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L1-Introduction and Machine Component

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Ahmed yasser Yasser
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7 views8 pages

L1-Introduction and Machine Component

Uploaded by

Ahmed yasser Yasser
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

- CNC machine is an integration of so many engineering systems.


- The machines range from small bench type, medium size to a huge size
machine.
- The CNC machine is, almost, the same as the conventional machine with the
following differences:
- Figs 1& 2, show the main requirement for conventional and CNC machines:

Machine
tool

Operator Raw
Product
Cutting
Operation
tools
sheet

Handling Measuring

• machine tool that holds the raw material, holds the tool and produces the
relative motions and power
• raw material
• appropriate cutting tools
• handling equipment if the raw material is quite heavy to handle manually
• measuring instruments to check the resulted dimension
• an operation sheet that contains the sequence of operations, the required
tool type and the cutting conditions that will be followed to produce the
product. Some users do not consider this item to be necessary as they rely
upon the experiences and skill of the operator, but, even if the same
operator is used and if he is highly skilled, no guarantee that when
producing several parts, the finishing and accuracy will be identical. This
results that the parts will neither be compatible nor interchangeable.
• Operator that carry out the following main functions:-
o Read the operation sheet line by line,
o Analyze and process mentally the contents of the read line,
o Execute the orders given in the read line by pressing push buttons,
manipulating the machine handles and shifting levers.
- The followings are, only, limited example of some types.

General approximate specifications.


➢ max. drilling capacity 28 mm
➢ max. end milling capacity 20 mm
➢ max. face milling capacity 63 mm
➢ max. distance between spindle & column 212 mm
➢ max. distance between spindle nose and table 50 – 330 mm
➢ table size 540 x 180 mm with-travel 325 mm and Y-travel 200 mm
➢ Resolution 0.001 mm
➢ main motor 1.5 kW with speed 50 – 3000 rpm
➢ Overall size 1100 x 900 x 1530 mm
General approximate specifications.
➢ max. cutting 16.5 m/min
➢ max. movement (G0) 25.4 m/min
➢ max. distance between spindle nose and table 107 - 742 mm
➢ table size 1321 x 495 mm with-travel 1270 mm and Y-travel 805 mm
➢ 20 pocket tool changer
➢ Coolant capacity 208 liter
➢ Resolution 0.001 mm
➢ main motor 22.4 kW with speed 40 – 8100 rpm
➢ Overall size around 3000 x 2500 x 3000 mm
Machine specifications:
➢ max. machining diameter 300 mm
➢ max. machining length 550 mm
➢ max. speed 4000 rpm
➢ x travel 250 mm
➢ y travel 110 mm
➢ z travel 550 mm
➢ tailstock travel 550 mm
➢ rapid federate 22 m/min
➢ number to tools 15 tool
➢ turret driven type and slides driven types are servo motors
➢ turret locking type hydraulic
➢ power 35 kW
➢ overall size 3100 x 1700 x 1900 mm
Differences between CNC machines and Conventional machines

- To operate any conventional machine the following main elements must be


available:
➢ The machine that provides the required relative motions and the
necessary power,
➢ The cutting tools
➢ The raw materials
➢
Component of CNC Machine Tool

The figure shows the main components of CNC Machine Tool.

Mechanical Lubricating
Systems CNC System
System

1. CPU
2. SCU Hydraulic
3. OCP System
4. MCP
5. PLC
6. OPD
Electrical Coolant
Panel System

CPU Central Processing Unit


SCU Servo Control Unit
OCP Operating Control Panel
MCP Machine Control Panel
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
OPD Other Peripheral Devices

Main components of CNC machines

1. Mechanical components
This covers all mechanical components (bed, columns, slides, ball screws,
turrets, table, carriages, saddles, spindle and bearing, linear and torque
transmission elements, tool changer mechanisms, chip removal mechanisms
and guards) in the CVC machines.

2. Lubricating System
It covers all the lubricating systems for the slides of the machine, ball screws
supporting bearings, spindle bearings, table components, indexing turret
components and tool Changer components.

3. Hydraulic System
It covers the hydraulic systems needed for the counterbalance systems,
automatic tool changer and hydraulic actuators.

4. Coolant System
Some CNC machines are equipped with two types of coolant systems; one is
continuous flooding of coolant and the other is a spraying system.

5. Electrical Systems
The main function of the electrical panel is to provide the different systems
by regulated stepped down voltages. It houses the relays, circuit breakers,
push buttons, switches, contactors, overload protectors, ……. etc

6. CNC Systems
As illustrated in fig. 8 the CNC System mainly consists of:-
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
It is the brain of the system. Its main functions are:
- to retrieve the stored input data from the Memory in the form
of the part program,
- to decode the data,
- to transform the decoded data into position and velocity signals
and feed them to the Speed Control Unit.
- to receive the actual position and produces a corrective action.
- to calculate errors in the system such as lead screw pitch error,
tool wear, backlash, …. etc.
- to develop a compensating signal to correct the situation.
- to carry out several safety checks and energies the shutting
down of the system when necessary.

• Speed Control Unit (SCU)


The Speed control unit receives the decoded position and
velocity signals from the CPU and generates command values
which are fed to the Servo Drive Units. The later are coupled
with the axes and spindle motors.

• Operator control panel (OCP)


It is the user interface with the different systems.

• Machine control panel (MCP)


It is the user interface to operate the hardware of the machine
manually.

• Programmable logic controller (PLC)


It is the controller which replaced the old wired relays in the early
NC machines. It is responsible for the implementation of all the
logics to the system.

• Other peripheral devices (OPD)


Those are the external devices that are linked with the CNC
machines such as communicating equipment, external computer
unit, tape reader, …. etc

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