Unit-III SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL LOGIC

Two Marks

1. Define sequential circuits

The output of sequential circuit depends on the present input and previous
outputs. In order to store the previous outputs, memory elements are used.

2. Differentiate combinational circuits and sequential circuits

Combinational circuits Sequential circuits

Output depends upon the present Output depends upon both present input and
input only. past output
Memory elements are not required Memory elements are required to store the
previous outputs
Clock inputs are not required Clock inputs are required
Faster than sequential circuit Low speed
Easy to design Design is not easy
Ex: Adders, Multiplexers, Encoders Ex: Flipflops, counters, registers

3. Define latches
A latch is a bistable element, it is a temporary storage element which can be used
to store only one bit of information, either 0 or 1. Enable signals are present in the
latch.

4. Define flipflop
A flipflop circuits has two stable states which are known as the 1 state and the 0
state. They are known as bistable multivibrators. The output of the flipflop is
either logic 0 or logic 1.

5. Differentiate flipflops and latches

Flipflops Latches
A flipflop circuits has two stable states A latch is a bistable element, it is a
which are known as the 1 state and the temporary storage element which can be
0 state. They are known as bistable used to store only one bit of information,
multivibrators either 0 or 1.
Clock signals are present in the Enable signals are present in the latch.
flipflop
The flipflop output will remain in the When the enable signal is active, then only
same state until the trigger pulse is latches changes their output as input
given to change the stable condition. changes
6. What are the types of flipflops
 SR flipflop
 D flipflop
 JK flipflop
 T flipflop

7. Give the symbol diagram of SR flipflop

8. Give the symbol diagram of JK flipflop

9. Give the symbol diagram of D flipflop

10. Give the symbol diagram of T flipflop

11. Write the characteristic table of JK flipflop

J K Q(next)
0 0 Q
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 Q'
12. Write the characteristic table of SR flipflop
S R Q(next)
0 0 Q
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 ?

13. Write the characteristic table of D flipflop

D Q(next)
0 0
1 1

14. Write the characteristic table of T flipflop

T Q(next)
0 Q
1 Q'

15. Write the characteristic equation of SR flipflop

Q(next) = S + R'Q

16. Write the characteristic equation of D flipflop

Q(next) = D

17. Write the characteristic equation of T flipflop

Q(next) = TQ' + T'Q

18. Write the characteristic equation of JK flipflop

Q(next) = JQ' + K'Q

19. Write the excitation table of JK flipflop.

Q Q(next) J K
0 0 0 X
0 1 1 X
1 0 X 1
1 1 X 0
20. Write the excitation table of D flipflop

Q Q(next) D
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1

21. Write the excitation table of T flipflop

Q Q(next) T
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

22. Write the excitation table of SR flipflop

Q Q(next) S R
0 0 0 X
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 X 0

23. What do you mean by Edge triggered flipflop?

Spikes are used instead of clock input. Race around condition can be avoided by
the edge triggered flipflop

24. What are the two types of edge triggered flipflops

 Positive edge triggered flipflops
 Negative edge triggered flipflops

25. What is state diagram?

 The state diagram is a diagram that gives the pictorial view of state
transitions and is the form more suitable for human interpretation of the
circuit operation.
  In this type of diagram, a state is represented by a circle, and the
transitions between states are indicated by directed lines connecting the
circles.

26. What is meant by state table?

A tabular representation of the state changes that occur in a sequential circuit. It
gives the information about the state variables.

27. Define excitation table.

A table that specifies the excitation values for each state under each state
transition condition.

28. What do you mean by state reduction technique?

In the state diagram, some states can be redundant states. If two states in a state
diagram are equivalent, then one of them is treated as redundant and can be
eliminated. The redundant states are avoided by the technique called state
reduction technique. The two states are said to be redundant if every same output
and same next state is produced for every possible set of inputs.

29. What is state assignment?

In a sequential circuit the states are labeled by letter symbols while constructing
state diagram. After carrying out state reduction, binary codes are assigned to the
states. This is referred as state assignment. The different types of state
assignments are,
 Assign the codes in binary counting order.
 Gray code assignment
 One hot assignment.

30. Define state equation (Transition equation).

The behavior of the clocked sequential circuit can be described algebraically by
means of state equations. A state equation specifies the next state as a function of
the present state and inputs.

31. Give the applications of flipflops.

 Flipflops are used as single storage cell in memories.
 Used as building blocks for different types of counters.
 Used as building blocks for different types of shift registers.

32. Define shift register. List out the types

A register that is capable of shifting data one bit at a time is called a shift register.
The logical configuration of a serial shift register consists of a chain of flip-flops
connected in cascade, with the output of one flip-flop being connected to the input
of its neighbour. The operation of the shift register is synchronous; thus each flip-
flop is connected to a common clock
Types:
SISO - Serial In Serial Out
 SIPO - Serial In Parallel Out
PISO - Parallel In Serial Out
PIPO - Parallel In Parallel Out
33. How shift register are useful?
Shift registers are useful in processors where the process on the data is done by
bit. Eg. Rotation of data, multiplication and division etc..

34. What is universal shift register?

When a shift register can shift the data either to left or to right and can take the
inputs and give the outputs either serially or parallel, it is called universal shift
register.

35. Give the applications of shift registers.

 To produce time delays
 To simplify combinational logic
 To convert serial data to parallel data

36. Define propagation delay.

The propagation delay is the time it takes a change in the input signal to produce a
change in output signal.

37. Define counter.

A counter is a register that goes through a prescribed sequence of states upon the
application of input pulses.

38. Define modulus of counter.

The counter with ’n’ flip-flops has maximum MOD number 2n
2n ≥ N

39. Define up-down counter.

An up/down counter is a bi-directional counter, capable of progressing in either
direction through a certain sequence.

40. What is synchronous counter?

The term synchronous refers to events that have a fixed time relationship with
each other. In this counter, the clock pulses are applied to all flipflops
simultaneously. Hence ther is a minimum propagation delay.

41. What is ripple counter (Asynchronous counter)?

The counter in which the flipflop output transition serves as a source for
triggering other flipflops is called as a ripple counter.

42. List some applications of counter?

Counters are used as
 Digital clock.
 In auto parking control.
 In parallel to serial data conversion.