LAB 1 : HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

Objective:
 To analyze the rectifier output with filter and without filter .

Theory:
A Half Wave Rectifier is a single PN junction diode connected in series to the load
resistor. As you know a diode is to electric current like a one-way valve is to water,
it allows electric current to flow in only one direction. This simple means the
diode is operational when the diode is forward biased while it blocks the current
when it is reversed biased. This property of the diode is very useful in creating
simple rectifiers which are used to convert AC to DC. In Half wave rectification
only the positive half cycle is obtained in output while the negative cycle is
discarded. One application of diodes is in the design of rectifier circuits. A diode
rectifier forms the first stage of a dc power supply. A dc voltage is required to
power essentially every electronic device, including personal computers,
televisions, and stereo systems

A Half Wave Rectifier is a

single PN junction diode
connected in series to
the load resistor.
As you know a diode is to
electric current like a
one-way valve is to
water, it allows electric
current to flow in only
one direction. This simple
means the diode is
operational when the
diode is forward biased
while it blocks the
current when it is
reversed biased. This
property of
the diode is very useful in
creating simple rectifiers
which are used to
convert AC to DC.
In Half wave rectification
only the positive half
cycle is obtained in
output while the negative
cycle is discarded
A Half Wave Rectifier is a
single PN junction diode
connected in series to
the load resistor.
As you know a diode is to
electric current like a
one-way valve is to
water, it allows electric
current to flow in only
one direction. This simple
means the diode is
operational when the
diode is forward biased
while it blocks the
current when it is
reversed biased. This
property of
the diode is very useful in
creating simple rectifiers
which are used to
convert AC to DC.
In Half wave rectification
only the positive half
cycle is obtained in
output while the negative
cycle is discarded
A Half Wave Rectifier is a
single PN junction diode
connected in series to
the load resistor.
As you know a diode is to
electric current like a
one-way valve is to
water, it allows electric
current to flow in only
one direction. This simple
means the diode is
operational when the
diode is forward biased
while it blocks the
current when it is
reversed biased. This
property of
the diode is very useful in
creating simple rectifiers
which are used to
convert AC to DC.
In Half wave rectification
only the positive half
cycle is obtained in
output while the negative
cycle is discarded
A Half Wave Rectifier is a
single PN junction diode
connected in series to
the load resistor.
As you know a diode is to
electric current like a
one-way valve is to
water, it allows electric
current to flow in only
one direction. This simple
means the diode is
operational when the
diode is forward biased
while it blocks the
current when it is
reversed biased. This
property of
the diode is very useful in
creating simple rectifiers
which are used to
convert AC to DC.
In Half wave rectification
only the positive half
cycle is obtained in
output while the negative
cycle is discarded
A Half Wave Rectifier is a
single PN junction diode
connected in series to
the load resistor.
As you know a diode is to
electric current like a
one-way valve is to
water, it allows electric
current to flow in only
one direction. This simple
means the diode is
operational when the
diode is forward biased
while it blocks the
current when it is
reversed biased. This
property of
the diode is very useful in
creating simple rectifiers
which are used to
convert AC to DC.
In Half wave rectification
only the positive half
cycle is obtained in
output while the negative
cycle is discarde
Rectification is the process of converting an alternating (ac) voltage into one that
is limited to one polarity. The diode is useful for this function because of its
nonlinear characteristics, that is, current exists for one voltage polarity, but is
essentially zero for the opposite polarity. Rectification is classified as half-wave or
full-wave, with half-wave being the simpler and full-wave being more efficient.

Ripple factor: As the voltage across the load resistor is only present during the positive half of
the cycle, the resultant voltage is "ON" and "OFF" during every cycle resulting in a low average
dc value. This variation on the rectified waveform is called "Ripple" and is an undesirable
feature. The ripple factor is a measure of purity of the D.C. output of a rectifier and is defined as
Vac
Ripple factor =
Vdc
Equipment :

 Oscilloscope
 Signal generator
 DC Power supply
 Resistor(1KΩ)
 Multimeter
 Breadboard

Procedure:
1. The circuit is constructed on the construction board dc voltage across
the load is sinusoidal for the first half cycle.
2. The input signal is converted into unidirectional pulsating output signal.
3. The signal generator is adjusted to get an output using an oscilloscope
and given it to the circuit.
4. The output wave form is observed on the oscilloscope and noted the
value of pick to pick variation in voltage.
5. The dc current through the resistor 1k , the dc output voltage and ripple
voltage across the resistor 1k is measured and recorded in table.

Data:
Half wave rectifier without filter
Number Load RL Output Ripple Ripple
Voltage(Vdc) Voltage(Vac) Factor
1 1K 3.4V 4.3V 1.256

Vac 4.3
Ripple factor = = =1.265
Vdc 3.4

Input and output wave form in Half wave rectifier with out filter

Number Load(Rl ) Output Ripple Ripple

Voltage(Vdc Voltage(Vac) Factor
)
1 1K 10.1V 0.258V 0.0255
 Vac 0.258 V
Ripple Factor= = =0.0255
Vdc 10.1 V

Input and output wave form in Half wave rectifier with filter

Conclusion:
In this experiment we tried to investigate a half wave rectifier which transforms
an AC input signal to DC output signal by allowing one half cycle of the wave form
to pass while blocking the other. In half wave rectification only, we get the output
when the diode is forward biased, we get zero voltage at output when the diode
is reversed biased it means we are throwing away the negative or blocked cycle of
the waves. It means half wave is not so much effective in Ac to Dc conversion.
From the experiment we observed when we use half wave rectification with out
capacitor the output voltage wave form amplitude is decreased where as with
capacitor the output waveform almost looks like a straight.
n half wave rectification only, we get the output when the
diode is forward biased, we get zero
voltage at output when the diode is reversed biased it means
we are throwing away the negative
or blocked cycle of the waves. It means half wave is not so
much effective in Ac to Dc
conversion
n half wave rectification only, we get the output when the
diode is forward biased, we get zero
voltage at output when the diode is reversed biased it means
we are throwing away the negative
or blocked cycle of the waves. It means half wave is not so
much effective in Ac to Dc
conversionIn half wave rectification only, we get the output when the
diode is forward biased, we get zero
LAB 2 : FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Objectives:
1. To construct a full-wave bridge rectifier circuit and analyze its output.
2. To analyze the rectifier output using a capacitor in shunt as a filter.

Theory:
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both
half cycles of the input ac voltage. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a
bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The
load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive
half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D2 conduct, whereas diodes D3 and D4
remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input
ac voltage, diodes D3 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D2 remain OFF. The conducting
diodes D3 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current
flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle.
In bridge rectifier the circuit is constructed using for diodes alike half wave rectifier.
During the positive half of the input voltage cycle, both output voltages vS are positive;
therefore, diode D1 is forward biased and conducting and D2 is reverse biased and cut
off. The current through D1 and the output resistance produce a positive output
voltage. During the negative half cycle, D1 is cut off and D2 is forward biased, or “on,”
and the current through the output resistance again produces a positive output voltage.

As we have seen already a half-wave rectifier circuit is unsuitable to applications which

need a "steady and smooth" dc supply voltage. One method to improve on this is to use
every half-cycle of the input voltage instead of every other half-cycle. The circuit which
allows us to do this is called a Full-wave Rectifier. Here, unidirectional current flows in
the output for both the cycles of input signal and rectifies it. The rectification can be
done either by a center tap full wave rectifier (using two diodes) or a full wave bridge
rectifier (using four diodes). In this experiment we will study a full wave bridge rectifier.

Ripple factor: The ripple factor is a measure of purity of the D.C. output of a
rectifier and is defined as:

Vac
Ripple Factor=
Vdc

Equipment :
 Oscilloscope
 Signal generator
 DC Power supply
 Resistor(1KΩ)
 Multimeter
  Breadboard

Procedure:
1. The circuit is constructed on the construction board (breadboard).
2. The multimeter is connected across the 1K load.
3. The AC and DC voltages are measured by setting multimeter to AC and DC.
4. The ripple factor is calculated.
5. The CRO channel 1 across input and channel 2 across output is connected.
6. The frequency of wave form is observed.

DATA:
Bridge rectifier without filter
Number Load(RL) DC output Ripple Ripple
voltage(Vdc) voltage(Vac) fractor
1 1K 6.22V 3.455V 0.5546

Vac 3.455 V
Ripple Factor= = =0.5546
Vdc 6.22 V

Bridge rectifier with Capacitor

Number Load(RL) DC Ripple Ripple
output(Vdc) voltage(Vac) factor
1 1K 9.572V 0.107V 0.0112

Vac 0.107 V
Ripple Factor= = =0.0112
Vdc 9.572 V

Conclusion:
In this full wave rectification experiment we used bridge rectifier which
consist of four diodes. For a positive cycle two diode operate and for
the negative cycle the other two diode operate. These diodes help in
converting the AC to pulsating DC. Full wave rectification is efficient
because we are using both the cycle of input and get a positive cycle
output for both positive and negative cycle. In bridge rectifier with out
capacitor the ripple voltage is rectified or decreased while bridge
rectifier with capacitor the ripple voltage almost approaches a straight
line.

LAB 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DOIDE

Objective:
 To study and plot forward and reverse bias characteristics of a zener diode
and to determine zener break-down voltage.

Theory :
Zener diode is a reverse biased heavily doped PN junction diode generally
operated in zener breakdown region. Zener voltage is the reverse voltage above
which there is a controlled KNEE VOLTAGE breakdown which does not damage
the diode. The voltage drop across the diode remains constant at zener voltage
no matter how high the reverse bias voltage is. The forward characteristic of a
zener diode is similar to a normal diode.
At a given operating point, the static and dynamic resistance of a diode can be
determined from its characteristics as shown in Fig. 4. The static or dc resistance,
RD, of the diode at the operating point (the point where the load line intersects
the diode characteristics), Q, is simply the quotient of the corresponding levels of
VD and ID. The dc resistance levels at the knee and below will be greater than the
resistance levels obtained for the vertical rise section of the characteristics.
The diode circuits generally operate with varying inputs, which will move the
instantaneous operating point up and down a region of the characteristics and
defines a specific change in current and voltage. Dynamic or ac Resistance, rd, is
defined as the quotient of this change in voltage and change in current around
the dc operating point.

Equipment :

 Oscilloscope
 DC Power supply
 zener diode
 Resistor 1KΩ
 digital Multimeter
 Breadboard

Procedure:
1. The circuit sated up with variable dc source .
2. The voltage value is increased from 0 and takes 0V , 2V , 4 V, 4.5V , 5V ,
5.5 , 6V , 6.5V , 7V , 8 V, 10V .
3. The voltage drop across the resistor is measured and recorded in table by
varying the input voltage.
4. The voltage across zener diode also measured and recorded by varying
the input voltage.

Data:
Vs (v) VR1 (V) Vz=VS-VR1 (V) VZ(measured) ID(Calculated)
mA
0 0 0 0 0
2 0 2 2 0
4 0 4 4.051 0
4.5 0 4.5 4.502 0
5 0 5 5.021 0
5.5 0 5.5 5.499 0
6 0 6 6.006 0
6.5 0 6.5 6.526 0
7 0.0106 6.989 7.014 0.0106
7.5 0.496 7.004 7.017 0.496
8 0.977 7.023 7.02 0.977
10 2.938 7.026 7.04 2.938

Conclusion:
In this experiment we tried to investigate the behavior of ZENER diode and
analysis how it work. By observing the behavior of Zener diode on different
applied voltages and by recording the voltage across the load and in the zener
diode. we see that from above table there is a little between the measured and
calculated value of voltage across the diode this is due to some measurement
error or defect on the equipment. From our experiment we see the current
becomes sufficiently large at certain voltage called break down voltage which has
a value approximately around V=0.7v.