University of Concepción
South Jordan, UT Concepción
USA Chile
Baojun Zhao
The University of Queensland
Brisbane, QLD
Australia
ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic)

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
ISBN 978-3-319-72137-8 ISBN 978-3-319-72138-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72138-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017959922
© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to
be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
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Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
This book features selected papers presented at the 9th International Symposium on
High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing organized in conjunction with the TMS
2018 Annual Meeting & Exhibition in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. More than 125
abstracts were submitted. Among them, 74 were selected for oral presentation and
45 were provided with a poster presentation opportunity. After reviewing the 86
submitted manuscripts, 83 of them were accepted for publication on this book.
As the title of symposium suggests, the interests of the symposium is on thermal
processing of minerals, metals, and materials that intends to promote physical and
chemical transformations of materials to enable the extraction and production of
valuable materials such as metals, alloys, ceramics, and compounds.
The symposium was open to participants from both industry and academia and
focused on innovative high-temperature technologies including those based on
nontraditional heating methods as well as their environmental aspects such as
handling and treatment of emission gases and by-products. Because
high-temperature processes require high energy input to sustain the temperature at
which the processes take place, the symposium addressed the needs for sustainable
technologies with reduced energy consumption and reduced emission of pollutants.
The symposium also welcomed contributions on thermodynamics and kinetics of
chemical reactions and phase transformations that take place at elevated
temperatures.
We hope the book will serve as a reference for both new and current metal-
lurgists, particularly those who are actively engaged in exploring innovative tech-
nologies and routes that lead to more energy efficient and environmental sustainable
solutions.
v
vi Preface
There could not be this book without contributions from the authors of included
papers, time and effort that reviewers dedicated to the manuscripts, and help from
the publisher. We thank them all! We also want to thank Mr. Mingjun Rao and
Mrs. Feng Chen for their assistance in collating the submitted abstracts and
manuscripts.
Jiann-Yang Hwang
Tao Jiang
Mark William Kennedy
Dean Gregurek
Shijie Wang
Baojun Zhao
Onuralp Yücel
Ender Keskinkilic
Jerome P. Downey
Zhiwei Peng
Rafael Padilla
Contents
Part I Energy-Efficient and Clean Metallurgical Technology

Simplified Process for Making Anode Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Zhi Wang, Haibin Wang, Xueyi Guo, Zhixiang Cui and Baojun Zhao
Techno-economic Analysis of Energy Recovery from
Plastic Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Maryam Ghodrat and Bijan Samali
Development of Continuous Blast Furnace Slag Solidification
Process for Coarse Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Yasutaka Ta, Hiroyuki Tobo, Hisahiro Matsunaga and Keiji Watanabe
An Innovative Oxygen-Enriched Flash Smelting Technology
for Lead Smelting and Its Industrial Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Baozhong Ma, Chengyan Wang, Yongqiang Chen and Peng Xing
Characteristics and Control Technology of Fine Particulate
Matter (PM) in Iron Ore Sintering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Tie-jun Chun, Dong-sheng Li, Chao Ning, Zhen Wang
and Hong-ming Long
Sintering Surface Spraying Steam to Reduce NOx and Dioxin
Emissions in Shougang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Yuandong Pei, Sibin Zhang, Shengli Wu, Jiangshan Shi, Zhengyun Fan,
Zhixing Zhao and Youhao Yin
Part II Simulation and Modeling of High Temperature

Metallurgical Process
Neural Prediction Model for Extraction of Germanium from Zinc
Oxide Dust by Microwave Alkaline Roasting-Water Leaching . . . . . . . . 61
Wankun Wang and Fuchun Wang
vii
viii Contents
Simulation of Velocity Field of Molten Steel in Electric

Arc Furnace Steelmaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Ze-shi Yang, Ling-zhi Yang, Yu-feng Guo, Guang-sheng Wei
and Ting Cheng
Thermodynamic Modelling of Magnesium-Oxide, Calcium-Oxide
and Strontium-Oxide Reduction Systems via Pidgeon Process . . . . . . . . 81
M. Bugdayci, K. C. Tasyurek and Onuralp Yücel
Metallization and Carburization Kinetics in DR Shaft Furnaces:
The METCARB Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Edelink Efrain Tinoco Falero, Jose Carlos D’Abreu
and Mauricio Marcos Otaviano
CFD Modeling of Flow and Chemical Reactions in a Submerged
Lance Copper Smelting Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Guangwu Tang, Kaile Tang, Armin K. Silaen, Hongjie Yan, Zhixiang Cui,
Zhi Wang, Haibin Wang, Ping Zhou and Chenn Q. Zhou
Numerical Simulation of Ultrasound-Induced Cavitation
Bubbling in a Calcium Ferrite Melt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Ruirui Wei, Xuewei Lv and Mingrui Yang
Part III Alloys and Materials Preparation

Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Carbide Ceramics Via Reduction
of Anion-Loaded Activated Carbon Precursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Grant C. Wallace, Jerome P. Downey, Jannette Chorney,
Katie Schumacher and Alaina Mallard
Production of Lithium-Ion Cathode Material for Automotive
Batteries Using Melting Casting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Delin Li, Wojciech Kasprzak, Gregory S. Patience, Pierre Sauriol,
Hernando Villazón Amarís, Mickaël Dollé, Michel Gauthier,
Steeve Rousselot, Majid Talebi-Esfandarani, Thomas Bibienne,
Xueliang Sun, Yulong Liu and Guoxian Liang
Part IV Fundamental Research on High Temperature

Metallurgical Processing
Degradation Mechanisms of Refractories in a Bottom Blown
Copper Smelting Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Mao Chen, Zhixiang Cui, Chuandong Wei and Baojun Zhao
Reaction Routes of CaO–Fe2O3–TiO2 and Calcium Ferrite–TiO2
System in Continuous Heating Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chengyi Ding, Xuewei Lv, Gang Li, Chenguang Bai, Senwei Xuan,
Kai Tang and Yang Xu
Contents ix
Thermodynamic Calculations on Electric Furnace Smelting

Separation of Chromium-Bearing Vanadium Titanium Magnetite . . . . . 167
Wenchao He, Xuewei Lv, Yu Zhang and Xueqin Li
Preparation for High Activity Degree Lime and Effect on
Desulfurization of Hot Metal Pretreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Suju Hao, Jiann-Yang Hwang, Wufeng Jiang and Yuzhu Zhang
Part V Extraction and Recovery of Metals

Pyrometallurgical Processing of Secondary Lead Material:
An Industry Overlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Camille Fleuriault
Recovery of Aluminium and Its Compounds with Hydro
and Pyrometalurgical Methods from Non-metallic Residue . . . . . . . . . . 199
Osman Halil Celik, Onuralp Yücel and Hakan Morcali
Purification of Molten Zinc Chloride-Alkali Chloride
by Cementation Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Gen Kamimura and Hiroyuki Matsuura
Thermodynamic Analysis of Smelting of Spent Catalysts
for Recovery of Platinum Group Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Zhiwei Peng, Zhizhong Li, Xiaolong Lin, Yutian Ma, Yan Zhang,
Yuanbo Zhang, Guanghui Li and Tao Jiang
Preparation of Titanium Foams Through Direct Electrolysis
of the Sintered CaO-TiO2 in Molten Salt CaCl2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Zhengfeng Qu, Meilong Hu, Leizhang Gao, Pingsheng Lai
and Chenguang Bai
Experimental Study on Oxidative Desulfurization and Selective
Reduction of Molten Copper Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Wang Yun, Zhu Rong and Chen Qizhou
Recycling SiO2 and Al2O3 from the Laterite Nickel Slag
in Molten Sodium Hydroxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Donggen Fang, Jilai Xue and Liu Xuan
Removal of Sulfur from Copper Dross Generated
by Refining Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Baoqiang Xu, Xutao Guo, Yong Deng, Heng Xiong, Bin Yang,
Dachun Liu and Wenlong Jiang
Part VI Treatment and Recycling of Metallurgical Slag/Solid Wastes

Recovery of Fe–Cu Alloys from Copper Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Mario Sánchez, José Palacios and Fernando Parada
x Contents
Physicochemical Properties of High Alumina Blast Furnace Slag . . . . . 279

Zhiming Yan, Zhengde Pang, Xue-wei Lv, Guibao Qiu
and Chenguang Bai
Effect of Cooling Rate on the Acidolysis of Titania Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Yu Zhang, Zhixiong You, Jinsheng Wang, Xuewei Lv and Jie Dang
Structural Analysis of Germanium (Ge)-Containing Ferrous
Calcium Silicate Magnesia Slag for Applications of Black
Copper Smelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
M. A. H. Shuva, M. A. Rhamdhani, G. A. Brooks, S. H. Masood
and M. A. Reuter
Selective Recovery of P and Mn from Steelmaking Slag by
Carbothermic Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Dong Jun Shin, Xu Gao, Shigeru Ueda and Shin-ya Kitamura
The Use of Zirconia-Based Solid Electrolytes Oxygen Sensor
for High Titanium Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Kai Hu, Run Zhang and Xuewei Lv
In-situ Observation of the Precipitation Behavior of a Dy2O3
Containing Slag System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Fei Wang, Bin Yang, Bart Blanpain and Muxing Guo
Recovery of Zn and Mn from Spent Alkaline Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Guozhu Ye, Marcel Magnusson, Pekka Väänänen and Yang Tian
Part VII Ironmaking, Steelmaking and Casting

Optimization of Exothermic Riser Sleeve Design Parameters . . . . . . . . . 345
Onuralp Yücel, Ahmet Turan and K. Can Candeğer
Assessment of Gas-Slag-Metal Interaction During a Converter
Steelmaking Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Lingling Cao, Yannan Wang, Qing Liu, Lefei Sun, Sangsang Liao,
Weida Guo, Keshe Ren, Bart Blanpain and Muxing Guo
On the Role of Nb on the Texture and Microstructure of a Novel
As-Rolled Medium Carbon Wear Resistant Slurry Pipeline Steel . . . . . 365
Vahid Javaheri, Tun Tun Nyo and David Porter
A Statistical Analysis of Process Abnormalities in Slab Casting . . . . . . . 381
Ender Keskinkilic
Effect of Density Difference on Particle Segregation Behaviors at
Bell-Less Top Blast Furnace with Parallel-Type Hopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Yang Xu, Kaihui Ma, Chengfeng Sun, Zhehan Liao, Jian Xu,
Liangying Wen and Chenguang Bai
Contents xi
The Effect of Austenitizing Temperature on Hardenability,

Precipitation and Mechanical Properties of Boron
Bearing Cr–Mo Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Yaxu Zheng, Fuming Wang, Changrong Li, Dan Wu, Xi Chen
and Shuai Liu
Part VIII Agglomeration and Direct Reduction

of Complex Iron Ores
Study on Direct Reduction Melting Separation-Leaching Process
of Disposal Rare Earth Composite Iron Ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Ma Tengfei, She Xuefeng, Feng FU and Wang Jingsong
Reduction Behavior of Garnierite Using Methane by
Roasting-Magnetic Separation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Bo Li, Yindong Yang, Mansoor Barati, Alexander McLean
and Yonggang Wei
Effect of Calculation Method of CaO Addition on Liquid Phase
Fluidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Lixin Qian, Tiejun Chun, Zhengwei Yu, Huan Wang, Yifan Wang
and Hongming Long
Effect of Carbon Coating on Magnetite Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Wufeng Jiang, Jiann-Yang Hwang, Suju Hao and Yuzhu Zhang
Optimization Method for Iron Ore Blending Based
on the Sintering Basic Characteristics of Blended Ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Ning Li, Jiaxin Li, Hongming Long, Tiejun Chun, Gutian Mu
and Zhengwei Yu
Study on Direct Reduction of Low-Grade Iron Ore-Coal
Mini-pellets in Coal-Based Rotary Kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Zhikai Liang, Zhucheng Huang, Lingyun Yi and Ronghai Zhong
Part IX Poster Session I

Controlled Synthesis of TiC Nanoparticles Using Solid Oxide
Membrane Technology in Molten CaCl2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Kai Zheng, Xingli Zou, Xionggang Lu, Shangshu Li, Yinshuai Wang
and Zhongya Pang
Effect of Chemical Components of Mould Flux on Dissolution
Rate of Al2O3 into Molten Flux for High Manganese
High Aluminum Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Kun-peng Xu, Ya-bing Zhang, Qian Wang and Sheng-ping He
xii Contents
Effect of Temperature on Oxidation Behavior of Cr–Mo–V Steel

with Different Cr Contents for High-Speed Train Brake Discs . . . . . . . 503
Dan Wu, Fuming Wang, Changrong Li, Yaxu Zheng and Wei Shen
Electrochemical Preparation of Ti5Si3/TiC Composite from
Titanium-Rich Slag in Molten CaCl2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Shangshu Li, Xingli Zou, Xionggang Lu, Kai Zheng, Xin Li
and Yinshuai Wang
Evolution of Al-Ti-Mg-O Inclusions During Refining
and Casting Process of Interstitial Free Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Pengcheng Xiao, Xiaoyan Wu, Qingjun Zhang, Yihua Han
and Liguang Zhu
Experimental Study on Carburization of Higher
Vanadium-Bearing Hot Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Deng Ma
Hematite Precipitation from High Iron Solution
in Hydrometallurgy Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Zhigan Deng, Chang Wei, Xingbin Li, Cunxiong Li, Gang Fan
and Minting Li
Influence on the Crystallization Phase of Mold Flux
by Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Lu-ming Zhao, Yu Wang and Li Zhao
Kinetics Study on Limestone Decomposition in Early
Converter Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Nan Wang, Haohua Deng, Min Chen, Ming Chen, Ying Wang
and Cuihuan Huang
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Converter Slagging and
Steelmaking Process by Replacing Part of Lime with Limestone . . . . . . 581
Haohua Deng, Nan Wang, Min Chen, Lei Xu and Jianhua Xin
Research of Digital Platform and Process Guidance Model
in EAF Steelmaking Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Ling-zhi Yang, Rong Zhu, Kai Dong and Guang-sheng Wei
Research on Factors Affecting and Prediction Model
of Silicon Content in Hot Metal of COREX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Bingjie Wen, Shengli Wu, Heng Zhou, Jiacong Zhang and Kai Gu
Study of the Cooling Effect of CO2 on the Temperature
of Vanadium in a Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Zheng-Lei Guo, Yu Wang, Wei-Tong Du and Shu-Chao Wang
Contents xiii
Study on Grain Size and Porosity of the Produced Lime from

Limestone in Early Converter Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Guangzong Zhang, Nan Wang, Min Chen, Haohua Deng and Xiaoao Li
Study on Reducing Al2O3 Inclusions by Optimized Refining Slag . . . . . 633
Jun Wang, Guang-liang Wu and Ming-feng Ye
Study on the Volatilization of Sb2S3 in Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Heng Xiong, Zhengen Zhou, Bin Yang, Dachun Liu, Baoqiang Xu,
Yong Deng and Jia Yang
The Effects of ZrO2, Y2O3 and Sc2O3 on the Properties of Mould
Fluxes for High Manganese High Aluminum Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Shaoda Zhang, Qian Wang, Lilong Zhu and Shengping He
Thermogravimetric Analysis and Kinetic Study of the Calcification
Roasting of Vanadium Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Junyi Xiang, Qingyun Huang, Wei Lv, Xuewei Lv and Chenguang Bai
Viscosity of Mould Flux Under Electromagnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Li Zhao, Yu Wang and Lu-ming Zhao
Part X Poster Session II

Analysis of Microwave Drying Behavior of Nickel Laterite . . . . . . . . . . 691
Wei Lv, Junyi Xiang, Jinsheng Wang, Xueming Lv, Xuewei Lv
and Chenguang Bai
Analysis of Operational Parameters Affecting the Degree of
Metallization of DRI in a Reduction Shaft of the COREX
Process and Improvement Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Shengli Wu, Jiacong Zhang, Mingyin Kou, Bingjie Wen and Heng Zhou
Dechlorination of Zinc Oxide Dust by Microwave Roasting with RSM
Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Aiyuan Ma, Tingfang Xie, Guojiang Li, Xuemei Zheng, Libo Zhang
and Jinhui Peng
Effect of TiO2 on the Viscous Behavior of High Alumina Blast Furnace
Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Zhiming Yan, Zhengde Pang, Xue-wei Lv, Guibao Qiu
and Chenguang Bai
Fundamental Research on the Iron Nugget Process from Carbon
Composite Pellet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Shihan Zhang, Guang Wang, Yaxing Du, Jingsong Wang
and Qingguo Xue
xiv Contents
Influence of Coke Quality on Main Technical Indexes

of Blast Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Kai Gu, Shengli Wu, Mingyin Kou, Heng Zhou, Laixin Wang, Shun Yao
and Binbin Du
Kinetic Analysis of Blast Furnace Dust Recycling with Flash
Reduction Process at High Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Jin Xu, Jianhua Xin, Nan Wang, Min Chen, Hui Li and Ming Chen
Preparation and Characterization of Iron-Coke Briquette . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Peiye Yan and Huiqing Tang
Preparation of Oxidized Pellets with Chrome Ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Ming-feng Ye and Guang-liang Wu
Research and Application of Sintering Surface Steam Spraying
Technology for Energy Saving and Quality Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Yuandong Pei, Jun Xiong, Shengli Wu, Shuhai Ou, Huaiying Ma,
Zhixing Zhao and Jiangshan Shi
Study on Bonding Mechanism of Sinter Grate Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Yuandong Pei, Zhengming Cheng, Haijun Kang, Shaoguo Chen, Wen Pan,
Zhixing Zhao, Jiangshan Shi, Yaosheng Luo and Shengli Wu
Optimizing Iron Ore Matching for Sintering Based on High
Temperature Characteristic Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Yong Zhao, Keng Wu, Wen-long Zhan, Chun-en Zhu and Xiao-dong Du
Mineral Composition and Microstructure Changes of Iron Ore Sinter
During the Gas-Solid Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Xia Zhao, Ze-jun Ma, Yan-juan Yang, Yong Zhao and Wen Pan
Roasting Kinetics of Molybdenite Concentrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Selcuk Kan, Kagan Benzesik and Onuralp Yücel
Study on Influences of Different Ti-Bearing Materials on
MgO-Bearing Pellets Metallurgical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Yan Zhang, Gele Qing, Wenbin Huang, Yunqing Tian, Wenwang Liu,
Ming Li, Luyao Zhao, Li Ma and Haoyu Cai
Supergravity Separation of Pb and Sn from Waste Printed Circuit
Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Long Meng, Zhe Wang, Yiwei Zhong, Kuiyuan Chen and Zhancheng Guo
The Effect of Temperature and Additive on Transport and
Transformation of P of High-Phosphorus Iron Ore During
Carbothermic Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Yuanyuan Zhang, Qingguo Xue, Guang Wang and Jingsong Wang
Contents xv
Thermodynamic Calculations on Direct Reduction of

Chromium-Bearing Vanadium Titanium Magnetite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Wenchao He, Xuewei Lv, Xueqin Li and Yu Zhang
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
About the Editors
Jiann-Yang (Jim) Hwang is a Professor in the

Department of Materials Science and Engineering at
Michigan Technological University. He is also the
Chief Energy and Environment Advisor at the Wuhan
Iron and Steel Group Company, a Fortune Global 500
company. He has been the Editor-in-Chief of the
Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization
and Engineering since 2002. He has founded several
enterprises in areas including water desalination and
treatment equipment, microwave steel production,
chemicals, fly ash processing, antimicrobial materials,
and plating wastes treatment. Several universities have
honored him as a Guest Professor, including the
Central South University, University of Science and
Technology Beijing, Chongqing University, Kunming
University of Science and Technology, and Hebei
United University.
He received his B.S. degree from National Cheng
Kung University in 1974, M.S. in 1980, and Ph.D. in
1982, both from Purdue University. He joined
Michigan Technological University in 1984 and has
served as its Director of the Institute of Materials
Processing from 1992 to 2011 and the Chair of Mining
Engineering Department in 1995. He has been a TMS
member since 1985. His research interests include the
characterization and processing of materials and their
applications. He has been actively involved in
the areas of separation technologies, pyrometallurgy,
xvii
xviii About the Editors
microwaves, hydrogen storages, ceramics, recycling,

water treatment, environmental protection, biomateri-
als, and energy and fuels. He has more than 28 patents
and has published more than 200 papers. He has
chaired the Materials Characterization Committee and
the Pyrometallurgy Committee in TMS and has orga-
nized several symposiums. He is the recipient of TMS
Technology Award and the Michigan Tech Bhata Rath
Research Award.
Tao Jiang received his M.S. in 1986 and Ph.D. in

1990, both from Central South University of
Technology. He subsequently joined the university and
served as an assistant professor (1990–1992) and full
professor (1992–2000). From 2000 to 2003, he was a
Visiting Scientist to the Department of Metallurgical
Engineering, the University of Utah. Since 2003, he
has been a Professor in the School of Minerals
Processing & Bioengineering at Central South
University. He has been Specially Appointed Professor
of Chang Jiang Scholar Program of China since 2008
and dean of the school since 2010.
His research interests include agglomeration and
direct reduction of iron ores and extraction of refrac-
tory gold ores. He has undertaken more than 50 pro-
jects from the government and industry, including
National Science Fund for Distinguished Young
Scholars Program. He and coworkers invented the
direct reduction process of composite binder pellets,
and three plants were set up in China based on the
invention. He proposed the innovative composite
agglomeration process of iron ore fines, which was put
into production in Baotou Steel Company, China. He
is actively involved in the areas of utilization of non-
traditional ferrous resources such as complex ores and
various solid wastes. He has published 340 technical
papers, 6 books including Direct Reduction of
Composite Binder Pellets and Use of DRI, Principle &
Technology of Agglomeration of Iron Ores, Chemistry
of Extractive Metallurgy of Gold, Electrochemistry
and Technology of Catalytical Leaching of Gold. He
holds 39 patents and has made more than 35 confer-
ence presentations.
About the Editors xix
Mark William Kennedy is the Chief Technology

Officer of Proval Partners of Lausanne Switzerland and
part-time Associate Professor at NTNU in Trondheim,
Norway. He has a Ph.D. from NTNU and Licentiate
degree from KTH in Stockholm, Sweden, both in
Materials Science and Engineering, and related to
electromagnetic phenomena in metallurgical systems.
He also holds a master’s degree in Metallurgical
Engineering from McGill in Montreal, Quebec, and a
bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering from the
University of Waterloo, Ontario. He has previously
worked for Noranda and Falconbridge (both now
Glencore), and Elkem, working in research and
development, engineering projects, and plant opera-
tions. He has experience with Cu, Ni, Zn, ferro-alloys,
Si, Al, and Mg. He has extensive background in the
development and commercialization of new metallur-
gical technologies including associated financial risks.
He is highly knowledgeable about the thermal and
electrical behavior of various smelting furnaces and
their simulation using finite element modeling, as well
as the design and optimization of metallurgical pro-
cesses using flowsheet simulation software.
Dean Gregurek is a Senior Mineralogist in the

RHI AG Technology Center, Leoben, Austria, since
2001. He received his master of science degree at the
University of Graz in 1995 and his doctorate degree in
Applied Mineralogy from the University of Leoben in
1999. Prior to RHI, he worked two years for Luzenac
Europe in the talc business. His current research
interests and technical expertise are focused on
chemical and mineralogical studies related to interac-
tions between refractories, molten metals, and slags
from pyrometallurgical furnaces. He has been a TMS
member since 2012, JOM advisor (2014–2017),
vice-chair for the Pyrometallurgy Committee, and a
co-organizer for the 7th–9th International Symposium
on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing (TMS
Annual Meetings 2016–2018).
xx About the Editors
Shijie Wang is a Principal Advisor at the Rio Tinto

Kennecott Utah Copper in Salt Lake City. He has been
active in extractive metallurgy and has 30 years of
experience and expertise in metallurgical process
development, existing operation optimization, and
troubleshooting. His work interests include extractive
and process metallurgy, recycling, waste treatment,
metal recovery, operational efficiency, and profitabil-
ity. He holds three U.S. patents, and he has published
more than 40 journal papers including nonferrous
metals’, precious metals’, rare metals’, and rare earth
metals’ resourcefulness and recoveries. He received
B.S. degree in mineral process from China, M.S.
degree, and Ph.D. degree in metallurgical engineering
from the University of Nevada, Reno. He has been
very active in TMS since 1991 and is the former chair
of the Hydrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy
Committee of TMS from 2011 to 2013. He has been
the lead and co-organizer of six symposia at the
international conferences through TMS. He received
the TMS Extraction & Processing Division (EPD)
Distinguished Service Award in 2017.
Baojun Zhao is Codelco-Fangyuan Professor in the

School of Chemical Engineering at The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. His primary fields
of research are fundamental investigations of
high-temperature processes. He has developed a number
of novel research techniques to enable high-temperature
properties of the complex oxide systems to be accurately
determined. Systematic studies have been undertaken to
directly support industrial operations of copper, zinc,
lead, ferroalloys, iron, and steel. Development of new
refractory materials related to high-temperature pro-
cesses is also important in his research.
He has received a number of international awards to
demonstrate his high-quality research including Spriggs
Phase Equilibria Award from The American Ceramic
Society, Billiton Gold Medal from Institute of Materials,
Minerals and Mining, UK, Non-Ferrous Pyrometallurgy
Best Paper Award from Metallurgical Society of CIM,
Canada and Science and Technology Progress Award
from Chinese Society of Non-ferrous Metals, China. He
has long-term collaborations with international
About the Editors xxi
metallurgical companies including Baosteel, Codelco,

Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals, Hesteel, Rio
Tinto Iron Ore, Shougang and Luzhong Refractories.
Onuralp Yücel completed his technical education with

a Ph.D. in Metallurgical Engineering from Istanbul
Technical University (ITU) where he is currently hold-
ing the post of Professor since 2002. He was a Visiting
Scientist in Berlin Technical University between 1987
and 1988. He carried out postdoctoral studies at New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro,
USA, between 1993 and 1994. He has as many as 250
publications/presentations to his credit, which include
topics such as technological developments in the pro-
duction of wide range of metals, ferroalloys, advanced
ceramic powders, and application of carbothermic and
metallothermic processes, among others. He was the
Vice Chairman of ITU, Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering Department (MMED), between 2004 and
2007. He has been a Director of ITU, Applied Research
Center of Material Science & Production Technologies,
between 2006 and 2012. He is currently the Chairman of
ITU, MMED.
He is a member of the international advisory board of
International Symposium on Boron, Borides and
Related Materials (ISBB), International Symposium on
Self Propagating High Temperature Synthesis (SHS),
and International Metallurgy and Materials Congress
(IMMC).
His areas of interest include:
Pyrometallurgy: Pretreatment of concentrates (pro-
duction of WO3, Sb2O3, As2O3, MoO3), smelting and
reduction of slags, production ferroalloys, alloys and
metals carbothermic and metallothermic processes in
EAF or in ladle (copper, cobalt, vanadium, chromium,
ferroboron, cobalt boron, nickel boron, ferromolybde-
num, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrovana-
dium, ferrotungsten, ferrochromium, nickel-chromium-
molybdenum-iron, and aluminum-titanium-boron
alloys).
Ceramic Powder Production and Processing:
Production of carbide, nitride, boride powders and their
processing by explosive consolidation or sintering
techniques. (B4C, TiB2, ZrB2, SiC, CrB2).
xxii About the Editors
Beneficiation of Industrial Wastes: Production of

metals and compounds from galvanizing ash, brass
production wastes and vanadium sludges produced
aluminum production. Grit production from aluminum,
copper and steel slags.
Ender Keskinkilic earned his undergraduate degree

from the Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering of Middle East Technical University
(METU), Ankara (the capital city of Turkey) in 1999.
He continued M.S. and Ph.D. studies in the same
department. He worked as a research assistant in
METU between 1999 and 2003. After receiving the
master’s degree in 2001, he progressed further in the
field of extractive metallurgy. During the Ph.D. period,
he moved to Eregli-Zonguldak in 2003 and he worked
in Quality Metallurgy & RD Department of Eregli Iron
and Steel Works Co. (ERDEMIR), which is the lead-
ing steel company in Turkey regarding the qualities
produced and the production capacity. After earning
his Ph.D. degree in 2007, he returned to university and
to work in the Department of Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering of Atilim University, Ankara, in
2008. He has been working as a faculty in Atilim since
then. He was assistant professor between 2009 and
2014. He has been working as an associate professor
since 2014. His primary field of interest is extractive
metallurgy and more specifically pyrometallurgical
processes such as iron- and steelmaking, ladle metal-
lurgy, ferroalloy production, and nonferrous extractive
metallurgy.
Jerome P. (Jerry) Downey earned his Ph.D. in

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at Colorado
School of Mines and his B.S. and M.S. degrees in
Metallurgical Engineering at Montana Tech. He is a
registered professional engineer with active licenses in
Colorado and Montana. He has over 40 years of pro-
fessional experience that includes industrial operations,
applied process research and development, and cor-
porate management. His technical expertise includes
chemical and metallurgical thermodynamics, thermal
processing, materials synthesis and processing, and
hazardous materials treatment.
About the Editors xxiii
He is presently the Goldcorp Professor of Extractive

Metallurgy at Montana Tech. He also serves as the
campus Director of the Montana University System
Materials Science Ph.D. program. His research efforts
are currently focused on the study of fundamental
properties of slags, molten salts, and glasses; vapor
phase extraction and refining of rare earth elements;
and synthesis of nonoxide ceramic compounds for
energy applications. Other research interests include
pyro- and hydrometallurgical process development,
polymer and biomass gasification, and wastewater
treatment.
Zhiwei Peng is an Associate Professor in the School

of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering at Central
South University. He received his B.E. and M.S.
degrees from Central South University in 2005 and
2008, respectively, and his Ph.D. degree in Materials
Science and Engineering from Michigan
Technological University in 2012. His research inter-
ests include heat transfer in microwave heating,
dielectric characterization of materials, nonthermal
microwave effects, extractive metallurgy, computa-
tional electromagnetics, microwave absorbing materi-
als, and biomaterials.
He has published 102 papers, including 71
peer-reviewed articles in multiple journals such as
International Materials Reviews, Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A, Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions B, JOM, Journal of Cleaner Production,
Journal of Power Sources, Fuel Processing
Technology, Energy & Fuels, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measurement, Ceramics International, and Annals of
Medicine. He has served as a reviewer for a number of
journals and been on the editorial board of the Journal
of Minerals and Materials Characterization and
Engineering, since 2012. He received a TMS Travel
Grant Award for the 141st TMS Annual Meeting &
Exhibition, the Doctoral Finishing Fellowship and
Dean’s Award for Outstanding Scholarship of
Michigan Technological University in 2012, and the
Bhakta Rath Research Award of Michigan
Technological University in 2013.
xxiv About the Editors
He is an active member of The Minerals, Metals &

Materials Society (TMS). He has co-organized 7 TMS
symposia (Characterization of Minerals, Metals and
Materials in 2013–2018; and the 9th International
Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical
Processing in 2018) and cochaired 14 TMS symposia
sessions since 2012. He is a member of the
Pyrometallurgy and Materials Characterization com-
mittees, the chair of the Continuing Education
Sub-Committee of the Materials Characterization
Committee, a JOM advisor for the Pyrometallurgy
Committee, and a winner of the TMS EPD Young
Leaders Professional Development Award in 2014.
Rafael Padilla received his Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees

in Metallurgy from the University of Utah in 1984 and
1977, respectively, and Professional Engineering Title
as Metallurgical Engineer from the Technical
University of Oruro, Bolivia, in 1975. He joined the
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University
of Concepcion, Chile, in 1986, where he currently
holds the rank of full Professor. His present research
interest is on the vaporization of minor elements
arsenic, antimony, and bismuth from sulfide concen-
trates at roasting and smelting temperatures, and the
removal and recovery of impurities from refractory
chalcopyrite–enargite concentrates by pressure and
atmospheric leaching.
Part I
Energy-Efficient and Clean Metallurgical
Technology
Simplified Process for Making Anode
Copper
Zhi Wang, Haibin Wang, Xueyi Guo, Zhixiang Cui and Baojun Zhao
Abstract In conventional copper production, anode copper is produced from

concentrate in three furnaces in a process that entails four oxidation steps and one
reduction step. Three types of slags are produced that require further treatment to
recover copper. Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals recently developed a
simplified process which requires only two custom-designed furnaces instead of the
conventional smelting, converting and refining furnaces. The first furnace contin-
uously produces high-grade matte (>75 wt% Cu) that contains little iron (<2 wt%
Fe). The liquid matte is continuously fed to the second furnace, which produces
anode copper. The new process significantly reduces the capital and operating costs
and increases productivity and environmental sustainability. This paper presents
fundamental concepts that enable the simplified process to be developed. The
detailed operations in Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals are also described.
Keywords Anode copper Two-step production Fundamental concepts

Refining
Introduction
Copper is most commonly present in the earth’s crust as sulfide minerals. Anode
copper (>99% Cu) is conventionally produced through smelting, converting and fire
refining processes [1]. Copper producers have long sought a shorter and more
efficient way to produce anode copper from sulfide minerals. Direct-to-blister
processes have been accomplished in several smelters using flash furnaces [2–4]. In
Z. Wang H. Wang Z. Cui

Dongying Fangyuan, Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd, Dongying, China
X. Guo
Central South University, Changsha, China
B. Zhao (&)
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018 3

J.-Y. Hwang et al. (eds.), 9th International Symposium on High-Temperature
Metallurgical Processing, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72138-5_1
4 Z. Wang et al.
this process smelting and converting are combined into one continuous process as
they both have the same oxidation reactions. However, these processes are
restricted to the concentrates with a low iron content to control the slag volume, and
efficient recovery of copper from the slag remains a challenge.
In 2008, Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals (Fangyuan) started the first
commercial scale bottom-blown oxygen copper smelting furnace, which represents
the first modern copper smelting technology developed in China. The technology
has a number of advantages: low off-gas and slag volumes, high grade matte
produced with low copper content (2–3 wt%) in the slag, low temperature operation
to avoid carbon-based fuels and increased furnace campaign life [5–8]. In 2015,
Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals took a further step by developing a new
anode copper production process [9]. The new technology combines smelting,
converting and fire refining into a two-step process that can treat any copper
concentrate. The new process includes one “Smelting Furnace” and two
“Converting Furnaces’. The “Smelting Furnace” continuously produces high-grade
matte (>75% Cu) that is sent directly through launder to the “Converting Furnaces”.
In the converting furnaces, the liquid matte is continuously treated through con-
verting and refining steps to produce anode copper for casting and electrorefining.
This paper presents the fundamental concepts that enable the new process to be
developed as well as a brief description of the Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous
Metals operations.
Fundamental Concepts to Support Two-Step Process
Conventional pyrometallurgical smelting processes require five steps (four oxidation

and one reduction) in three furnaces to produce anode copper from concentrate [1]:
Smelting furnace:
(1) concentrate (20–30% Cu) + O2 ! matte (50–70% Cu) + smelting slag + SO2
Converting furnace:
(2) matte (50−70% Cu) + O2 ! white metal (Cu2S) + converting slag + SO2
(3) white metal (Cu2S) + O2 ! blister copper (99% Cu) + SO2
Refining furnace:
(4) blister copper (99% Cu) + O2 ! low-S copper + refining slag
(5) low-S copper + reductant ! anode copper (99.5% Cu).
The direct-to-blister effects the first three steps in a continuous process in a
single furnace. All of the iron contained in the concentrate is oxidised to form a
single slag phase that contains 10–30 wt% Cu [1]. The iron content of the
Simplified Process for Making Anode Copper 5
concentrate is necessarily limited in order to obtain a high direct recovery rate.

Consequently, the direct-to-blister process cannot accept many copper concentrates.
In the new process at Fangyuan, anode copper is produced in just three steps and
two furnaces:
“Smelting Furnace”:
(i) concentrate (20–30% Cu) + O2 ! sub-white metal (>75% Cu) + smelting
slag + SO2
“Converting Furnace”:
(ii) sub-white metal (>75% Cu) + O2 ! low-S copper + converting slag + SO2
(iii) low-S copper + reductant ! anode copper (99.5% Cu).
The initial step in the Fangyuan process is to produce “sub-white metal” which
contains only 1–2% Fe. A unique feature of the bottom-blown furnace is that it
enables low-SiO2 slag to be used with low-Cu in the slag. Therefore, slag volume is
controlled even though most of iron is oxidised and reported to the slag. Because
the “sub-white metal” brings little iron into the “Converting Furnace” the resulting
slag volume is limited. After “low-S copper” is produced in the “Converting
Furnace”, the slag is removed and the reduction process is initiated to reduce the
oxygen content in the melt.
The “Smelting Furnace” and “Converting Furnace” in Fangyuan process differ
from those in the conventional process. Some oxidation reactions are combined and
fire refining furnace is combined with the converting furnace. The major difference
between the new process and conventional process is the converting and refining
reactions. Thermodynamic calculations have been performed to examine the phase
changes and copper compositions in the process.
The matte composition shown in Table 1 was used for the calculations by
FactSage 7.1 and the databases “FactPS”, “FToxide” and “FTmisc” were applied
[10]. An operating temperature of 1200 °C and a basis of 100 g of matte were
assumed. Figures 1, 2 and 3 show three cases where (1) no flux is added, (2) SiO2 is
used as flux, and CaO is used as flux.
As indicated in Fig. 1a, as oxidation progresses, matte mass decreases and white
metal (Cu2S) mass increases. Solid magnetite and SO2 form at the beginning of the
process. After all of the iron in the matte is oxidised, the solid magnetite reaches its
maximum and remains constant. Further oxidation produces metallic copper and the
amount of white metal starts to decrease. All of the white metal is oxidised to
copper and SO2 reaches maximum after 20 g oxygen is added. More oxygen reacts
with Cu to form Cu2O, which will react with magnetite to form liquid slag.
In this process, a layer of solid magnetite is always covered on the top of the bath
before liquid slag is formed. This dense solid layer significantly increases the
Table 1 Matte composition Cu Fe S Pb Zn As

for the reactions in
“Converting furnace” (wt%) 75.0 3.0 20.0 1.0 1.0 0.5
6 Z. Wang et al.
a. Phase changes in oxidation progress b. Impurities in Cu in oxidation progress
Fig. 1 Reactions and copper compositions in the “Converting furnace” at 1200 °C, 100 g matte
with the composition given in Table 1, no flux
with the composition given in Table 1, 3 g SiO2 flux
with the composition given in Table 1, 2 g CaO flux
pressure where the bottom lances faced inside the bath. The high pressure in the
bottom of the bath may cause the lances to be blocked and damage by the melt. It is
therefore important to use flux to absorb the solid magnetite to form liquid slag
from the beginning. Figure 1b shows the impurities in metallic copper during the
oxidation progress. Copper starts to form when 5.5 g O2 is added into 100 g matte.
Simplified Process for Making Anode Copper 7
At the beginning, the arsenic, lead, and sulphur concentrations are relatively high in
copper and oxygen is only 0.2 wt%. With increasing oxygen, the arsenic, lead, and
sulfur concentrations in melt decrease gradually and oxygen in copper remains
almost the same. When 21.5 g oxygen is added, the arsenic, lead, and sulfur
concentrations are reduced to 0.6, 0.2 and 1.1 wt% respectively. However, oxygen
in the Cu is increased to 0.3 wt%. Consideration of the information provided in
Fig. 1a, b indicates the end-point of the oxidation and removal of the slag.
However, the end-point of the oxidation varies in different smelters. To minimise
the copper loss in the slag, oxidation can be terminated at 23 wt% oxygen, at the
point where the solid magnetite has disappeared and a small amount of liquid slag is
formed, and the lead, oxygen and sulphur concentrations in the copper are 0.17, 0.9
and 0.04 wt% respectively. More oxygen will be required if it is important to further
lower the lead and sulphur concentrations in the copper. But copper loss in the slag
and oxygen in the copper will increase significantly.
The oxidation process is slightly different when 3 g of SiO2 is added as flux to
100 g matte. The graph in Fig. 2a shows that liquid slag forms immediately when
the iron is oxidised. There is no solid oxide on the top of the bath. As the silicate
slag absorbs lead oxide (PbO), the lead and oxygen concentrations in the copper is
much lower. For example, 21.5 g oxygen addition results in the concentrations of
arsenic, lead, and sulfur in Cu to be 0.6, 0.4 and 0.16 wt% respectively. The sulfur
content of the copper is slightly higher due to lower oxygen in the Cu (0.2 wt%).
Calcium ferrite slag has been used in continuous converting processes due to its
comparatively low viscosity and high magnetite capacity [1, 11]. Figure 3 shows
the oxidation progress when 2 g CaO is added as flux to 100 g matte. The plot in
Fig. 3a indicates that liquid slag forms immediately when the iron is oxidised. The
slag contains approximately 10 wt% solid oxide but the apparent viscosity of the
slag is still low. The slag volume increases when Cu2O is formed. Calcium ferrite
slag has different impacts on the copper quality. For example, Fig. 3b shows that
21.5 g oxygen addition results in the concentrations of arsenic, lead, and sulfur in
the copper to be 0.6, 0.7 and 0.6 wt% respectively. Further increase of oxygen to 24
wt% decreases the concentrations of arsenic, lead, and sulphur to 0.3, 0.1 and 0.04
wt% respectively. However, oxygen in the copper will be increased to 2.5 wt%,
which will require more reductant in the next step.
In addition to the oxygen and flux, temperature can also influence the impurity
content of the copper metal. Figure 4 shows the concentrations of oxygen and
sulphur as a function of temperature. After oxidation refining at 1300 °C, the
copper contains 1.1 wt% oxygen and 0.1 wt% sulphur. After removal of the slag, if
the temperature is decreased to 1140 °C, the concentrations of oxygen and sulphur
in the copper will be reduced to 0.6 and 0.03 wt% respectively. This change
indicates that, if strong stirring is provided, the oxygen and sulphur in molten
copper can be significantly reduced by lowering the temperature.
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Evergreen trees and undergrowth fringed the tooth-shaped
outlines which the blue haze softened and blended perfectly with the
lighter tones overhead, and blurred deep and heavy in the interesting
glades and canyons.
The whole region presented a complicated system of sharp ridges,
with immense circular cavities between, as if the entire country had
suddenly cooled while boiling violently.
From out this mass, rose bold rivers which trickled along for some
distance; then, gaining in volume and velocity, rushed madly across
the intervening plains to mingle their clear icy waters with the
turbid, débris-laden Sacramento.
Much of the land surface was reddened and discolored by the
oxidization contained in the subsoil; and over it all was the brown
and yellow color-scheme of the long, rainless summer months.
There were live oaks in the foothills, white oaks in the valleys, with
pale, yellowish-green moss festooning the gnarled limbs, and
swaying in the breeze.
The long acorns had been gathered and stored for future use. Tules
covering the swampy shallows this side of the narrow timber belt on
the river, were brown and seared. The wild grape vines were loaded
with ripe fruit and each patch of wild oats had long since shed its
grain.
Here and there a white swan glided by in stately dignity on waters
so clear that the fish could be seen; while the sycamores, oaks, and
willows afforded shelter to a chattering family of magpies, bluejays,
blackbirds, crows and turkey buzzards. A hawk poised itself in mid-
air watching a chance to seize a meadow lark; while the sandhill-
cranes, ducks, and geese disported themselves in the sloughs.
In the less frequented parts of the valley, lumbering mastodons
and hippopotami mingled with grizzly bears, elk, antelope, deer and
diminutive wild horses. They were screened from view by scrub oak
and pine whose northern exposure was rich in yellow moss. Here was
found plenty of bur-clover and bunch-grass, both of which were
withered by the hot summer wind and sun. Shocks of corn and piles
of fodder, still cluttered the parched ground, bearing mute, but
eloquent testimony of the recent invasion of an army of painstaking
reapers.
California in her brown coat is a promise fulfilled—a matured and
sobered land, somewhat stern and forbidding of aspect, and set in
her ways, but rich beyond compare in the abundance and variety of
her harvest yield.
Despite the shimmering, blistering heat, schools of salmon had
been shooting the rapids and whirlpools of the Sacramento,
hastening to the shallows. It was their spawning time. They fearlessly
deserted the deep pools and were piled in an indiscriminate mass in
the ripples.
Animated by a kind of fury the fish were beating the sands with
their tails. Sometimes, the female would wear her fins off entirely in
this occupation. Then she deposited her eggs in the coarse gravel; but
the greedy trout pounced upon and ate them as fast as laid if not
prevented by the male salmon.
When Yermah returned to Iaqua after spending the night in the

cave with Akaza, he found a messenger from Kerœcia, inviting him to
attend her birthday fête.
In addition to the autographed letter was an elaborately decorated
flower-pot filled with a bunch of white, strawlike blossoms, on
slender, cottony stems, with little or no foliage. To-day the French
call this modest flower the “Immortelle”; the Spanish, in their soft
language, say “Siempre Viva”; while in English, it is the
“Everlasting.”
“Never ceasing to remember,” murmured the Dorado, as he
examined the flowers and recognized their significance.
Yermah understood that Kerœcia had wished to send him a perfect
plant, and had selected this, not only for its sentiment, but also
because of its ability to stand the rough usage of a journey.
He undid the tiny roll of parchment tied to one of the stems.
It said: “Though I have not the loveliness of the rose, am I not
grass from the garden where it grows?”
He kissed the written words and with his own hands carried the
flower-pot into his private apartments. Never afterward, as long as
he remained at Iaqua, was he without a sprig of this plant.
The first of August was Kerœcia’s birthday, and this particular
celebration of the event was to be of unusual brilliancy. It was also
the great harvest festival of the year which always brought forth
elaborate preparations by the mountaineers.
The peculiar kettle-shape at the head of the Valley where Anokia

was built, formed three sides of the amphitheater where the games
were to be held.
It had a ragged, uneven surface, like the lips of a crater, which the
Monbas stone-cutters had skillfully turned to account in constructing
a pavilion on the south side, canopied and gay with flags, banners
and silk lanterns. Rubble walls, provided with seats cut into the
stone, closed the north side. Here a wide entrance was left.
Seats rose in a continuous circle, tier upon tier, until thousands
could have found accommodation. The goals for the racers, the pole
in the center, and each spire and battlement on the walls displayed
flags. The sanded floor had been wet and packed down smooth and
hard.
For an hour or more the crowds had been coming in, quietly and
decorously as became men, women and children in holiday dress.
Without warning, eight forerunners dashed through the entrance
and sped around the ring, shouting at the top of their voices.
“Hoop-ah! Hoop-ah! Hoop-ah!” cried the first pair.
“Hye! Hye! Hye! Hye!” said the second.
“Ho-ra! Ho-ra!” called the third.
“O-h! O-h!” sharply piped the fourth pair, moving the forefinger
rapidly over the lips, and prolonging the piercing sound.
They were naked save a white linen band girding the loins and tied
tightly in front. Their long, loose hair quivered with motion as they
sped around the ring nerved to the highest tension by the shouts of
the multitude.
Suddenly the whole city seemed to wake into noisy, turbulent
expectancy. A heavy br-r-r of kettle-drums, a sharp click of castanets,
a blare of trumpets, and the higher notes of flutes and fifes
announced the approach of Kerœcia and her guests.
With heads bent, the runners pulled themselves together for a final
effort. It was a point of honor to reach the entrance as Kerœcia
arrived there. The multitude understood this, and cheered lustily as
the men ranged themselves in even rows, four on each side, at the
exact instant that Kerœcia reached the threshold. She had time to
throw a badge to each one, before they sank into the arms of
attendants breathless and completely exhausted.
The “Hymn of Triumph” was caught up by the crowd and carried
high above the combined efforts of the musicians, as the populace
worked their forefingers over their lips, and followed the melody
with all of the lung-power possible.
Kerœcia was attended by Ben Hu Barabe and his bride, Alcyesta,
on one side, with Suravia and Mineola on the other, followed by
Yermah, attended by Setos and Alcamayn on the right; Rahula and
Ildiko on the left.
Arriving at the pavilion, Kerœcia was received by the priesthood of
Anokia, who crowned her Queen of the Harvest, by placing a wreath
of heads of ripe grain upon her brow. They gave her a cornstalk, also,
which supported two ripe ears, the whole gayly decorated with
ribbons.
As soon as Kerœcia received this emblem of plenty she waved it
high over her head, and the whole multitude uncovered, tossing their
round, pointed, conical hats high into the air and shouted: “Ho-ra!
Ho-ra! Ho-ra!”
The day was yet young, but the tamanes took advantage of the
confusion while seating the procession in the pavilion to unfurl the
canopies overhead, and the people made themselves comfortable
under thick tapa-cloth awnings.
On the ground directly in front of the pavilion, were squares of
black and white marble. Upon these the Monbas priests prepared to
play the game of “Stone-Warrior,” a quaint, allegorical Pilgrim’s
Progress, typical of the journey of life, one mile-post of which
Kerœcia was passing.
Bringing up the rear of the procession were four horsemen dressed
in green, with green trappings on their mounts; four tapirs
caparisoned in red; four war-chariots in yellow; and twelve foot-
soldiers in black.
There were two Priests of the Bow, dressed in white. This company
divided—one half taking one end of the board, and the other half, the
other end. Six foot-soldiers stood on the black squares, three on each
side of the Priests of the Bow.
The two tapirs, horsemen and chariots, lined up evenly on the
ground back of the men in black. The object of the game was to cross
the board diagonally from end to end—capturing as many men as
possible on the way. The first side to place three foot-soldiers in a
row was the winner. In no circumstance was a man in black to touch
a white square. He must always keep on the black square.
A throw of dice determined the movements of the participants.
Five moved the Priest of the Bow, and he could go forward and
backward as he pleased, but he was liable to be caught around the
waist and flung off the board the same as the men in black.
A four-spot moved the tapir. This meant that one man moved
forward four blocks, while the tapirs headed for the four cardinal
points, to denote the number of times they had been moved.
Three spots moved the horsemen; two, the chariots; and one, the
men in black.
The musicians played a lively air. Then the game began.
Groups of priests stood on each side shouting instructions,
warnings and words of encouragement to the players, who were
obliged to follow the lead of their Priest of the Bow. Only the first two
moves depended on the dice; after that is was every player for
himself, counting in succession, five, four, three, two, one.
It was a strange sight for the spectator. Apparently, without any
good reason, the horsemen, the tapirs and the chariots were
wheeling north, south, east and west, while the black men pushed
forward rapidly, seizing and flinging one another off the board, until,
finally, a mighty shout went up, and three men in black stood in a
row facing Kerœcia.
The tapirs, chariots and all but one horseman of the vanquished
side had gone over to the victors, while on the board there were but
two black men and the Priest of the Bow to oppose the winners.
“Beaten by a headless band! Bah! Bah! Bah!” vociferated the
adherents of the victors.
“Score five against them!” was the imperious demand of the
vanquished. The cazique hammered vigorously on the big copper
gong, while the trumpeters blew three sharp blasts as a signal to
clear the grounds, and as if by magic every block of marble went with
the crowd.
From the judges’ stand, opposite the pavilion, ran up a banner,
with figures in black on a white ground. It awarded the game by two
points, giving red ribbons to the three foot-soldiers who had gained
the coveted goal.
“We are obliged to count five against the victors, since they lost
their Priest of the Bow after their first move. Had they protected him,
they would have won all possible points.”
Mingled cries of “Ho-ra! Ho-ra!” and “Bah! Bah! Bah!” greeted this
announcement.
The Baggataway players next appeared, led by Setos, Alcamayn,

Hanabusa, and ten gamy Azes, followed by Ben Hu Barabe with
twelve athletic-looking Monbas. This was their national game, and
Ben Hu Barabe felt a pardonable pride in his men as he led them into
position.
At each end of the field were the goals, indicated by two poles
twelve feet high and half as far apart. There was also a center pole of
equal height mid-distant between the end goals. All were
surmounted by flags.
Each of the players was armed with a stick flattened at the end,
and the intention was to drive the rubber ball into goal between the
enemy’s posts.
The Monbas defended, while the Azes attacked. A noisy,
chattering, bantering, betting crowd surged up and down on each
side of the players, piling up articles of every description as their
respective sides seemed on the point of either winning or losing.
The attack and defense strained every nerve, keeping the twenty-
four players constantly on the move. Here, a man races with another;
there, he makes a prodigious throw up field; and, before any one
knows what has happened the battle has been transferred, and the
Azes stand fair to lose.
Alcamayn runs full against his antagonist, and both come to the
ground together; while Setos fells his opponent by a sharp blow over
the head. The fallen player is carried bleeding and unconscious from
the field just as the Monbas rescue the ball, and send it with a
triumphant shout through the goal which wins them the game.
“Foul! foul!” screamed the on-lookers. “The Azes shall not have a
point. They play unfairly.”
A shouting, gesticulating, seething mass of men and women
surged around the judges’ stand.
“Give us justice!” they demanded. The cazique pounded the gong
madly. Finally, he could make himself heard above the din and noise.
“Hear thy priestess!” he called. “She begs that thou wilt remember
thy duty and the occasion. There are many reasons why we feel
grateful to the Azes. Judgment is suspended. All bets are invalid. Go
back to thy seats and be quiet. The Monbas won their game with
honor. Be content with that.”
It was well for Setos and Alcamayn that Yermah was preparing for
an archery contest with Ben Hu Barabe and Hanabusa and was
therefore ignorant of the cause of the offense. The officers of the
balsas, the warriors, and the other players among the Azes,
instinctively huddled together, humiliated and ashamed, but silent.
A plaited disk of straw having a central circle of yellow nine inches
in diameter, surrounded by rings of red, blue, black and white, was
hung up on the center pole.
The Monbas served Yermah and Hanabusa with arrows, while the
Azes performed a similar office for Ben Hu Barabe.
During the years spent in the Atlantian colonies, the Dorado had
been the actual head of the fighting men; but this was the first time
he had been called upon to show his skill in bow-craft to the Azes.
The fame of Ben Hu Barabe was spread far and wide, and the
Monbas waited with smiling concern as to the outcome. Hanabusa
had won his position with the bowstring, but Yermah’s capabilities
were unknown.
The stubborn pride of three races was in the struggle, and bitter
defeat awaited some one. It was strictly a war function. There were
precision, rigid enforcement of rules, and exactness in the attitude in
which the warriors stood—motionless and impassive, while the three
contestants marched in step to warlike music through the entrance
and halted at the first vantage-ground.
The three men bowed and smiled in recognition of the plaudits
showered upon them right and left, as they watched for the signal. A
refreshing breeze fanned their faces and set all the flags in motion.
Yermah was in full regimentals as commander-in-chief. Scarlet,
purple, gold, and green were his colors; but they were blended with
all the skill of the ancients, so that they fitly set his personality.
Ben Hu Barabe showed his insignia as Civil Chief and defender of
Anokia, while Hanabusa was resplendent in feathers and jewels.
Yermah felt that he was the doubtful one. His glance rested for a
moment on the anxious faces of his followers, but he was cool,
confident and collected. There was something magnetically
infectious in his encouraging smile, and before he had touched a
bow, he had the undivided attention of the assemblage.
Hanabusa and Ben Hu Barabe seemed dwarfed beside him. His
easy, nonchalant bearing, his unconscious grace were never more
conspicuous. Still, Yermah was an alien. He stood in their midst a
stranger, and fully comprehended that the loyalty of his own men
would be severely tried if he failed to acquit himself with credit.
Over in the pavilion were a pair of luminous, mastic brown eyes,
with glints of bronze in their depths, which were bent upon him
eagerly. He could feel them drawing him in that direction, but he did
not trust himself to return their questioning gaze.
There were neither knots, gnarls, nor cracks in the waxy brown
six-foot hunting bow of continuous straight-grained mulberry used
in the first trial. Its tips were of polished elk-horn, and there was a
green chamois handhold in the center of the elaborate carving. The
well-seasoned hickory arrows, forty inches long and as smooth as
glass, carried flint-heads three and a half inches wide, and two inches
broad, with sharp saw-teeth edges. There was a trinity of peacock
feather vanes outlined in parabola above the notch end.
Courtesy gave Yermah the first shot. As he pulled a stout buckskin
shield over his right hand, he looked full into Kerœcia’s face. His eyes
said: “Trust me. I shall not fail.”
Under the inspiration of her answering nod, he quickly raised the
bow from the ground and placed it against his knee-cap, thereby
securing a good purchase. With an upward body movement, he drew
the long bow to its fullest capacity, faced the target and let fly.
Like the arrow of Acestes, which caught fire as it flew, or the dart
of Abaris, which is the wisdom of concentrated thought, this winged
thing sang through the air, and imbedded itself in the blue ring above
the center, where it rocked violently from the shock of impact.
“Yermah of Tlamco, scores five at elevation of forty-five degrees;
drawing force, one hundred and thirty pounds.”
The tally-keeper in the judges’ stand droned the words after the
official scorer. Then the people seemed to catch their breath.
“What skill!” said one, pointing to the still quivering arrow. “What
strength!” cried another, while the men of Tlamco, but lately
humbled, lifted their heads proudly and looked with admiration at
their leader.
The exertion flushed Yermah’s face, but there was that in his
expression which seemed to augur better things. He had yet to prove
himself; so he renewed his efforts with energy and determination.
The second shot sent the arrow into the red ring below goal, and
nearly opposite the blue, scoring seven points.
“Here is fine aiming!” said the judges to one another, while the
spectators leaned forward in strained positions and watched intently.
There was just the shadow of a smile around Yermah’s mouth, as
he bent for the final shot.
“Ping!” murmured the third arrow as it hit exact center.
“Haille! Haille!” shouted the Azes. “Haille! Haille!” responded the
Monbas, catching the enthusiasm, and complimenting their visitors
by adopting their cry.
The whole crowd were on their feet, all talking at once, not paying
the slightest attention to the tellers and scorers, who rushed about
bawling the result.
“Five—seven—nine are the points; twenty-one for final score,” they
said.
Yermah flung down his bow and stepped aside to make room for
his competitors. He stood helmet in hand, wiping his brow, pleased
with the warming sentiment manifested toward him.
“Hanabusa, the Azes, scores three, five and seven. Fifteen for final
count.”
“Ben Hu Barabe can do better,” was said on all sides, as Hanabusa
made way for him.
“Now the Azes will learn how to shoot!”
“He will never equal the first score,” said other archers. “The
Atlantian is a fine bowman.”
Ben Hu Barabe bent to his task. He sent his first arrow with a vim
and energy which bespoke long familiarity and constant practice. He,
too, made a center shot, but it was the upper edge of the gold disk
which received the barb; next time, the red ring suffered; but the
final shot sped feebly, and barely indented the black ring.
“The first fort yields to the Azes,” announced the judges. “Move on
to the next coign of vantage.”
Now came the real test of skill. Here every man was interested,
because they all made use of the bow and arrow themselves. The first
trial was of strength, but this would require finesse and nicety of
calculation. Hundreds of the spectators left their seats and crowded
around the contestants.
Extremely light, highly elastic but tough yew from the forests of
Oregon was substituted for the heavier bow of the chase; and the
arrows had finely pointed obsidian heads, notched and smooth, but
sharp as a needle.
Yermah looked well to the sweetness of his clear, clean, lemon-
colored bow. When satisfied that it had the requisite softness of
flexure and recoil, and that the arrows were properly seasoned, he
placed one on the left side of the bow, above, and resting on the
forefinger knuckle of the clenched left hand, with its notch set on the
string.
The first three fingers of the right hand hooked around the string,
keeping the arrow-notch between the first and second. Extending the
left arm vigorously but steadily, Yermah drew the string back with
his right hand to just below the chin—and loosed.
He stood with his left shoulder toward the target, looking straight
in that direction, having the heels well apart, and toes turned out,
leaving his legs straight, but not stiff. Raising his bow gracefully with
the left hand, he drew the arrow four-fifths of its length, aimed over
the arrow-tip, drew again, and let fly!
The spectators were quick to see that he made the four points
perfectly. Each element of the draw, aim, finish, and loose required
the greatest nicety of execution; yet, he sped the arrows with almost
incredible swiftness.
When shooting three at once, Yermah used the three sights—
center, above and below aim-points. His control of the loose was so
accurate, he understood the variation of vision between the right and
left eye so well, that he drove all three arrows into the gold within a
quarter of an inch of each other!
By the rules, he must aim above center at one hundred yards, and
there was not one of the seventy-two arrows, whether sped singly or
in threes, that hit below the mark. At eighty yards he was obliged to
aim blankly with the four dozen arrows loosed at this distance. He
chose the outer circle of white, and planted his darts at equidistance
around the entire circle.
“But one more fort remains to be captured, and the Atlantian still
leads,” announced the judges. “Clear the enclosure! Warriors, do
your duty!”
With this, the men made a rush for their seats, not waiting for the
spear-points the warriors were preparing to level at them.
In the noise, confusion and excitement no one paid attention to
the birds, perched on top of the pole supporting the target. There was
a bluejay, a raven, a white dove, and a green parrot, with strong
cords attached to one leg of each, sitting on a crossbar or else on the
gilt ball at the apex. Now every one suddenly remembered, and
interest redoubled in the final score at the sixty-yard limit.
“Yermah of Tlamco fails with two points out of twenty-four shots,
below aim-point. Two are above the center line. Hanabusa looses six,
and Ben Hu Barabe, four. Shall the victor take the citadel?”
“Merit wins him a shot at the birds,” came from all sides.
“Yermah of Tlamco, wilt thou capture the citadel of our hearts by a
final test of skill before being crowned with the yew wreath?”
When he could make himself heard, Yermah signified his
willingness to comply with this request. For the first time in an hour
Kerœcia caught sight of his face. It was pale, set and resolute, and
she saw that the strain was telling on him.
“The parrot shall cry thee aim, and must remain unharmed. Thou
mayst kill the blue or the black bird, but thou must only release the
peaceful dove. Wilt thou remember the conditions?”
Satisfying this demand from the judges, Yermah came within
range, and waited a favorable opportunity. By a sudden jerk of a cord
extending down the side of the pole, the ball and crossbar began to
revolve, and the birds were on the wing.
“Chay! chay! chay!” shrieked the mocking, insolent bluejay.
“Caw! caw! caw!” croaked the raven; while the parrot screamed
banteringly;
“Boy what ails thee? Come on! Ha! ha! ha! Oh, dear! Ah! ha! ha!—
Sit still! Who will catch thy barb? I’ll catch it? Thou fool, never!”
Then changing tone entirely to one of biting sarcasm:
“Here’s a pretty mess—a pretty mess!” There was silence for a
time. Then in a thin, piping voice and ludicrous intonation:
“I shall faint! I shall expire! Help! help!” screeched the bird. Then,
she became sympathetic: “That’s bad, very bad! What a poor shot!
Dear me! Ha! ha! ha! ha-ha-ha-ha! Aim high! aim low! don’t aim at
all! Ah! ha! ha! ha—ha! ha! ha! ha!”
The parrot was chained to the top of the pole, so that it could not
fly. To make the aim more difficult the other birds were fastened by
cords of unequal length. Each one must be freed by the arrow, and
then the marksman must wing it before it escaped.
The first liberated was the bluejay. Yermah cut the cord neatly, and
then hit the bird while it was still rising. The arrow fell near the base
of the pole, bringing the right wing with it.
The Dorado had won the yew wreath, and he now turned to the
women’s side of the pavilion for a signal. They could demand the last
three shots. Would they do it?
He waited for Kerœcia to say. She was surrounded by a perfect
rabble, gesticulating, shouting and leaning eagerly toward her.
Finally, she arose, and threw up her hand to command silence. In
the lull, she turned to Yermah, who removed his helmet and inclined
his head toward her, while she picked up a black flag and waved it.
There was an answering shout and a cheer and Yermah prepared
to shoot again. This time he aimed at the raven. He cut the cord near
the pole, and its weight caused the bird to fly downward in an
oblique line. Quick as a flash the second arrow sped, and the raven
came down pierced through the heart.
Once more the ball at the top was set whirling. The dove,
seemingly more accustomed to this motion, rose slowly, so that the
final arrow took off a toe, in severing the cord. The bird soared up in
concentric circles, but long before the plaudits ceased, it was perched
in exactly the same place from which it had risen.
The Monbas and Azes fought and struggled with each other for the
privilege of carrying the hero off the ground on their shoulders, while
the musicians played the folk songs of the Azes.
At this juncture, Setos, Alcamayn and Cezardis galloped into the
ring, and began putting arrows into the target as they rode by. Round
and round they went, sometimes shooting forward, more often
backward, first on a leisurely gallop, then on a dead run. Suddenly
they wheeled and headed for the entrance where they were met by
Yermah, Hanabusa and Ben Hu Barabe, mounted on thoroughbreds,
armed with shields, horn-bows and quivers full of murderous-
looking arrows.
“Hih! hih! hih!” chorused the multitude, as the horsemen made for
the target, which was moving up and down while revolving.
“Click-ety! click-ety! click-ety! click!” pattered the horses’ hoofs in
a fine burst of speed.
“Wheel and fire!” shouted the Dorado, suiting the action to the
word when nearly opposite the disk.
“P—sh!” whistled the arrows as they hit the target almost
simultaneously.
“Three arrows full tilt!” was the next command, which was no
sooner given than obeyed.
“Backward shot—three arrows! Send them into the pole; then
circle it and pull them out.”
The horsemen were crisscrossing each other in every direction,
flinging sand into one another’s faces. The spirited animals were
rearing and careering, standing on their hind-legs or sitting back on
their haunches while this maneuver was being executed.
“A souvenir for the women before we go! Let every man of us put a
dart into the post on a level with our heads. Then race out of here
together.”
The horses bent themselves nearly double. With mouths open and
nostrils distended, they responded to the impulse of bit and spur.
While the spent arrows were vibrating like whipcords, they plunged
forward and raced for the entrance neck and neck, urged to their
utmost capacity by the fire-crackers and bombs exploding at their
heels.
The people rose en masse, and shouted themselves hoarse,
drowning the kettle-drums and gongs in the general uproar. In the
midst of it the horsemen whirled and dashed back into the arena, in
hot pursuit of Yermah, whose head was almost level with Cibolo’s
neck, as this splendid racer stretched himself over the ground.
All the men had on wadded cotton tunics, covered with bull’s-hide
armor, put together in strips and riveted with brass bosses. They
wore visored helmets, and carried circular shields of burnished
bronze. Before they had encircled the ring, it was evident that it was
a sham attack on Yermah. They tried to ride him down, but Cibolo
foiled them with an instinct almost human. They often fired at the
rider, but were never able to hit him.
Yermah returned arrow for arrow, sometimes from behind his
shield, sometimes forward, more often backward, single arrows, and
three at a time. Throwing up his shield to protect himself, or
dropping over on the side of his horse so there was but one leg over
the saddle, on and on he went.
At an unexpected moment, Yermah wheeled and charged
furiously, lassoing the horse ridden by Setos, and then, by a skillful
maneuver and a daring leap, broke through the circle which had
formed around him.
He escaped into the tower of refuge—a low semi-circle in front of
the pavilion—taking his captive with him.
When Yermah rode out to receive the yew wreath and red ribbon
of valor, there was not an arrow in his armor nor a dent in his shield.
He had escaped without a single scratch.
While his name was on every one’s lips, he modestly sought
Kerœcia. There were tears in her eyes, which welled over on the two
bright red spots on either cheek, as she turned to greet him. Her lips
trembled, but she smiled while giving him her hand. He sat down
beside her almost equally overcome. Close to her ear he said
earnestly, and but little above a whisper:
“I love thee. It is thine opinion I value. All else is naught.”
He read his triumph in her eyes; she heard the one declaration in
the world for her. They were alone in the crowd, whose unheeded
plaudits came to them in an impersonal sort of way.
They had a few minutes’ respite from the duties of the hour, a little
season of quiet communion, while a feeling of adoration welled up
from their hearts and submerged all the other senses. It created a
halo about them and moistened the shining eyes gazing steadfastly at
one another. Overpowering emotion rendered them speechless,
while the soul union, the mating of their real selves, was
consummated in a wordless covenant.
During the eloquent silence each had knowledge that the other had
set up a shrine in the holy of holies of their being which none of the
trials of after-life would desecrate, nor would either ever be capable
of violating its sanctity.
In this expression of love was that perfect blending of ideality and
desire which is the very essence of marriage. It is the molding and
cementing influences which, in fortunate cases, so dominates such
intimate and close association that in old age they look, speak and
act alike. Nor does death finally take one and leave the other.
The skill and dexterity of the bowmen, the wild, fearless riding, the
daring onslaughts, the imminent risk of life and limb smacked
strongly enough of actual warfare to arouse the tiger which at our
best moments only sleeps within us.
Like true children of nature, these people entered with much zest
into the ridiculous performances of a monkey and clown perched
upon the backs of swift-paced burros.
In the midst of this race, jugglers with balls, javelins, disks and
parasols, gave exhibitions of their skill, while heavy copper bars and
hammers were tossed and flung about with apparent ease. It was a
busy time with the gamblers and fortune-tellers, as well as with the
vendors of all kinds of trinkets.
“Clang! clang! clang! clang!” sounded the big gong.
“Clear the ring for the caribou race!” shouted the cazique, as he
clattered by on horseback. “Clear the ring, everybody! This is the
women’s race!”
While the performers were scurrying about, obeying this order by
getting their belongings out of the way as rapidly as possible, three
chariots were driven in, containing Kerœcia, Ildiko and Alcyesta.
“Yermah, the victorious, challenges for the high-priestess,
Kerœcia,” announced the judges, as Yermah advanced to the head of
the priestess’s team.
In the deafening outburst following on all sides, the caribou
became unmanageable, and it was several minutes before the
entanglement could be straightened out sufficiently to warrant
further procedure.
“Alcamayn of Tlamco, challenges for fair Ildiko.”
The little jeweler stepped out proudly and took a position in front
of the state carriage of the Azes, the same ivory and gold vehicle
which Yermah had driven when Kerœcia visited the Llama city.
“Ben Hu Barabe, of Anokia, challenges for Alcyesta. The contest is
for a gold cup, given by this city. Partisans of each team must lay
wagers lively. Stand back, men, and give the women a chance! Once
and a half around the ring! Now for the cup!”
The three chariots went over the chalk-line in a fairly even start,
and the sharp click of running hoofs and the buzzing of the wheels
told of the speed being made.
It was easy to distinguish the racers. The wide palmated horns
made each runner instinctively pull apart, so that bunching was
impossible. Besides this, the colors were very distinct.
Kerœcia wore yellow, with a jeweled agraffe and girdle, while on
her head was still the ingenious crown of golden grains. Her chariot
was of pale green, elaborate in decorations of dull gold on raised
patterns. Streamers of the same color fluttered here and there, and
were threaded in a net-work over the heads of the caribou.
Ildiko was in light blue, with an embroidered Zouave jacket of
black. A jeweled band confined her long, crinkly white hair, while red
and white cords interlaced the wide-spreading horns of her racers.
Alcyesta’s chariot was black, but rich in traceries of silver and
painted flower ornaments. She wore a pink robe, with a silver agraffe
and girdle, set with pearls and turquoise. Pink and white cords
trimmed her whip and tied the horns of the caribou.
For an instant the chariots moved side by side, the women giving
free rein, but withholding the whips. At the first quarter, Ildiko led
slightly; but in attempting to round the curve of the half-goal,
Alcyesta caught a wheel in the post, snapping it in two, like so much
straw.
With such momentum, it was not possible to check the speed, and
before either could prevent it the horns of Ildiko’s and Alcyesta’s
teams were tightly interlocked. Instantly there was a terrific hubbub.
Men from all sides ran to their assistance.
“Let us race it out!” cried Ildiko.
“Agreed!” answered Alcyesta; and both women laid on the lash
forcibly, scorching the ground with their flying wheels.
“Keep clear! Give them leeway!” shouted the cazique, charging the
crowd with his horse. The caribou had shaken themselves loose.
“It is a splendid race!” cried the judges, as the last quarter stake
was passed.
“Run, Ildiko!”
“Use thy whip, Kerœcia! Thou must not let them beat thee after
all!”
“Give them their heads, Alcyesta! Thy reins are too tight!”
The women were leaning forward talking to the nervy roadsters,
with hair flying over their shoulders, ribbons fluttering, and the
wheels fairly singing as they flew past the chalk-line.
“It is an open race for the cup. Kerœcia took no advantage. Now
she must run for it!”
And she did. Saphis and Phoda knew her voice. They caught her
impulse as she loosed the rein, and they went like the wind.
“Crack! crack!” snapped her tiny whiplash.
It seemed as if the caribou would jump out of their skins. Not
being accustomed to the whip, they were much more frightened by
its noise than by the sting of its lash. Theirs was simply a mad
headlong plunge forward, taken in time to clear the first goal.
Ildiko and Alcyesta had enough to do in preventing a break as their
knowing animals neared the scene of their former mishap. They were
fearless runners, and responded gamely to the lash; but there was an
imperceptible hesitation, a disposition to shy, and Kerœcia whipped
in a full neck ahead.
On she went around the ring, unable to control her terror-stricken
team. It was the whip laid on their tender backs for the second time
which rendered them unmanageable.
“Hold them steady until they calm down,” advised the cazique,
galloping beside her.
Setos and Alcamayn hastened to Ildiko, assisting her to alight,
while Ben Hu Barabe carried his wife through the crowd and set her
down in safety before turning his attention to Kerœcia.
“Ho, Saphis! Ho, Phoda! Fear not, little ones! Thou hast done
nobly! Steady! Steady now! Ho! Ho!”
She had braced herself against the front of the chariot and was
pulling back with all her might. With a quick, sharp turn, the cazique
reined up in front of the vehicle just as Yermah caught the bit of one
of the caribou.
The sudden stop threw Kerœcia across the dashboard. She quickly
recovered her footing, bruised and shaken, but much more
concerned for the steaming, panting, high-strung winners than for
herself. She spoke soothingly to the animals, as she stroked their ugly
proboscis-like snouts, while they champed their foam-flecked bits
and gazed at her with still a gleam of terror in their eyes.
As soon as the ring was cleared, the people settled themselves back
and looked expectant. Familiar as they were with a mammoth
elephant there was always something fascinating in its unwieldly
bulk.
The crowd had waited all day with characteristic patience to see
the tricks of some performing elephants, brought down by the
Mazamas from the far north, especially to honor Kerœcia.
Zoyara, Cezardis and Zombra came through the entrance dressed
in black skin-tight garments ablaze with mica spangles and barbaric
jewels. They wore gayly striped sashes around their waists, and
ostrich feathers in the silver headbands, while their arms and ankles
jingled with bracelets and bells.
Back of them came two keepers leading a pair of tremendously
large rusty-black, shaggy-coated elephants, with long, ivory tusks,
which curved out and curled up viciously. Zombra and Zoyara
stepped to one side. Cezardis called:
“Hear ye all! These young and tender creatures are in love. Sven
here is about to offer himself to the shapely Loke, whom he loves to
distraction. Bashful young men, please take notice! This exhibition is
for thy especial benefit.”
He gave both elephants a sharp prod with a bronze-tipped goad
which he carried. Sven began to tremble all over. His huge loose skin,
much too big for his ponderous body, moved forth and back
mechanically, in well-simulated emotion, and the hair raised in every
direction as he approached Loke.
“Down on your knees, sir! Down, sir,” shouted Cezardis, hitting
him a heavy whack across his forelegs. The elephant fairly shook the
ground beneath him as he came to a kneeling posture.
“Bow your head respectfully, sir!” commanded Cezardis.
Sven laid his ears close to his head, and drew his trunk well under,
giving himself a ludicrously shamefaced expression.
“Give Sven his answer, Loke. Answer, I say!”
Loke stuck her trunk up in the air, and with a disdainful toss of her
head, waddled off in an opposite direction, to the delight of the
audience. Their shouts of laughter were a signal to Sven.
He fell over on his side, and stiffened himself out as if he were
dead.
“Oh, poor fellow! P-o-o-r fellow!” cried Cezardis, with mock
pathos. “I know how it is myself, sir.”
The elephant raised its head and looked at him.
“Think better of it, old man. Thou mayst have had a lucky escape.
Here comes her sister and husband. Let us stand to one side and
observe how they get on. Brace up, sir!”
Sven and Loke were on the outside when the keepers brought in
the other pair of elephants—Loke keeping her head in an opposite
direction.
Cezardis gravely introduced the newcomers, and then turned to
the putative husband and asked:
“Didst thou have a good breakfast this morning, sir?”
The elephant shook his head and trumpeted dolefully. His mate
stamped the ground indignantly, then rushed at him, butting him in
the side. He whirled around and kicked at her. Then they locked
trunks and seemed bent upon annihilating each other with their
sawed-off stumpy tusks.
“How is this for married life, sir?” inquired Cezardis.
Sven turned to his audience and winked prodigiously, while his
sides shook as if he were convulsed with laughter.
At this moment Loke picked up a saw-tooth palm-leaf with her
trunk, and hid her face.
Cezardis allowed the putative benedict to toss him up in the air
several times, and finally, by a dexterous leap, landed between the
mammoth’s ears.
“The long-looked-for elephant race is about to begin. To give some
idea of the individual gait, we shall first walk the animals, and then
they will trot side by side for points. Do not let the disgraceful
conduct of the wedded pair weigh against them. A bad breakfast tries
the best of us.”
There was a loud blare of trumpets and a vigorous beating of
kettle-drums, while the spectators cheered heartily, as Cezardis
turned somersaults, stood on his head, and played all sorts of pranks
on the back and above the ears of the elephant.
The animals walked first leisurely and then more hurriedly around
the ring. When the second round was completed, Cezardis boldly slid
down the trunk of the leader, and with a graceful bow ran out of the
way.
The keepers adroitly arranged the elephants in pairs, throwing a
gourdful of capsicum into each mouth, in order to increase their
pace.
“The race begins! Close thy bets!” shouted Cezardis.
The trainers of the animals used the goad unsparingly, and soon
the huge mountains of flesh were stretching their tree-like legs to the
utmost.
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9th International Symposium on High Temperature

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7th International Symposium on High Temperature

10th International Symposium on High-Temperature

5th International Symposium on High Temperature

Nutritional Influences on Bone Health 9th International

Ambient Intelligence – Software and Applications –, 9th

Superalloys 2016 proceedings of the 13th International

Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on

9th International Conference on Robotic Vision Signal

Mark William Kennedy Dean Gregurek

Shijie Wang Baojun Zhao

Onuralp Yücel Ender Keskinkilic

Jerome P. Downey Zhiwei Peng

9th International Symposium

Tao Jiang Ender Keskinkilic

Mark William Kennedy Jerome P. Downey

Dean Gregurek Zhiwei Peng

Shijie Wang Rafael Padilla

ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic)

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

Part I Energy-Efﬁcient and Clean Metallurgical Technology

Part II Simulation and Modeling of High Temperature

Simulation of Velocity Field of Molten Steel in Electric

Part III Alloys and Materials Preparation

Part IV Fundamental Research on High Temperature

Thermodynamic Calculations on Electric Furnace Smelting

Part V Extraction and Recovery of Metals

Part VI Treatment and Recycling of Metallurgical Slag/Solid Wastes

Physicochemical Properties of High Alumina Blast Furnace Slag . . . . . 279

Part VII Ironmaking, Steelmaking and Casting

The Effect of Austenitizing Temperature on Hardenability,

Part VIII Agglomeration and Direct Reduction

Part IX Poster Session I

Effect of Temperature on Oxidation Behavior of Cr–Mo–V Steel

Study on Grain Size and Porosity of the Produced Lime from

Part X Poster Session II

Inﬂuence of Coke Quality on Main Technical Indexes

Thermodynamic Calculations on Direct Reduction of

Jiann-Yang (Jim) Hwang is a Professor in the

microwaves, hydrogen storages, ceramics, recycling,

Tao Jiang received his M.S. in 1986 and Ph.D. in

Mark William Kennedy is the Chief Technology

Dean Gregurek is a Senior Mineralogist in the

Shijie Wang is a Principal Advisor at the Rio Tinto

Baojun Zhao is Codelco-Fangyuan Professor in the

metallurgical companies including Baosteel, Codelco,

Onuralp Yücel completed his technical education with

Beneﬁciation of Industrial Wastes: Production of

Ender Keskinkilic earned his undergraduate degree

Jerome P. (Jerry) Downey earned his Ph.D. in

He is presently the Goldcorp Professor of Extractive

Zhiwei Peng is an Associate Professor in the School

He is an active member of The Minerals, Metals &

Rafael Padilla received his Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees

Abstract In conventional copper production, anode copper is produced from

Keywords Anode copper Two-step production Fundamental concepts