PERCENTAGE

Percentage fraction Conversion

1% = 1/100 25% = 1/4 80% = 4/5

2% = 1/50 33.33% = 1/3 83.83% = 5/6

4% = 1/25 37.50% = 3/8 87.50% = 7/8

5% = 1/20 40% = 2/5 100% = 1

8.33% = 1/12 50% = 1/2 120% = 6/5

10% = 1/10 60% = 3/5 125% = 5/4

12.50% = 1/8 62.50% = 5/8 133.33% = 4/3

16.67% = 1/6 66.67% = 2/3 150% = 3/2

20% = 1/5 75% = 3/4 175% = 7/4

Note the application of percentage is very diverse in nature e.g. profit and loss, simple and compound interest etc.
all these are exactly based on the percentage increase/decrease of the original (or actual) value.
Conversion of a Fraction into Percentage
To convert a fraction into a percentage. Multiple the fraction by 100 and put “%” sign.
Example 1 convert the following fractions into percentage:
1 3 4 7
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 4 5 8
1 1
Solution (i) → × 100 = 50%
2 2
3 3
(ii) → × 100 = 75%
4 4
4 4
(iii) → × 100 = 80%
5 5
7 7
(iv) → × 100 = 87.5%
8 8

3. To find a percentage of a given number:

𝑥
x% of given number (N) = × 𝑁.
100

4. Percentage increase/decrease in a quantity

change in quantity
=( × 100) %
original quantity

3. If a value p is increased by x%, then we have to decrease the resultant value by

𝑥
( × 100) % to get back to the original value p.
𝑥+100
4. If A is x% of C and B is y% of C, then
𝑥
A= × 100% of B.
𝑦
5. If a number is changed (increased/decreased) successively by x% and y%, then net % change is given by
𝑥𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + ) % which represents increase or decrease in value according as the sign is +ve or –ve if x or y indicates
100
decrease in percentage, then put –ve sing before x or y, otherwise + ve sign.
6. Some more examples of product constancy:
(i) Speed × time = distance
(ii) efficiency× time = work
(iii) length× breadth = area
(iv) average× no of elements = total value
(v) rate× quantity = price (or expenditure)

7. (a) If A is x% more than that of B, then B is less than that of A by

𝑥
[ × 100] %
100 + 𝑥

(b) If A is x% less than that of B, then B is more than that of A by

𝑥
[ × 100] %
100 − 𝑥

8. (a) if the price of a commodity increases by P% then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the
𝑃
expenditure is ( × 100) %
100+𝑃
(b) If the price of a commodity decreases by P% then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the
expenditure is
𝑃
( × 100) %
100 − 𝑝

9. If the present population of a town (or value of an item) be P and the population (or value of item changes at r% per
annum, then
(a) population (or value of item) after n years
𝑟 𝑛
= 𝑝 (1 + )
100
(b) Population (or value of item) n years ago
𝑝
= 𝑟 𝑛
(1+ )
100
Were r is +ve or –ve according as the population (or value of item) increases or decreases.

10. If a number A is increased successively by x% followed by y% and then by z%, then the final value of A will be
𝑋 𝑌 𝑍
𝐴 (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )
100 100 100
In case a given value decreases by any percentage. We will use a negative sign before that.
 Assignment

1. The population of a city increases at the rate of 5% per annum. Therefore, the per cent increase in the population after
2 years will be.
(a) 10 (b) 10.25 (c) 10.50 (d) 10.75

2. A manufacturer offers a 20% rebate on the marked price of a product. The retailer offers another 30% rebate on the
reduced price. The two reductions are equal to a single reduction of.
(a) 50% (b) 44% (c) 46% (d) 40%

3. If A’s salary is 25% higher than B’s salary, then how much per cent is B’s salary lower than A‘s?
1
(a) 15% (b) 20% (c) 25% (d) 33 %
2

4. Successive discounts of 20% and 15% are equivalent to a single discount of

(a) 35% (b) 32% (c) 17.5% (d) 17%

5. A shopkeeper has certain number of eggs of which 5% are found to be broken. He sells 93% of the remainder and still
has 266 egg left. How many eggs did he originally have?
(a) 3800 (b) 4000 (c) 4200 (d) none of these

6. If 3/5 of a number is 23 more than 50% of the same number, then what will be 80% of the number?
(a) 92 (b) 184 (c) 180 (d) 186
7. Two numbers are respectively 30% and 40% less than a third number. What is the second number as a percentage of
the first?
5 2
(a) 70% (b) 75% (c) 85 % (d) 116 %
7 3

8. If 1 micron = 10,000 angstroms, then 100 angstroms is what per cent of 10 microns?
(a) 0.0001% (b) 0.001% (c) 0.01% (d) 0.1%

9. The normal dosage of a particular medicine is t tablets per day for each patient. A hospital’s current supply of these
tablets will last ‘p’ patients for ‘d’ days. If the recommended dosage increases by 20% and the number of patients
decreases by one-third, then for how many days will the hospital’s supply last?
5𝑑 4𝑑 4𝑝𝑡
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these.
4 5 5

10. A clothing supplier stores 800 coats in a warehouse, of which 15 per cent are full-length-coats. If 500 of the shorter
length coats are removed from the warehouse, then what per cent of the remaining coats are full-length?
(a) 5.62% (b) 34% (c) 40% (d) 48%

11. If 1/4th of x equals 30% of y which is inturn equal to 45% of z, then x as a percentage of z is.
(a) 160% (b) 170% (c) 180% (d) 190%

12. Mayur weighs twice as much as shweta. Shweta’s weight is 60% of deepika’s weight. Rakesh weights 50% of vikas’s
weight. Vikas weighs 190% of mayur’s weight.
Which of these people weights the least?
(a) Mayur (b) Deepika (c) Shweta (d) Rakesh

13. A bag contains 600 pens of brand A and 1200 pens of brand B. if 12% of brand A pens and 25% of Brand B pens are
removed, then what is the approximate percentage of total pens removed from the bag?
(a) 37% (b) 36% (c) 21% (d) 18%

14. A flat costs Rs 10 lakh. Incidental expenses and taxes amount to Rs. 36000 a year. What rent per month must the
owner receive to earn at least 6 per cent on his investment?
(a) Rs. 6000 (b) Rs. 6500 (c) Rs. 8000 (d) Rs. 8500
15. X gets 25% more than Y and Y gets 20% more than Z. the share of Z out of a sum of Rs.740 is
(a) Rs. 200 (b) Rs. 300 (c) Rs. 300 (d) Rs. 350

16. A person usually spent Rs. 48 to buy groundnuts for roasting and resale. On one occasion he could buy 1.5 kg of
groundnuts less for Rs. 48 as the price had gone up by 25%
What was the earlier price of groundnut per kg?
(a) Rs. 8 (b) Rs. 6.40 (c) Rs. 7.20 (d) none of these

17. Ram gave 40% of the amount to Deepak. Deepak in turn gave one-fourth of what he received from ram to subhash.
After paying Rs.200 to taxi driver out of the amount he got from Deepak, subhash now has Rs. 600 left with him. How
much amount did ram have?
(a) Rs.1200 (b) Rs. 4000 (c) Rs. 8000 (d) data inadequate

18. An article when sold for Rs. 960 fetches 20% profit. What would be the per cent profit/loss if 5 such articles are sold
for Rs. 825 each?
(a) 3.125% profit (b) 3.125% loss
(c) neither profit nor loss (d) 16×5% profit

19. The ratio of males and females in a city is 7:8 and the percentage of children among males and females is 25% and
20%, respectively. If the number of adult females in the city is 156800, what is the total population?
(a) 245000 (b) 367500 (c) 196000 (d) 171500

20. When income tax is 3 paise in a rupee, a person’s net income is Rs. 23700. What will it be when the income tax is
raised to 7 paise?
(a) Rs. 38 (b) Rs. 2330 (c) Rs. 3460 (d) none of these

21. A clothing supplier stores 800 coats in a warehouse of which 15% are full length coats. If 500 of the shorter length
coats are removed from the warehouse. What per cent of the remaining coats is full – length?
(a) 3.5% (b) 9.37% (c) 5.62% (d) 40%
22. Three papers were set in an examination and the maximum marks per paper were in the ratio of 1: 2: 2 respectively
if a student obtained 50% in the first paper, 60% in the second, and 65% in the third, what per cent did he obtain
overall?
(a) 58.3% (b) 66.66% (c) 33.33% (d) 60%

23. Of the total number of candidates in an examination 40% fail in first subject, of the rest 10% fail in the second and of
those that pass in these two subjects, only 75% pass in the remaining subject. The number of unsuccessful candidates
exceeds that of the successful ones by 570. What is the total number of candidates?
(a) 2,800 (b) 8, 400 (c) 3,000 (d) 1,200
1
24. A reduction of 20% in the price of sugar enables a purchaser to obtain 2 kg more for 160. Find the original price per
2
kg of sugar.
(a) Rs. 12 (b) Rs.15 (c) Rs.16 (d) Rs.18

25. A family’s ratio of savings to expenditure for last month was 2 : 13 this month, due to unforeseen expenditure, savings
fell to 50% of the amount saved last month. Salary of the last month was Rs. 10,000. This month there was an increase
of 15% in the salary. How much did the family spend this month?
(a) Rs. 667 (b) Rs. 11,167 (c) 10,833 (d) Rs. 9,833
𝑎
26. a fraction (a>b), its reciprocal is what % less than this?
𝑏
𝑏 1 1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2
(a) 100 ( − ) (b) 100 ( − ) (c) 100 (1 − ) (d) 100 ( − 1)
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏2

27. Vishal goes to a shop to buy a radio costing Rs 2568. The rate of sales tax is 7%. He tells the shopkeeper to reduce the
price of the radio to such an extent that he has to pay Rs. 2568, inclusive of sales tax. Find the reduction needed in the
price of the ratio.
(a) Rs. 179.76 (b) Rs. 170 (c) Rs. 168 (d) Rs. 169
28. In a school, 60% of the student of class X were boys. 75% of the boys passed the class X exams. 40% of the passed boys
got first division. 80% of the total students passed the exam and 50% of the passed students got first division. Which
of the following conclusion is not correct?
(a) 75% of the failed students are boys.
(b) 55% of the first - division are girls.
(c) number of passed girls is more than that of the boys.
(d) if x students failed, 2x got first division.
29. A trader sells soaps in economy packs of four soaps per pack, each pack being charged at the listed price of three
soaps. For every set of five such packs bought by a customer, the trader gives him one extra soap as a free gift. If a
customer buys 12 economy packs. What is the effective percentage of discount that he gets?
4 5
(a) 28% (b) 28 % (c) 4% (d) 35 %
7 7

30. In a market survey, 20% opted for product A, whereas 60% opted for product B. the remaining individuals were not
certain. If the difference between those who opted for product B and those who were uncertain was 720, how many
individuals were covered in the survey?
(a) 3,600 (b) 1,440 (c) 1,800 (d) data inadequate

Answer key
1. b 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. c
11. c 12. c 13. c 14. c 15. a 16. b 17. c 18. a 19. b 20. d
21. d 22. d 23. c 24. c 25. c 26. c 27. c 28. c 29. a
30. c
Explanations
1. (b) 100 → 105 → 110.25, i.e., 10.25% 9. (a)
𝑝𝑡𝑑
𝑝 = 6𝑡
𝑝𝑡𝑑
2𝑝
5
= 𝑑
(𝑡+20% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡)(𝑝− ) × 4
2. (b) 100 - 20% = 80 3 5 3

80 – 30% = 56 10. (c) 120 coats for full length. 500 shorter length coats are
∴single discount = 44% removed.
3. (b) A = B +25% of B ∴ percentage of full length coats out of the remaining 300
120
=𝐴=𝐵+ =
𝐵 5𝐵 coats = × 100 = 40
4 4 300
4 11. (c) 0.25𝑥 = 0.3𝑦 = 0.45𝑧
= 𝐵 = 𝐴 = 80% 𝐴 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
5
∴ 20% lower Now, × 100 = ( × ) × 100
𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
(−20)×(−15) 0.3 0.45
4. (b) (-20) +(-15) + = −32. = × × 100
100 0.25 0.3
5. (b) suppose the shopkeeper hand x eggs, originally. 9
19𝑥
=× 100 = 180%
No. of broken eggs = 5% of 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 19𝑥
20 12. (c) Mayur = 2 (Shweta)
Balance = 𝑥 − = 3
Shweta = 60% of Deepika = of Deepika
20 20
5
19𝑥 1
∴ 7% of = 266 => 𝑥 = 4000. Rakesh = 50% of Vikas = of Vikas
20 2
19
6. (b) Let the number be 𝐾 Vikas = 190% of Mayur = of Mayur
10
3 1 ∴ 𝑀 > 𝐷, 𝑆 < 𝐷, 𝑅 < 𝑉, 𝑉 > 𝑀
∴ 𝐾 = 𝐾 + 23
5 2 => 𝑉 > 𝑀 > 𝐷 > 𝑆, 𝑉 > 𝑅
19
 𝐾 = 230 Rakesh = of mayur
10
20
 80% of 𝐾=80% of 230 = 184. Mayur = of Rakesh
10
7. (c) Let the third number be 𝑥 19
3𝑥 7𝑥 Shweta = of Rakesh
∴ 1st number = 𝑥 − 30% of 𝑥 = 𝑥 − = 10
10
4𝑥
10
6𝑥
𝑆 < 𝑅 => 𝑅 > 𝑆
2nd number = 𝑥 − 40% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − = ∴ Shweta weights the least.
10 10
Suppose 2nd number = 𝐾% of 1st number ∴ There must be 15% increase in Z, i.e., Z must increase
6𝑥 𝐾 7𝑥 from 30 to 34.5, i.e., 35 approx.
∴ = × 13. (c) No. of pens removed
10 100 10
600 5 = 12% of 600 +25% of 1200
=> 𝐾 = = 85
7 7 = 72+300=372
8. (d) Let 100 angstroms = 𝑥% of 10 microns ∴percentage of total pens removed
 100 angstroms = 𝑥% of 100000 angstroms 372
100×100 1 = × 100 = 20.67 = 21.
 𝑥= 100000
= = 0.1%
10
1800
6% 𝑜𝑓 1000000
14. (c) = 𝑅𝑠. 5000/month
12
 Incidental Expenses + Taxes = Rs.3000/month => Thus, 𝑥 =
570×100
= 3000
19
Total Rent per month = Rs. 8000. Hence, the total number of students are 3,000
5𝑌
15. (a) X=Y+25%of Y = 24. (c) Let the original price be Rs. 𝑥 per kg
4
6𝑍 4
Y = Z + 20% of Z = ∴ Reduced price = Rs 𝑥 per kg
5 5
𝑋 𝑌 𝑍 5 160 1
∴ 4X=5Y=6Z=> = = => × 160 = +2
15 12 10
i.e., X,Y,Z share their profit in the ratio 15 : 12 : 10. 4𝑥 𝑥 2
10
200 160 5
∴ Zs share = × 740 = 𝑅𝑠. 200 => = +
37 𝑥 𝑥 2
16. (b) let the earlier price of groundnut be Rs. 𝑥/𝑘𝑔 40 5
48 => = => 𝑥 = 16.
∴ 𝑘𝑔or groundnuts could be purchased for Rs. 48. 𝑥 2
𝑥 25. (c) when expressed as a fraction. Savings last month were
48 3 5𝑥 2
=> ( − ) × = 48 = 𝑥 = 6.40. of the salary. Reduced this month by 50% savings
𝑥 2 4 15
2 1 2 1 2
17. (c) 𝐷 = 𝑅𝑆 = × 𝑅 = 𝑅 are of the salary. Reduced this month by 50% savings
5 4 5 10 15
1 1
and, 𝑅 − 200 = 600 are of last month’s salary, which is Rs. 667. New
10 15
1 salary is Rs. 11.500 Expenditure this month is 11,500 -
∴ 𝑅 = 800
10 Rs. 667 = Rs. 10,833.
∴ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑠. 8000 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2
100 26. (c) here the difference = − =
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎𝑏
18. (a) C.P. of the article = 960 × = 𝑅𝑠. 800 𝑎2 −𝑏2
120
𝑏 𝑎
∴ C. P of 5 articles = Rs. 800 × 5 = Rs. 4000 Now, < 𝑏𝑦 ( 𝑎𝑏
𝑎 × 100) %
𝑎 𝑏
∴ S. P of 5 articles = Rs. 825 × 5 = Rs. 4125 𝑏

4125 − 4000 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑏2
∴ Gain % = × 100 = 3.125% 2
× 100 = 100 (1 − 2 )
4000 𝑎 𝑎
100
19. (b) Number of females = 156800× = 196000 27. (c) Let reduced price of the ratio be Rs. X
80
7 ∴ 𝑥 + 7% of 𝑥 = 2568
∴ Number of males = × 196000 = 171500
8 => 107𝑥 = 256800
∴ Total population = 196000+171500=367500. => 𝑥 = 2400
20. (d) 97% = 23700 ∴ Reduction needed in the price of ratio = Rs.168.
23700
93% = × 93 = Rs. 22722.679
97
21. (d) number of full length coast = 15% of 800 = 120 28. (c) Total no. of students = K, say
3
Remaining coats = 800-500=300 ∴ No. of boys = 𝐾
5
120 9 9
∴ Required percentage = × 100% = 40% No. of boys who got 1st Division = 40% of 𝐾 = 𝐾
300 2 50
4
No. of students passed = 𝐾
22. (d) Ratio of maximum marks = 1 : 2 : 2 5
2
Ratio of marks obtained = (0.5 × 1): (0.6 × 2): (0.65 × No. of students who get 1st division = 𝐾
5
2) 4 9 7𝐾
No. of girls passed = 𝐾 − 𝐾=
= 0.5:1.2:1.3 5 20 20
2 9 11𝐾
=> Overall percentage No. of girls who got 1st division = 𝐾 − 𝐾=
5 50 50
0.5+1.2+1.3 2𝐾 7𝐾 𝑘
= × 100= 60% No. of girls failed = − =
1+2+2 5 20 20
23. (c) let the total number of students =x 29. (a) Number of packs bought by customer = 12
Number of students failing in first subject = 40% of x Number of gift soaps received
12
Number of students failing in second subject = integer part of ( ) = 2
5
= 10% of rest = 10% (60%) of x = 6% of x Total number of soaps received by the customer =
Therefore, total number of students failing in both the (4 × 12) + 2 = 50
subjects = (40+6)%of x = 46% of x Total money paid by the customer = 12 × 3 × 𝑠, where
Therefore, students passing in two subjects = 54% of x s is the listed sale price of each soap
The students passing in remaining subject = 75% (54% For 50 soaps, the listed sale price = 50s
81
of x) = % of x Actual amount paid is 36s hence, discount is 14s
2
14𝑠
Hence students failing in remaining subject =(54 − Discount percentage=( ) × 100 = 28%
50𝑠
81
) %𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = % of x ……. (2)
27 30. (c) Percentage of those who were not certain
2 2 = 100 – (20+60) =20%
Therefore, total number of students failing in all the
Now, let the number of persons involved in the survey
subject’s equation (1) + (2)
27 119
be x
= (46 + ) % 𝑥 = % of 𝑥 Then 𝑥 × 60% − 𝑥 × 20% = 720
2 2
Number of students failing – number of students  𝑥 × 40% = 720
passing = 570 (Given) ∴ 𝑥 = 1,800
119 81
i.e.,( − ) %𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 570 => 19% of 𝑥 = 570
2 2
2400 80
∴x= = 80 ∴ 25% of 80 = = 20
30 4