ITC4344:

Cloud Computing
Lecture 1

Introduction

Department of Information Technology

Bayero University, Kano
Introduction

 Conceptually, computing can be viewed as another utility, like

electricity, water, or gas, accessible to every household in many
countries of the world.
 Computer clouds are the utilities providing computing services.
 In utility computing the hardware and the software resources are
concentrated in large data centers.
 The users of computing services pay as they consume computing,
storage, and communication resources.
 While utility computing often requires a cloud-like infrastructure,
the focus of cloud computing is on the business model for providing
computing services.
Introduction

 More than half a century ago, at the centennial anniversary of MIT, John
McCarthy, the 1971 Turing Award recipient for his work in Artificial
Intelligence, prophetically stated:
 “If computers of the type I have advocated become the computers of the future,
then computing may someday be organized as a public utility, just as the telephone
system is a public utility... The computer utility could become the basis of a new
and important industry.”
 The prediction of McCarthy is now a technological and social reality.
Introduction

 Cloud computing is a disruptive computing paradigm and, as such, it required

major changes in many areas of computer science and computer engineering
including data storage, computer architecture, networking, resource
management, scheduling, and last but not least, computer security.
 The scale of the cloud infrastructure and the very large population of cloud
users with diverse applications and requirements have posed significant
challenges.
Introduction

 The Internet made cloud computing possible; we could not even dream of
using computing and storage resources from distant data centers without fast
communication.
 The evolution of cloud computing is organically tied to the future of the
Internet. The Internet of Things (IoT) has already planted some of its early
seeds in computer clouds.
 For example, Amazon already offers services such as Lambda and Kinesis
Introduction

 Many Internet users have discovered the appeal of cloud computing either
directly or indirectly through a variety of services, without knowing the role
the clouds play in their life.
 In the years to come the vast computational resources provided by the cloud
infrastructure will be used for the design and engineering of complex systems,
scientific discovery, education, business, analytics, art, and virtually all other
aspects of human endeavor.
 Exabytes of data stored in the clouds are streamed, downloaded, and
accessed by millions of cloud users.
Vision of Cloud Computing

 Cloud computing allows anyone with a credit card to provision virtual

hardware, runtime environments, and services.
 The use of cloud computing is often limited to a single service at a time or,
more commonly, a set of related services offered by the same vendor.
 The lack of effective standardization efforts made it difficult to move hosted
services from one vendor to another.
Vision of Cloud Computing

 The long-term vision of cloud computing is that IT services are traded as

utilities in an open market, without technological and legal barriers.
 Many of the technological elements contributing to this vision already exist.
Vision of Cloud Computing
Why Cloud is Successful?

 Why cloud computing could be successful when other paradigms have failed?
 Exploits recent advances in software, networking, storage, and processor
technologies.
 Cloud consists of a mostly homogeneous set of hardware and software resources in
a single administrative domain.
 Cloud computing is focused on enterprise computing
 A cloud provides the illusion of infinite computing resources
 A cloud eliminates the need for up-front financial commitment and it is based on a
pay-as-you-go approach
Challenges

 Availability of service; what happens when the service provider cannot

deliver?
 Vendor lock-in; once a customer is hooked to one cloud service provider it is
hard to move to another.
 Data confidentiality and auditability;
 Data transfer bottlenecks critical for data-intensive applications.
 Performance unpredictability; this is one of the consequences of resource
sharing.
 Elasticity, the ability to scale up and down quickly.
 Legal issues
Cloud Computing Vendors

 Amazon Web Services

 Microsoft Azure
 Google Cloud
 Alibaba Cloud
 Oracle Cloud Platform
 IBM Cloud
 DigitalOcean
 Salesforce
 RackSpace
Technologies that help in realization of
cloud computing
 There are five main technology that help in realization of cloud computing
 These technologies are :
 Distributed systems (Mainframes , Clusters and
Grid computing )
 Virtualization,
 Web 2.0,
 Service orientation,
 Utility computing
1. Distributed System

 Clouds are essentially large distributed computing

facilities that make available their services to third
parties on demand. As a reference, we consider the
characterization of a distributed system proposed by
Tanenbaum et al.
 “A distributed system is a collection of independent computers
that appears to its users as a single coherent system.”
1. Distributed System

 The primary purpose of distributed systems is to share

resources and utilize them better.
 This is true in the case of cloud computing, where this
concept is taken to the extreme and resources
(infrastructure, runtime environments, and services) are
rented to users.
 one of the driving factors of cloud computing has been the
availability of the large computing facilities of IT giants
(Amazon, Google) that found that offering their computing
capabilities as a service provided opportunities to better
utilize their infrastructure
1. Distributed System

 Distributed systems often exhibit other properties such as

heterogeneity, openness, scalability, transparency,
concurrency, continuous availability, and independent
failures.
 To some extent these also characterize clouds, especially
in the context of scalability, concurrency, and continuous
availability.
1. Distributed System

 Three Major Milestone that have led to Cloud Computing

 Mainframe Computing
 Cluster Computing
 Grid Computing
 2. Virtualization
 Virtualization is another core technology for cloud computing.
 It encompasses a collection of solutions allowing the abstraction of some of
the fundamental elements for computing, such as hard-ware, runtime
environments, storage, and networking.
 virtualization has become a fundamental element of cloud computing e.g
solutions that provide IT infrastructure on demand.
 Virtualization is essentially a technology that allows creation of different
computing environments.
 These environments are called virtual because they simulate the interface
that is expected by a guest. The most common example of virtualization is
hardware virtualization.
 2. Virtualization
 Hardware virtualization allows the coexistence of different software stacks on
top of the same hardware.
 These stacks are contained inside virtual machine instances, which operate in
complete isolation from each other.
 High-performance servers can host several virtual machine instances, thus
creating the opportunity to have a customized software stack on demand.
 This is the base technology that enables cloud computing solutions to deliver
virtual servers on demand, such as Amazon EC2, RightScale, VMware vCloud, and
others.
 Together with hardware virtualization, storage and network virtualization
complete the range of technologies for the emulation of IT infrastructure.
 3. Web 2.0
 The Web is the primary interface through which cloud computing delivers its
services.
 At present, the Web encompasses a set of technologies
and services that facilitate interactive information sharing, collaboration, user-
centered design, and application composition.
 This evolution has transformed the Web into a rich platform for application
development and is known as Web 2.0.
 This term captures a new way in which developers architect applications and
deliver services through the Internet and provides new experience for users of
these applications and services.
 3. Web 2.0
 Web 2.0 brings interactivity and flexibility into Web pages, providing enhanced
user experience by gaining Web-based access to all the functions.
 These capabilities are obtained by integrating a
collection of standards and technologies such as XML, Asynchronous JavaScript
and XML (AJAX), Web Services, and others.
 Examples of Web 2.0 applications are Google Documents, Google Maps, Flickr,
Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, de.li.cious, Blogger, and Wikipedia.
 In particular, social networking Websites take the
biggest advantage of Web 2.0.
 4. Service orientation
 Service orientation is the core reference model for cloud computing
systems.
 This approach adopts the concept of services as the main building blocks
of application and system development.
 Service-oriented computing (SOC) supports the development of rapid,
low-cost, flexible, interoperable, and evolvable applications and systems
4. Service orientation
 A service is an abstraction representing a self-describing and platform-
agnostic component that can perform any function
 anything from a simple function to a complex business process.
 Virtually any piece of code that performs a task can be turned into a service
and expose its functionalities through a network-accessible protocol.
 Service-oriented computing introduces and diffuses two important concepts,
which are also fundamental to cloud computing:
 Quality of Service (QoS) and
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
 5. Utility-oriented computing
 Utility computing is a vision of computing that defines a service-provisioning model
for compute services in which resources such as storage, compute power,
applications, and infrastructure are packaged and offered on a pay-per-use basis.
 The idea of providing computing as a utility like natural gas, water, power, and
telephone connection has a long history but has become a reality today with the
advent of cloud computing.
 What is Fog Computing?
 Why Fog Computing?
 Identify and describe the technologies that enabled Fog computing

???