Logic Gates

and
Boolean Algebra

Dr. Rutvi Shah

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 Binary Digits

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 Boolean
Algebra
Concepts

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 Boolean
Algebra
Concepts

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates A B C A .B (A.B)+C
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
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 M=(A+B)+C`

Logic Gates

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 M=(A+B)+C`

Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Uses of Logic Gates and Circuits:
1.Computers and Processors: Logic gates are used in arithmetic logic
units (ALUs), control units, memory storage, and data transfer
operations in processors.
2.Memory Devices: NAND and NOR gates are used to design memory
storage devices like RAM, ROM, and flash memory.
Uses of Logic 3.Digital Displays: Logic gates control the segments in digital displays
such as calculators and clocks.
Gates 4.Automation Systems: Used in decision-making systems for automation
in industries and robotics.
5.Error Detection and Correction: XOR gates are crucial in detecting
differences in data for error-checking in data communication systems.

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 Logic Gates

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 Logic Gates

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 Boolean algebra is a mathematical structure used to work with binary variables (0
and 1). It is the foundation of digital logic design, enabling simplification and
analysis of logic circuits. The key laws and rules of Boolean algebra allow for the
manipulation and simplification of Boolean expressions.

 Basic Laws of Boolean Algebra

Laws of 1) Identity Laws:
Boolean • A + 0 = A : OR-ing a variable with 0 leaves the variable unchanged.
• A · 1 = A : AND-ing a variable with 1 leaves the variable unchanged.
Algebra
2) Null Laws:
• A + 1 = 1 : OR-ing a variable with 1 always gives 1.
• A · 0 = 0 : AND-ing a variable with 0 always gives 0.

3) Complement Laws:
• A + Ā = 1 : A variable OR-ed with its complement (negation) is always 1.
• A · Ā = 0 : A variable AND-ed with its complement is always 0.
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 4) Idempotent Laws:
• A + A = A : OR-ing a variable with itself does not change the variable.
• A · A = A : AND-ing a variable with itself does not change the variable.

5) Involution Law (Double Negation):

• Ā̅ = A : The complement of the complement of a variable is the variable itself.
Laws of 6) Commutative Laws:
Boolean • A + B = B + A : The order of OR-ing two variables does not affect the result.
• A · B = B · A : The order of AND-ing two variables does not affect the result.
Algebra
7) Associative Laws:
• (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) : OR operations can be grouped in any way.
• (A · B) · C = A · (B · C) : AND operations can be grouped in any way.

8) Distributive Laws:
• A · (B + C) = (A · B) + (A · C) : AND distributes over OR.
• A + (B · C) = (A + B) · (A + C) : OR distributes over AND.
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 9) Absorption Laws:
• A + (A · B) = A : OR-ing a variable with the AND of itself and another variable
results in the variable itself.
• A · (A + B) = A : AND-ing a variable with the OR of itself and another variable
results in the variable itself.

De Morgan’s Theorem:
• Ā̅ · B = Ā + B̅ : The complement of an AND operation is the OR of the
Laws of complements.
Boolean • Ā̅ + B̅ = Ā · B : The complement of an OR operation is the AND of the
complements.
Algebra
Consensus Theorem:
• (A · B) + (Ā · C) + (B · C) = (A · B) + (Ā · C) : A redundant term can be removed
from the Boolean expression.
These laws are used to simplify Boolean expressions, which in turn can be applied
to optimize logic circuits in terms of gates, minimizing costs and improving
performance. Boolean algebra allows for the simplification of logic diagrams and is
fundamental in the design of digital systems like processors, memory, and
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  Boolean algebra has a wide range of applications, particularly in the field of
digital electronics, computer science, and logical reasoning. Below are some key
areas where Boolean algebra is applied:

 1. Digital Logic Design and Circuits

Applications • Boolean algebra is the foundation for designing and optimizing digital circuits.
of Boolean Digital systems, including computers, smartphones, and other electronic
devices, are built using logic gates that implement Boolean functions.
Algebra • - Combinational Logic Circuits: Circuits that rely purely on input to produce
an output, such as adders, multiplexers, and decoders.
• - Sequential Logic Circuits: Circuits that depend on both input and the history
of previous inputs, such as flip-flops, registers, and counters.
• - Simplification of Logic Circuits: Boolean algebra helps simplify logic
expressions, leading to simpler, more efficient circuit designs with fewer logic
gates.

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  2. Computer Arithmetic (Adders and Subtractors)
• - Binary Arithmetic Operations: Boolean algebra is used in arithmetic circuits
like half adders and full adders, which perform binary addition. Subtractors
are also designed using Boolean logic to handle binary subtraction.
• - Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs): The core of processors, ALUs use Boolean
Applications algebra to perform arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logical operations
of Boolean (AND, OR, XOR, etc.).

Algebra  3. Digital Computers and Processors

• - CPU Design: The operations in a computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU)
are controlled by Boolean expressions. Boolean logic helps in creating control
circuits and decision-making circuits inside the CPU.
• - Memory Devices: Boolean algebra is essential in the design of memory
storage devices such as Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory
(ROM), and cache memory.

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  4. Data Communication and Error Detection
• - Error Detection Codes: Parity bits, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks
(CRC) rely on Boolean logic for error detection. XOR gates are frequently used
in error-checking circuits.
Applications • - Error Correction: Boolean algebra also helps design error-correcting codes
like Hamming code, which ensures reliable data transmission by correcting
of Boolean bit errors in communication.
Algebra  5. Control Systems
• - Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): These industrial control systems
use Boolean algebra to control machinery and processes. Boolean expressions
define the conditions under which devices operate.
• - Traffic Light Control: Boolean expressions are used to manage the timing of
traffic signals by controlling different states (red, yellow, green).

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  6. Computer Algorithms and Software Design
• - Search Algorithms: Boolean algebra is fundamental in designing algorithms
that use logical operations, such as searching databases, filtering data, or
implementing condition-based decision-making.
Applications • - Conditional Logic: Programming languages use Boolean algebra to evaluate
of Boolean logical conditions (IF-ELSE statements), loop conditions, and breakpoints.

Algebra  7. Switching Circuits

• - Relay Logic: The control of electrical relays uses Boolean functions to switch
on/off electrical equipment.
• - Logic Control Circuits: In simpler mechanical systems (elevators, escalators),
Boolean logic defines the conditions under which certain operations (moving
up, down, stopping) occur.

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  8. Database Query Optimization
• - Query Filtering: SQL queries often use Boolean operators like AND, OR, and
NOT to filter data based on multiple conditions. Boolean expressions simplify
these filters, improving performance.
Applications • - Search Engines: Search algorithms use Boolean logic to retrieve relevant
information by combining search terms with AND, OR, and NOT operators.
of Boolean
Algebra  9. Cryptography and Security
• - Encryption and Decryption Algorithms: Boolean operations are involved in
encryption algorithms like AES, DES, and RSA. They are used to encode and
decode data securely.
• - Hash Functions: Cryptographic hash functions, which generate fixed-size
output from variable-size input, use Boolean logic to ensure security and
integrity.

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  10. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
• - Decision Trees: Boolean expressions are used to create rules and conditions
that guide the decision-making process in AI systems.
Applications • - Rule-Based Systems: Expert systems, which rely on Boolean rules to perform
of Boolean reasoning, use Boolean algebra for logical inference.

Algebra  11. Robotics

• - Autonomous Systems: Boolean logic helps robots make decisions based on
sensor inputs (e.g., object detection, obstacle avoidance).
• - State Machines: In robotics, finite state machines use Boolean expressions to
define transitions between different states.

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