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OVERVIEW ON PRESSURE VESSEL

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A Brief History of ASME

Boiler Explosion around the turn of the century made apparent
the need for rules governing the design and construction of vessel
1911 ASME set up the B&PV Committee – to formulate std rules for
construction of boilers and pressure vessels
1914 first Code issued – ASME 1 – Power Boilers
1923 Heating Boilers – Section IV
1924 Materials – Section II
1925 Pressure Vessels – Section VIII Div 1
1941 Welding & Brazing – Section IX
1963 Nuclear Codes – Section III
1968 Pressure Vessels – Section VIII Div 2
1971 NDE – Section V
1997 Pressure Vessels – Section VIII Div 3

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Question

• What is latest year of Edition of ASME Code ?

• What is the interval of publishing ASME Code ?

• When revision becomes mandatory for use ?

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• 2019

• Updated and revised code is published in every 2 years

• Revision become Mandatory 6 months after the date of issuance , except the
Boiler and Pressure Vessels contracted for prior to the end of the 6-month
period

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What
5 is Authorized Inspection?

ASME
- Develop Codes
- Accreditation of AIAs
- Issue Certificates of Authorization
AUTHORIZED INSPECTION AGENCY
- Conducts Joint Review
- Writes Boiler & PV Insurance - Conducts Investigations Jurisdiction
- Employs & Designates Inspectors
- Employs & Designates Supervisors - Adopts Code
- Provide Support for Field - Enforces ASME Code
Activities - Function as AIA
- Certify ASME Data Reports
- Conduct Joint Reviews
U S - Conduct Investigations

H A
FABRICATORS
- Agreement with AIA National Board
- Q.C. Program/ Manual
- Commission Authorized Inspectors
- Certificate of Authorization
- Register Data Reports
- Comply with Code
- Conduct Joint Reviews
- Certify ASME Data Reports
- Conduct Investigations
- Register Items with The National Board
- Issues The NBIC
-“R” Stamp Program
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Approvals

ASME shop approvals are not required for:

• Material Manufacturers (except Section III)
• Manufacturers of Welding Consumables (except Section III)
• Valve Manufacturers (except Section III and Safety Valves)
• Suppliers of Services (Design, Heat Treatment, Machining)

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ASME AND NATIONAL BOARD STAMPS

ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
Section I - Steam Boilers Section VIII Div. 1 - Pressure Vessels
S steam boilers (master) U pressure vessels
A assembly only UM * miniature vessels
E electric boilers UV * safety valves rupture
M miniature boilers UD * disk devices
PP power piping (B31.1) Section VIII Div. 2 - Alternative Rules
V* safety valves U2 pressure vessels

Section VIII Div. 3

Section IV - Heating Boilers U3 High Pressure Vessels
H* H cast iron heating boilers
UV3* safety valves
HLW wrought steel heatig boilers
HV * potable water heaters safety Section X - Fibre reinforced Plastic Pressure
valves Vessels
RP pressure vessels

Section XII – Transport Tanks

National Board Inspection Code T Transport tanks safety
TV* valves rupture disk
TD* devices
R repair and alteration
VR* repair of safety valves
* Components not subject to Authorized Inspection, ASME Audit of the Manufacturer
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ASME CODE KEY WORDS

shall mandatory rules

may not prohibition

may recommendations or
can exemptions from prohibitions

should recommendations
ASME CODE SEC VIII
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Section VIII Division 1

• up to 3,000 psi (20 MPa)
• simple stress calculation formulas
• no stress analysis required
• widespread use for Pressure Vessels
Section VIII Division 2
• up to 10,000 psi (70 MPa)
• user specifies service conditions (user´s design specification - UDS)
• UDS shall be certified by a Registered Professional Engineer (RPE)
• provisions for stress analysis, fatigue, creep, experimental analysis)
• reduced wall thickness
• larger extend of NDE
• higher design stress levels
• Registered Professional Engineer (RPE) shall certify Design Report

Section VIII Division 3

• over 10,000 psi
• stress analysis is mandatory
• consideration of prestressed components
• extensive mandatory NDE
• small range of permitted material
• two RPEs are required
ORGANIZATION OF SEC VIII DIV.1
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Forword
Introduction: U-1, U-2, U-3, U-4
Subsection A: UG – General Requirements
Subsection B: Methods of Fabrication
UW – welded pressure vessels
UF – forged pressure vessels
UB – brazed pressure vessels
Subsection C: Classes of Material - SpecialConstructions
Materials: UCS - Carbon and Low Alloy Steel
UNF - Non ferrous Materials
UHA - High Alloy Steel
UCI - Cast Iron
UCL - Cladding and Lining
UCD - Cast Ductile Iron
UHT - Ferritic Steels with Heat Treatment
ULW - Layered Constructions
ULT - Low Temperature Service
UHX - Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Mandatory and Nonmandatory Appendices

Index
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Question

What is Pressure Vessel ?

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Pressure Vessel is a containment of , Liquid or Gaseous

material under internal or external pressure, capable of
withstanding also various other loadings.

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PRESSURE VESSEL DEFINITION- SCOPE ( U1)

Based on ASME Sec VIII Div I.

• The Vessel with maximum allowable working pressure higher than 15
psi.
• Inside diameter to be higher than 152 mm.
• No piping or piping component.

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CODE OF CONSTRUCTION
ASME SEC VIII DIV 1 (Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels.)
ASME SEC VIII DIV 2 Alternative Rules (Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels.)
ASME SEC II Part A ( Ferrous Material Specification).
ASME SEC II Part B ( Nonferrous Material Specification)
ASME SEC II Part C (Specification for Welding rods, electrodes & Filler Materials)
ASME SEC V ( Non Destructive Examination.)
ASME SEC IX ( Qualification Standard for welding and Brazing.)

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CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS

▪ Based on Manufacturing / Design Methods
Welded Vessels.
Forged Vessels.
Multiwall vessels.
Multiwall wrapped vessels.
Band wrapped vessels.( FRP Vessel)
▪ Based on Manufacturing / Design Materials.
Steel Vessels.
Non Ferrous Vessels.
Non Metallic Vessels.
▪ Based on Geometric Vessels.
Cylindrical vessels.
Spherical Vessels.
Rectangular Vessels.
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PARTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

➢ MAIN SHELL

➢ DISHED END

➢ NOZZLES / MAN WAY

➢ SADDLES / SKIRT / LEGS FOR SUPPORT

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SCOPE OF INSPECTION
Quality Plan ,Drawing and project specification Reviewing.
Material identification and Test Certificate Reviewing for related material.
NDT ( PT, RT, MT & UT ) procedure & personal qualification review.
Test Procedure ( Hydro test, Pneumatic test ) review.
WPS / PQR, weld plan, PWHT procedure review
Dished end Inspection after forming.
Fit up ( Long seam, Circ Seam, Nozzle) Inspection.
Welding inspection ( Before, During and After)
NDT ( VT, RT, PT, MT, UT) Examination.
Visual Inspection & NDT from Inside Before closing dished end fit up.
RF Pad pneumatic test inspection.
Final dimensions verification.
PWHT verification if required
NDT after PWHT if required.
Hydro test Inspection.
Shot Blasting & Painting.
Packing inspection

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QUALITY PLAN & PROJECT SPECIFICATION

Inspector Need to Review Quality Plan and correlates with Code & Specification, If
any discrepancies observed must be Highlighted In Flash report / Inspection Report.

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MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION
• Materials ( Generally Pressure Parts) identification shall be as below.
• Manufacturer MTC shall be reviewed for Heat no / Lot no, size. NDT, Heat
Treatment. ( Approval of Manufacturer if specified by client).
• Mechanical ( YS, TS, Elongation, Impact, Hardness) & Chemical
Properties.
• Hydro Test, Flattening Test, Macro Test for Pipes / Tubes.
• Carbon equivalent shall be calculated as: CE=
C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 should not be exceed than
specified.
• Materials ( Plate, pipe, flanges, fittings), shall be visually examined for
free from defects.
• Heat No / Lot No, Specification, Company Logo, on Materials shall be
confirmed to MTC.
• Materials size shall be verified in correlation with Drawing & specification

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MATERIAL INSPECTION & TRACEABILITY.

• All materials to be used in constructing a pressure vessel shall be examined before
fabrication for the purpose of detecting, as far as possible, imperfections which would
affect the safety of the vessel. ( UG-93(d).
• To make certain the materials are permitted by this division UG-4 and that traceability (
UG 77) to the material identification UG-93 has been maintained.
• Identification for all materials used in the fabrication of the vessels of part UG 93.
• Visual inspection for surface defects & cracks specially for impact tested material.
• Marking original / transferred.
• Material ( Plate, Pipe, Forging) to be checked for length, width / OD & ID and thickness
and acceptance will be according to SA 20 for Carbon steel plate & SA 480 for stainless
steel plate / strip & sheet.
• Defect Material shall be repaired according to UG 78 & UF 37 of ASME SEC VIII DIV I with
proper procedure including WPS / PQR.

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QUESTION.
• Where specified Plate dimension tolerances for Carbon steel Plate and Stainless Steel
Plate. ( AS per ASME)

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ANSWER
• For Carbon steel Plate- ASME SA 20.
• For Stainless Steel Plate- ASME SA 480.ess Steel Plate.

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NDT PROCEDURES FOR REVIEW

• RT Procedure- to be reviewed for type of film, exposure time, type of

pentrameter, film identification system,safety precaution according to
Article 2 of ASME sec V, and acceptance according to Appendix 4 of ASME
Sec VIII Div I and project specification.
• UT Procedure- to be reviewed according to article 4 & 5 of ASME sec V
and acceptance according to appendix 12 of ASME sec VIII Div I.
• PT Procedure- to be reviewed according to article 6 of ASME sec V and
acceptance according to appendix 8 of ASME sec VIII Div I.
• MT Procedure- to be reviewed according to article 7 of ASME sec V and
acceptance according to appendix 6 of ASME sec VIII Div I.
• Personal qualification record of level-I & level-II to be reviewed for
required discipline and validity.

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REVIEW OF WPS & PQR

WPS to be reviewed in the following manners :

• WPS must be approved with co relation of PQR according to QW 200 of

ASME SEC IX by any recognized TPI
• Material P no & group no. must be support with actual material
according to QW 420 of ASME SEC IX.
• WPS must be support with PWHT, if actual job required as per QW 407 of
ASME SEC IX.
• Thickness qualified range must be support to actual base metal thickness
according to QW 403 of ASME SEC IX.

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REVIEW OF WELD PLAN

Weld plan to be reviewed in the following manners:

▪ All joints must be covered with joint category with supporting WPS /
PQR.
▪ All WPS must be fulfill the requirement of mentioned joint.
▪ All WPS shall be approved by any recognized inspection agency.

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FORMING SHELL SECTION AND HEADS ( UG 79)

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Allowable Forming

▪ Code allows two types of forming:

➢ Cold forming
➢ Heating to shape
▪ Flat spots along the longitudinal joints must be avoided

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Head Spinning

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Hot Forming

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Forming Carbon Steel

Additional requirements when forming carbon steel:
➢Cold forming by blows is not permitted
➢Forming by blows may be permitted when steel is at forging
temperature provided the blows do not objectionably deform the
plate and followed by PWHT
➢Cold forming by those other than the Manufacturer requires a
certification per UCS-79

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TYPE OF DISHED ENDS

Type of Dished end. ( UG 32 Of ASME Sec VIII Div I.)
1- Ellipsoidal Head.
2- Torispherial Head.
3- Hemispherical Head
4- Conical Head

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DISHED END INSPECTION

Dished end need to be inspected after forming.
Dished end visually to be examined for free from defects.
Dished end verified for Circumference, height, straight face, knuckle & Crown
portion by template in correlation with drawing. And tolerance are as below as per
UG -81.
Dished end thickness to be verified at knuckle portion and minimum thickness
should be recorded and should meet the requirement of drawing.
Inner surface of Tori spherical, tori conical, hemispherical, or ellipsoidal shall not
deviate out side of the specified shape by more than 1 ¼ % of D, nor inside the
specified shape by more than 5/8% of D ( D= Nominal inside diameter)
Ovality maximum 1 % of The Nominal Diameter.
Knuckle radius should be perfectly match with template.
NDT ( LPT / MT) as applicable to be performed.
RT if chordal seam are in dished end.

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QUESTION ON DISHED END.

Permissible limits of Over crowning and Under Crowning for
Dished end .

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ANSWER

Inner surface of Tori spherical, tori conical, hemispherical, or ellipsoidal shall not
deviate out side of the specified shape by more than 1 ¼ % of D, nor inside the
specified shape by more than 5/8% of D ( D= Nominal inside diameter)

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Head Measurement

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FIT UP INSPECTION
Fit up Inspection to be carried out for Long seam, Circ Seam, Pipe to flange, Nozzle to shell / dished
end as below.
1) Shell length for long seam fit up & Circumference to be measured at both ends of shell.
2) Bevel edge to be welded shall be uniform and smooth and freed of all loose scale and slag
accumulations before welding. ( Bevel edge should be as per WPS / Drawing)
3)Tack weld to secure alignment whether removed or left in place shall be made using fillet or but
weld, procedure qualified in accordance with section IX.
4) Tack welds shall be examined visually / NDT for defects and if found to be defective shall be
removed.
5) Bevel angle, root gap, root face shall be measured to comply with drawing / WPS.
6) Off set to be checked for weld joint according to UW 31, 32 & 33 of ASME Sec VIII Div I.
7) Out of roundness to be checked according to UG 80, Difference between maximum & minimun
inside diameter in any section shall not exceed 1% of the nominal diameter.
8) Thickness to be checked at various location , reduction in thickness shall not exceed 1mm or 10%
of nominal thickness whichever is less as per UW 33.
9) Long seam between courses ( During CS F/U) shall be staggered at a distance at least 5 times the
thickness of the thicker plate or 4” of the joints on each side of the girth seam shall be radio graphed
as per UW 9
10) If impact test is required by service or thickness, then production test coupon will be required and
welded with long seam / circ seam according to UG 84
11- Butt joints of unequal thickness shall have a tapered transition of not less than 3:1 when
the difference in thickness varies more than 1/4t (thinner plate) or 1/8”, whichever is less
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CATEGORY OF WELDED JOINTS. UW3

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SURVEILLANCE DURING WELDING

• Weld Joint being welded to be examinned for cleanliness.
• Welder qualification record to be verified.
• WPS / PQR / Welder qualification to be verified for approval and
compliance the joint being welded.
• Pre Heating / Interpass temperature shall be verified.
• Welding Machine calibration record shall be verified.
• Welding parameter to be recorded and shall confirmed to WPS / PQR.
• Consumables shall be verified for specification, size shall be confirmed to
WPS / PQR.
• Safety para meter shall be verified.
• Inter pass temperature- Inter pass temperature refers to the temperature
of the steel just prior to the depositing of an additional weld pass. It is
identical to pre heat, except that pre heating is perform prior to any
welding.
• Inter pass temperature shall be maintained between minimum &
maximum specified inter pass temperature.
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UW-28: Welding Procedures

➢Welding of pressure parts and of joining load- carrying,
nonpressure-bearing parts to pressure parts shall be qualified
in accordance with ASME Section IX

➢Welding of nonpressure-bearing attachments with no load-

carrying function to pressure parts welded manually, semi-
automatically or machine- welded shall be qualified in
accordance with ASME Section IX.

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UW-28: Welding Procedures

■ Welding of nonpressure bearing attachments, with no load-carrying

function to pressure parts, welded using automatic welding
requires a procedure but qualification is not required

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Welder Qualification
■ Welders must be qualified when welding pressure parts or load-
carrying, nonpressure- bearing parts

■ Welders may be qualified using production welds

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QUESTION
■ What Types of SS Filler Material commonly used to Join SS 304 to
Carbon steel as a first Layer.
■ If Pressure Vessel being built according to ASME, What is the
governing specification for Welding.

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ANSWER
■ E 309 Electrode shall be used to Join SS 304 to Carbon steel as
a first Layer.
■ ASME Sec IX.

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PRE HEATING DURING WELDING

During welding preheat temperature to be verified as per Appendix-R and QW 406
of sec IX. as follow:
P no.-1 group no. 1, 2 & 3.- 79 deg for material which has both specified maximum
carbon contents in excess of 0.30 and thickness at a joint in excess of 25mm and 10
deg for all other material in this p no.
P no.-3 group no. 1, 2 & 3- 79 deg for material which has whether a specified
minimum tensile strength in excess of 70000 psi (480 mpa) or thickness at joint in
excess of 16mm. And 10 deg for all other materials in this P no.
P no.-4 group no. 1, 2 - 121 deg for material which has whether a specified
minimum tensile strength in excess of 60000 psi (410 mpa) or thickness at joint in
excess of 13mm. And 10 deg for all other materials in this P no.
P 5a & P5b group 1- 204 deg for material which has whether a specified minimum
tensile strength in excess of 60000 psi (410 mpa) or has a both specified chromium
content above 6.0 % & thickness at joint in excess of 13mm. And 10 deg for all
other materials in this P no.
P no. 6- 204 deg cent.
P no. 7 & 8 – None.
P no.9A- G-1- 121 deg, P no. 9B G1- 149 deg.
P no. 10A & 10C G-1- 79 deg, P no. 10B & 10F G-1- 121deg.
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PRE HEATING ( Non Mandatory appendix R)

Benefits of Pre heating.
1- Cooling rate slow.
2- Good Microstructure.
3- Diffusible hydrogen removed and avoid cracking.
4- Expansion & Contraction ratio reduce.
5- Reduce Residual stresses.

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INSPECTION AFTER WELDING

• After Weld completion the following parameter shall be
verified.
• Weld visually examined for weld defects, surface defects ( arc
strike), shall be free from defects.
• Penetration shall be examined In case of GTAW welding.
• Root under cut to be verified shall not exceed the
specification.

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Root Area

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Lack of Penetration Nozzle Weld

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Attachments
■ Non-pressure retaining parts welded over pressure
retaining welds must be notched or the weld ground flush

■ Pressure retaining parts welded over pressure retaining

welds must be ground flush

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UG-82 LUGS AND FITTING ATTACHMENTS

(a)When pressure parts, such as saddle type nozzles,

manhole frames, and reinforcement around openings, extend
over pressure retaining welds, such welds shall be ground flush
for the portion of the weld to be covered.
(b)When non pressure parts, such as lugs, brackets, and support
legs and saddles, extend over pressure retaining welds, such
welds shall be ground flush as described in (a) above, or such
parts shall be notched or coped to clear those welds.

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NOTCHED SUPPORT

Option “A” Option “B”

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UW-9(d): Long Seams

Vessels made up of two or more shell courses
■ Long seams between courses shall be staggered at a
distance at least 5 times the thickness of the thicker
plate
or
■ 4” of the joints on each side of the girth seam shall be
radiographed

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UW-9(d): Long Seams

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Longitudinal and Girth Welds

UW-35: Undercut

➢Undercut is allowable if within 1/32” or 10% on the nominal plate

thickness, whichever is less

➢Reduction in thickness is not less than the minimum required

thickness

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Measurement for Undercut

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Finished Weld Reinforcement

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Welder Traceability

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REQUIRMENT OF RT

Requirement of RT is according to UW-11

Full RT and spot RT.
Type of RT
RT-1 – All but welds full length RT.
RT-2- All category A but welds full length & cat B spot.
RT-3 Spot RT of both cat A & B
RT-4- Partial / No radio graphs.
RT spot – to be performed as per UW-52
Full (100%) RT- to be performed as per UW -51
1) All but weld in the shell & head of vessels used to contain lethel
substances.
2) All but welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness at the welded
joints exceed 38 mm. category B & C but weld in nozzles and communication
chambers that neither exceed 10 “ NB nor 29mm wall thickness do not
require RT.

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ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR RT APPENDIX 4

( MANDATORY).

• Rounded Indication- ¼ T ( random), 1/3T ( isolated is acceptable.

• Aligned Indication- A sequence of four or more
rounded indications shall be considered to be aligned
when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld
drawn through the center of the two outer rounded
indications.
• Acceptance: some of the aligned indication shall be less than 12T.
• Lack of Fusion, Lack of penetration, Crack, is not accepted.

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QUESTION ON RT.

• What is difference between linear Indication and Rounded Indication.

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ANSWER

• Linear Indication- L ( Length of Indication) = > 3 W ( Width of Indication).

• Rounded Indication- L = < or equal to 3W.

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APPENDIX 8 (LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION

• LPT shall be performed as per ASME Sec V and acceptable
criteria as per ASME Sec VIII Div I appendix 8.
• Linear Indication is one having a length greater than three
times of the width shall be considered relevant.
• All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
relevant linear indications;
relevant rounded indications greater than 5 mm;
four or more relevant rounded indications in a line
separated by (1.5 mm) or less (edge to edge].

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APPENDIX 6 (MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION)

• MPE shall be performed as per ASME Sec V and acceptable criteria as per
ASME Sec VIII Div I appendix 6.
• All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
relevant linear indications;
relevant rounded indications greater than (5 mm);
four or more relevant rounded indications in a line
separated by [1.5 mm) or less, edge to edge.

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APPENDIX 12 (ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELD.)

• Indications characterized as cracks, lack of fusion,or incomplete
penetration are unacceptable regardless of length.
• (b) Other imperfections are unacceptable if the indications exceed the
reference level amplitude and have lengths which exceed: (6 mm) for t up
to (19 mm);
1/3t for t from 19 mm to 57 mm.
19 mm) for (57 mm and above).
where t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable.

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RT FILM & REPORT REVIEWED

RT film to be reviewed according to article-2 of sec V and acceptance as per

apendix-4 of sec VIII div 1 as below:
• All RT film shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes
such as, fogging, processing defects, scratches, finger marks, false
indication due to defective screens.
• All RT film shall be proper identification marking, date, joint no. welder id
etc…
• IQI wire type shall be placed on the weld so that The length of the wire is
perpendicular to the length of the weld as per T-276
• At least one IQI image shall appear on each radio graphs.except for
cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of
components for single exposure. At least 3 IQI’s spaced approximately
120 deg apart. As per T-277.2.
• Film over lapping has not mentioned in any standard, however 1” at both
end is normal practice.
• Penetrameters shall be placed on source side , however if placed in film
side due to inaccessiblity, A letter ‘F’ shall be placed.
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RT FILM DENSITY T-282

• Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for
judging film density as per T-225.
• Density limitation: transmitted film density through the radiographic
image:
X-ray- 1.8 minimum for single film viewing
Gamma ray- 2.0 minimum for single film viewing
• For composite viewing of multiple film exposures , each film of the
composite set shall have a minimum density 1.3 and maximum 4.0 for
either single or composites viewing. A tolerance 0.05 in density is allowed
for variations between densitometer reading.
• Density variations as per T-282.2: If the specified density of the radio
graphs any where through the area of interest varies by more than minus
15% or plus 30% then an additional IQI shall be used for each exceptional
area and the RT retaken.

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RT FILM SENSITIVITY

The sensitivity required using wire type IQI shall be 2%

Sensitivity= (dia of thinnest wire visible on rt film/ part thickness

at IQI location) X 100

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FINAL INSPECTION & NOZZLE RF PADS PNEUMATIC TEST

• ITP stages to be confirmed for compliance of all stages before final
Inspection.
• As per drawing All parts shall be verified and confirmed for welded with
equipment.
• Complete equipment Visually examined for spatters, surface defects,
weld defects, completeness of weld, continuous seal welding and shall
confirm the requirements.
• All dimensions shall be verified as per drawing.
• All NDT record shall be verified as per ITP.
• Nozzle RF Pads to be verified for tell tale holes, shall be bottom of the
Nozzle RF Pads.
• Nozzle RF Pads shall be pneumatically tested as per drawing & ASME Sec
VIII.
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POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT(PWHT) REQUIREMENT

Heat Treatment UCS-79
Requires material heat treatment when:
Resulting fiber elongation is more than 5% from the as rolled
condition
P-1 group 1 & 2 materials may have fiber elongation as
great as 40%, provided none of the following conditions exist
• Vessel is for lethal services
• Material requires impact testing
• Material thickness exceeds 5/8”
• Reduction by cold forming from the as-rolled thickness is more than 10%
• Temperature of the material during forming is 250 oF to 900 oF

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POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT(PWHT) REQUIREMENT

•PWHT need not be in one continuous cycle. It may be performed in
multiple cycles
•Welding of parts with different P nos., use table with the higher
PWHT temperature
•Welding pressure parts to non pressure parts: PWHT temp for
pressure parts shall govern

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POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT(PWHT)

CHART REVIEW.

After completion the equipment and satisfactory final inspection PWHT

being performed ( If applicable)
Requirement by code or service condition.
• PWHT to be performed as per UW 40, 49, UCS 56, 79
• After PWHT completed, inspector need to review PWHT Chart for rate of
heating, rate of cooling, soaking time, soaking temperature, loading
temp, un loading temp, all parameter should meat the requirement of
PWHT approved procedure.
• Thermocouple / recorder calibration certificate to be reviewed.

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HYDRO TEST-UG 99
• A hydrostatic test shall be conducted on all vessels after: (a) all fabrication
has been completed . (b) all examination have been performed except
those required after hydro test.
• Vessel designed for internal pressure shall be subjected to a hydrostatic
test pressure that at every point in the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times
the maximum allowable working pressure multiplied by the lowest stress
ratio (LSR)
• It is recommended that the metal temperature during hydro test be
maintained at least 17deg cent above the minimum design metal
temperature but need not exceed 48deg cent to minimize the risk of
brittle fracture.
• Water test certificate shall be reviewed for chlorine contents.

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UG.102 TEST GAGES

[a] An indicating gage shall be connected directly to the Vessel or With a pressure
Line that does not include intermediate valves.
For large vessels, it is recommended that a recording gage
be used in addition to indicating gages.
(b) Dial indicating pressure gages used in testing shall be graduated Over a range of
about double the intended maximum test pressure, but in no case shall the range
be less than 1 1/2 nor more than 4 times that pressure. Digital reading pressure
gages having a wider range of pressure may be used provided the readings give
the same or greater degree of accuracy as obtained with dial pressure
gages.
(cJ All gages shall be calibrated against a standard
dead-weight tester or a calibrated master gage. Gages
shall be recalibrated at any time that there is reason to believe
that they are in error.

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SURFACE PREPARATION FOR PAINTING

• Abrasive batch certificate will be reviewed.
• Storage of Paint & Thinner to be verified.
• Safety to be verified in corelation with Safety Check sheet..
• Climate condition will be checked for air temperature, humidity, dew
point and.( Surface temperature must be 3 deg above the Dew point.
• Surface cleanliness to be verified with adhesive tape as per ISO 8501-1.
• Surface profile to be verified with Test o film ( SA 2 ½ OR SA 3) and shall
meet the requirement of specification.

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PAINTING INSPECTION

• Painting procedure shall be reviewed in correlation with specification &

drawing.
• Paint shade to be verified in correlation with painting procedure.
• Painted Surface visually to be examined for sagging, Blistering, orange
peel shall be free from defects.
• Re coating interval ( if required) to be verified and shall confirm to Paint
manufacturer data sheet.
• Paint DFT shall be verified with valid calibrated Instruments reading
must be as per approved procedure & SSPC PA2.

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PACKING INSPECTION
• Packing Procedure must be reviewed, and following stages / points to be
verified.
• Nitrogen purging or Desiccant
• All Nozzle opening shall be blanking with metallic blind flanges.
warning sign FILLED WITH N2 & Vessel Post weld Heat Treated.
• Shipping mark ( ‘CG’ mark, sling mark, country of origin.)
• Orientation marking at 0, 90, 180, 270 Deg.
• Name Plate ( manufacturer & ASME ‘U’ stamp).

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LESSON LEARNT-1
• Nozzle with RF pad to shell being welded without proper pre heating &
Back chip- during surveillance visit it was observed, NCR was issued.
Disposition: Complete weld was removed, performed proper pre heating as
per WPS / PQR and re welded with related NDT,
• Weld encroach (Toe to Toe welding ) observed- same was being NDT
examined. ( Toe to Toe minimum 50 mm. is required)
• During Hydro test it was observed that Equipment temperature was less
than specified ( 17 deg above MDMT).
Disposition: Hydro test was hold, since not meeting the requirement of
ASME Sec VIII Div I.

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WELD ENCROACHMENT
NDT Examination for Encroachment. NDT Examination for Encroachment.

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LESSON LEARNT-2
As per Aramco specification Lifting Lug should be Full Penetration weld with
UT tested, however Vendor performed only Fillet weld with LPT
examination.
Disposition: Same issue was high lighted to Aramco, and same was accepted
by CSD ( Consulting Services Department) after calculation of weld strength
and warn Vendor to compliance 32 SAMSS 004 in future.
During Final Inspection Orientation ( 0, 90, 180, 270 deg) was not marked,
since procedure was not called to do same, however later procedure revised
for Orientation Marking.

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LESSON LEARNT-3
RF Pad Tell tale hole was observed at Horizontal position, however tell tale
hole for RF Pads required Vertically lower Bottom side.
Disposition: NCR was issued, however same was accepted by Client.

SS Pressure vessel was being fabricated along with CS Vessels.

NCR was issued.
Disposition- related NDT was being carried out and separate SS pressure
vessel shop was prepared by Vendor.

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Thank You!

© Intertek Group