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Algebra 1 Homework 7

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19 views2 pages

Algebra 1 Homework 7

Uploaded by

vedant
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Algebra I: Assignment 7

Note: You are not required to submit the assignment. You can (and are encouraged to) discuss solutions, ideas of
attacks, and doubts with each other.
For all the exercises below, unless otherwise mentioned, “p” will denote a prime number.

1. (a) Give an example of a finite ring which is not commutative.


(b) Give an example of a ring where a2 = a for every a ∈ R. (Boolean rings)
How can this be true for any ring? Multiplying by a +ve
2. (a) Show that a(b − c) = ab − ac for any 3 elements in any ring R. integer only makes sense when +ve integers are part of
the ring.
(b) Show that in any ring R, for every positive integer n one has: (na)b = n(ab) = an(b) for any a, b ∈ R.
(c) Show that (a + b)2 = a2 + ab + ba + b2 in any ring R. What happens if the ring is commutative ?
3. Let X be any set and R be a ring. Show that the set of all functions from X → R forms a ring, denoted by
C(X, R), with usual addition and multiplication of functions. When is this ring commutative? What conditions
can you impose so that the ring has a unit element ?
4. Prove the following binomial theorem for rings using induction (where n > 0 and a, b ∈ R):
 
n n−1
(a + b)n = an + a b + · · · + bn
1

5. (Quarternion rings) Show that the set Q = {a + bi + cj + dk | a, b, c, d ∈ R} forms a ring with the operations
described as follows:
• addition: (a + bi + cj + dk) + (a′ + b′ i + c′ j + d′ k) = (a + a′ ) + (b + b′ )i + (c + c′ )j + (d + d′ )k.
• multiplication: defined by the rules i2 = j 2 = k 2 = −1 and ij = k = −ji, jk = i = −kj, ki = j = −ik.
6. Are any of the following integral domains / fields ?
√
a) R = {a + b −5 | a, b ∈ R}, with usual addition and multiplication rules for complex numbers.
b) Ring of polynomials with integer / rational / real coefficients (answer each one separately).
c) The ring described in problem 5.
7. An element a ∈ R is called nilpotent if an = 0 for some n > 0. Show that an integral domain has no nonzero
nilpotent elements. Give examples of nonzero nilpotent element in the ring of 2x2 matrices with real entries and
aso in the ring Z8 . Symmetric matrices are NOT nilpotent
8. An element a ∈ R is called idempotent if a2 = a. What are idempotent elements in an integral domain ? Give
examples of nonzero idempotent elements in the ring of 2x2 matrices with real entries.
RESOLVED We have to assume that rings are commutative and unital unless stated otherwise right? That is, we are working with profs definition right?
9. a) Given a commutative ring (R, +, .), show that the set of elements of R which have a multiplicative inverse
forms a group under “.′′ operation. (This is called the group of units of R).
√
b) What are the group of units for (i) Z (ii) Zn (iii) R = {a + b −5 | a, b ∈ R}.
10. Which elements of Zp are their own (multiplicative) inverses (p prime)? Is this integral domain / field ?
11. Verify whether or not the following maps are ring isomorphisms:
(a) ϕ : 2Z → 3Z where ϕ(2n) = 3n.
   
a b a c
(b) ϕ : M2 (R) → M2 (R) where ϕ =
c d b d
√ √ √ √
(c) ϕ(a + b −5) = a + b −3 between the rings {a + b −5 | a, b ∈ R} and {a + b −3 | a, b ∈ R}.
12. Show that Z and 2Z cannot be isomorphic as rings. Are they isomorphic as groups (under addition) ?
13. Show that the only isomorphism between the field of real numbers is the identity map. Also show that any
isomorphism from Z onto Z is the identity map.

1
14. Show that any ring which is isomorphic to a field is a field in itself.

15. Does there exist a ring homomorphism from Z5 onto Z4 ? What about the reverse direction ?
16. Let ϕ : R → R′ be a surjective ring homomorphism. Show that if R is commutative then R′ must also be
commutative. If R is n integral domain does it imply that R′ is also an integral domain ?
17. Let R1 and R2 be two rings. We define a new ring (direct product ring) with these rings: R = {(a, b) | a ∈
R1 , b ∈ R2 } as follows:
• (addition): (a1 , b1 ) + (a2 , b2 ) = (a1 + a2 , b1 , b2 )
• (multiplication): (a1 , b1 ) · (a2 , b2 ) = (a1 a2 , b1 b2 ).
Show that the maps ϕ : R1 → R and ψ : R → R1 where ϕ(a) = (a, 0) and ψ(a, 0) = a are both homomorphisms.
Find the kernel in each case. Also show that the ring Z6 is isomorphic to the ring Z2 × Z3 .

18. Show that the rings Z and Z × Z are not isomorphic.

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