ivmvqwbK MwZwe`¨v

 ivmvqwbK MwZwe`¨v:
†fŠZ imvq‡bi †h kvLvq ivmvqwbK wewµqvi MwZ‡eM ev nvi, cix¶vMZ Aa¨qb, ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv
Ges wewµqvi wµqv-†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY Kiv nq, Zv‡K ivmvqwbK MwZwe`¨v e‡j|

 wewµqvi nv‡ii msÁv: cÖwZ GKK mg‡q wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm ev wewµqvq m„ó Drcv‡`i NbgvÎv
e„w×i nvi‡K wewµqvi nvi e‡j| A_©vr
wewµqK ev Drcv‡`i NbgvÎvi cwieZ©b
wewµqvi nvi = H cwieZ©b msNU‡b e¨wqZ mgq
GKK mg‡q wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm = dtdc
wewµqvi MwZi nvi = dx
dt
 †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnYKvix wewµq‡Ki AYyi msL¨v GK n‡j Zv‡K GK AvYweK wewµqv
e‡j|
†hgb- PCl5PCl3+Cl2
 †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnYKvix wewµq‡Ki AYyi msL¨v `yB n‡j Zv‡K wØ-AvYweK wewµqv
e‡j|
†hgb- H2+I22HI
 †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnYKvix wewµq‡Ki AYyi msL¨v wZb n‡j Zv‡K wÎ-AvYweK wewµqv
e‡j|
†hgb- 2NO+O22NO2
 cÖwZ GKK mg‡q wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm ev wewµqvq m„ó Drcv`‡bi NbgvÎv e„w×i nvi‡K wewµqvi
nvi e‡j|
 wewµqvq Ask MÖnYKvix e¯‘i NbgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j wewµqvi nvi e„w× cvq|
 †h †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqvi nvi wbw`©ó bq eis mg‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj|
 wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j wewµqvi MwZ‡eM e„w× cvq|
 mvaviYZ ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mv‡_ wewµqvi nviI e„w× cvq|
 †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqv msNU‡b hZwU wewµqK AYy, cigvYy ev Avqb Ask †bq Zvi msL¨v‡K D³
wewµqvi AvYweKZ¡ ejv nq|
 1835 mv‡j weÁvbx ev‡R©wjqvm 'Catalyst' bvgKiY K‡ib|
 cÖfveK Ggb GKwU ivmvqwbK c`v_© hvi Dcw¯’wZ wewµqvi mwµqY kw³ n«vm K‡i Ges G‡K mijZi
wewµqv c_ cÖ`vb K‡i|
 eo MÖæ‡ci ¯’vwbK web¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y AvµgYKvix wewµqK †h evav cvq, G‡K eo MÖ æc KZ©„K ¯’vwbK
evav ev †ówiK ejv nq|
 †h wewµqvi nvi wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv Zv‡K k~b¨ µg wewµqv e‡j|
 †h wewµqvi nvi GKwU gvÎ wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi cÖ_g Nv‡Zi mgvbycvwZK nq, Zv‡K cÖ_g µg wewµqv
e‡j|

 cÖ_g µg wewµqvi ˆewkó¨:

(i) cÖ_g µg wewµqv KLbI †kl nq bv|
(ii) G wewµqvi GKwU wbw`©ó fMœvsk m¤ú~Y© nIqvi mgq wewµq‡Ki cÖviw¤¢K NbgvÎvi Dci
wbf©i K‡i bv|
(iii)NbgvÎvi GK‡Ki Dci GB RvZxq wewµqvi nvi aªæeK wbf©ikxj bq|
* †h wewµqvi nvi GKwU gvÎ wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi e‡M©i ev wØZxq Nv‡Zi mgvbycvwZK nq Zv‡K wØZxq
µg wewµqv e‡j|

 wØZxq µg wewµqvi D`vniY:

(K) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cvi-A·vB‡Wi Zvcxq we‡qvRb: 2NO22NO+O2
(L) bvBUªvm A·vB‡Wi Zvcxq we‡qvRb: 2N2O 2NO+N2
(M) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡qvWvB‡Wi Zvcxq we‡qvRb: 2HIH2+I2
(N) I‡Rv‡bi we‡qvRb: 2O3 3O2
(O) †ebRvjwWnvB‡Wi †ebRwq‡K iƒcvšÍi: 2C6H5CHO C6H5CH(OH) COC6H5
(P) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Bw_wj‡bi wgjb: H2+C2H4C2H6
 SO2 n‡Z SO3 Drcv`‡bi mgq As2O3 cÖfveK wel wnmv‡e wµqv K‡i|
 gvby‡li kix‡i cÖvq 30,000 wewfbœ ai‡bi GbRvBg _v‡K|
 AbyNUK Ges wewµq‡Ki †fŠZ Ae¯’v wfbœ n‡j AbyNUK‡K AmgmË¡ AbyNUK e‡j|
 k~b¨µg wewµqv: wewµqvi nvi wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
1| wewµqvi nvi wewµq‡Ki cÖv_wgK NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡ibv wKš‘ Half life K‡i|
2| †gvjvi NbgvÎv ebvg mgq †jLwPÎ g~jwe›`yMvgx mij †iLv|
3| H2 + Cl2  2 HCl k~b¨µg wewµqvi D`vniY|
D`vniY:
1| H2 I Cl2 Gi m¤ú©³ Rjxq `ªeY m~h©v‡jv‡K ivL‡j HCl Drcbœ nq|
2| 800–1000C ZvcgvÎvq pt c„‡ô NH3 Gi we‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g H2 I N2 Drcv`b|
3| Gwm‡Uv‡bi mv‡_ Br2 ms‡hvRb, GwU Br2 Gi mv‡c‡¶ k~Y¨µg wewµqv|
4| †Mvì Gi Dci Hl Gi we‡qvRb|

 QÙ GK AvYweK wewµqv (Pseudo-unimolicular reaction):

†h wewµqvq GKvwaK wewµqK Aby AskMÖnb m‡Ë¡I `ªve‡Ki cwigvY AZ¨waK _vKvq 1g µ‡gi nq,
Zv‡`i‡K QÙ GK AvYweK wewµqv e‡j|
†hgb: C12H22O11+H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 AvcvZ`„wó‡Z wewµqvwU wØ-AvbweK n‡j
I Zv 1g µg wewµqvq mgxKiY AbymiY K‡i| GK jNy HCl n‡Z m„ó †cÖvUb (H+) B¶zwPwbi Drµ‡g
cÖfveK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| G †¶‡Î Bbfvi‡Um bvgK GbRvBg‡K I cÖfveK wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wewµqK GKvwaK nIqv m‡Ë¡I cÖ_g µ‡gi nq|
1. C12H22O11 + H2O  H
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

2. COS + H2O  CO2 + H2S

3. CH3COOC2H5 + H2O  CH3COOH + C2H5OH

4. (CH3CO)2O + C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5+H2O

 †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji wefvRb cÖwµqv cÖ_g µ‡gi †iwWqv‡gi i¨vW‡b cwiYZ nIqvi cÖwµqvwU GLv‡b
D‡j­ L Kiv hvq|
Ra  Rn+ KYv
 ivmvqwbK wewµqvi nvi wewfbœ wbqvg‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj|
†hgb-
 (i) wewµq‡Ki cÖK…wZ (ii) wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv
(iii) ZvcgvÎv (iv) Pvc
(v) AYyNUK (vi) wewµq‡Ki c„ôZ‡ji †¶Îdj
(vii) Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ|
 †UKwbK: me evov‡j wewµqvi MwZ‡eM ev‡o|
e¨wZµg:
1. wewµq‡Ki cÖK…wZÑ 2. cÖfveK-
Ñ abvZœK cÖfveK wewµqvi MwZ e„w×|
Ñ FYvZ¡K cÖfveK wewµqvi MwZ n«vm|
D`vniY: †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqvq ZvcgvÎv evov‡j wewµqvi MwZ evo‡e bv Kg‡e? mwVK DËi:
evo‡e|
m~Î Ges Ab¨vb¨
 cÖ_g µg wewµqvi †eM aªæeKt K  2.303 log a
t ax

 wØZxq µg wewµqvi †eM aªæeKt K  1. x

t a (a  x )

 cÖ_g µg wewµqvi Aa©vqy , t 1  0.693

K
2

 wØZxq µg wewµqvi Aa©vqy, t1 

1
2
Ka

 wewµqv µg I AvYweK‡Z¡i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

welq wewµqv µg AvYweKZ¡
msÁv †Kvb wewµqvi †Kvb wewµqvi cÖv_wgK
wewµq‡Ki av‡c wewµq‡Ki hZwU
NbgvÎv‡K †h †gvj (MÖvg AYy, MÖvg
Nv‡Z DbœxZ Ki‡j cigvYy, MÖvg Avqb)
DbœxZ ivwkwU AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡K
cix¶vjä wewµqv wewµqvwUi AvYweKZ¡
nv‡ii e‡j|
mgvbycvwZK nq
Zv‡K H wewµqvi
µg e‡j|
 e¨vL¨v wewµqv µg GKwU wewµqv µ‡gi gZ
I cix¶vjä ivwk| AvYweKZ¡ mivmwi
D`vniY †hgb cix¶v †Kvb cix¶vjä ivwk
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, bv n‡jI cix¶v Øviv
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wba©vwiZ wewµqv
Av‡qvWvB‡Wi †KŠk‡ji Dci wfwË
we‡qvRb wewµqvi K‡i AvYweK‡Z¡i gvb
MwZi nvi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wewµqvi f‚ZwgwZK
Av‡qvWvB‡Wi mgxKiY †`‡L
NbgvÎvi e‡M©i AvYweKZ¡ cvIqv hvq
(NvZ `yB) bv| †hgb Zv‡c
mgvbycvwZK| msNwUZ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
ZvB wewµqvwUi †c›Uv A·vB‡Wi
µg 2| we‡qvRb wewµqvi
cÖv_wgK av‡c GK
GKwU AYy we‡qvwRZ
n‡q ¶z`ªZi As‡k
cwiYZnq|
N 2 O5  N 2 O 4  O
ZvB G wewµqvi
AvYweKZ¡ 1 hw`I
wewµqvwUi mgxKiY
wjL‡Z 2 AYy cÖ‡qvRb
2N 2 O5  2N 2 O 4  O 2
ZeyI GwU wØAvYweK
wewµqv bq|
gv‡bi GKB wewµqvi wKš‘ †Kvb wewµqvi
w¯’iZv µg wewfbœ Ae¯’vq AvYweK‡Z¡i gvb
wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z me©ve¯’vq w¯’i| †hgb-
cv‡i| †hgb: †h †Kvb fv‡eB m¤úbœ
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kiv nDK HI Gi
Av‡qvWvB‡Wi we‡qvRb wewµqvi
we‡qvRb wewµqv AvYweKZ¡ me©`v Ô2Õ|
Kvu‡Pi cv‡Î NU‡j
 Gi µg Ô2Õ,
cøvwUbv‡gi cv‡Î
wewµqvwUi µg Ô1Õ
Avevi ¯^‡Y©i
cv‡Îi n‡j Ô0Õ|
gvb Gi wewµqv µg c~Y© AvYweKZ¡ me©`v c~Y©
cÖK…wZ msL¨v, fMœvswkK, msL¨v|
GgbwK k~b¨I
n‡Z cv‡i|
 1g I 2q µg wewµqvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
welq 1g µg wewµqv 2q µg wewµqv
Av‡cw¶K K  2.303 log a K= 1t a (a x x)
t ax
wewµqvi
nvi:
mg‡qi t Gi m‡½ log t Gi m‡½ x
a (a  x )
mv‡_ a mij
mij ˆiwLKfv‡e
ax
NbgvÎvi ˆiwLKfv‡e n«vm e„w× cvq|
cwieZ©b: cvq|
mg‡qi NbgvÎvi NbgvÎvi cÖv_wgK
mv‡_ cÖv_wgK gv‡bi gv‡bi
NYgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK|
cwieZ©b: bv|
†eM mgq -1 (min-1 NbgvÎv -1 mgq -1
aªæe‡Ki ev s-1) (L mol-1min-1
GKK: ev L mol-1 s-1)
 mwµqb kw³:
ci¯úwiK msNl© ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q wewµq‡Ki GKwU Ask wewµq‡Ki Mo kw³ A‡c¶v †h cwigvY
AwaK kw³ jvf K‡i wewµqvq AskMÖn‡Yi Dchy³Zv AR©b K‡i Zv‡K mwµqb kw³ e‡j Ges
wewµq‡Ki †h AYymg~n D³ AwZwi³ kw³ jvf K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq mwµqb AYy|

 Ae¯’všÍi Ae¯’v:
wewµqK AYy¸‡jv ci¯úi msNl© K‡i hLb cyi‡bv eÜb fvO‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges bZzb eÜb m„wó n‡Z
ïiæ K‡i †m Ae¯’v‡K Ae¯’všÍi Ae¯’v (Transitions state) e‡j| wewµqvi G Ae¯’všÍi Ae¯’v‡K
mwµqbK…Z RwUj I (Activated complex) e‡j|
 wewµqv nvi wbY©q c×wZ:
1. ivmvqwbK c×wZ: UvB‡Uªkb c×wZ
2. †fŠZ c×wZ:
(i) M¨v‡mi AvqZb cwigvcY c×wZ
(ii) M¨v‡mi Pv‡ci cwieZ©b gvcb
(iii) e‡Y©i cwieZ©b gvcb
(iv) cwievwnZv gvcb c×wZ|

 GK bR‡i AbyNU‡Ki bvbv Z_¨:

AbyNU‡Ki KvR D`vniY
†kªYxwefvM
abvZ¥K wewµqvi MwZ Pt (NH3), V2O5
AbyNUK e„w× K‡i (MnO2), Cu,
Fe, Al2O3
FbvZ¥K wewµqvi MwZ H3PO4(H2O2),
AbyNUK n«vm K‡i ROH (CHCl3 +
O2), CO, Urea.
¯^qswµq ¯^ cÖfveK Mn++
AbyNUK wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i
Avweó Av‡ek cÖwµqvq Na2SO3
cÖfveK wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i
cÖfveK AbyNU‡Ki AS2O3
wel Kvh©¶gZv
Kwg‡q †`q
cÖfveK AbyNU‡Ki Fe(Al2O3+K2O)
DÏxcK ¶gZv e„w× cvq Fe(K2O+Cr2O3)
 GKbR‡i GbRvB‡gi bvbvb Kvh©:
GbRvB‡gi bvg wewµqvq Drcbœ e¯‘
1. †ccwmb †cÖvwUb  A¨vwg‡bv GwmW
2. Wvqv‡÷R ÷vP©  g‡ëvR
3. gj‡UR g‡ëvR  Møy‡KvR +
d«zK‡UvR
4. Bbf©v‡UR Møy‡KvR  A¨vj‡Kvnj
5. BDwi‡qR BDwiqv  A¨v‡gvwbqv +
CO2

 wk퇶‡Î AYyNU‡Ki e¨envi:

wkí AbyNUK
NH3 Drcv`b Fe (cÖfveK),
mnvqK Mo
H2SO4 Drcv`b Pt ev V2O5
HNO3 Drcv`b Pt-Ir
wg_vbj Drcv`b ZnO+ Cr2O3
B_vbj Drcv`b RvB‡gR
wf‡bMvi Drcv`b gvB‡KvWvigv A¨vwmwU
Zij R¡vjvbx Drcv`b Co-Fe-Ni
WvjWv Drcv`b Ni
Nice to Know
 wewµqvi nvi = wewµqvq Ask MÖnYKvix e¯‘i NbgvÎv e„w× Kwi‡j wewµqvq nvi e„w× cvq|
 A¨v‡iwbqv‡mi mgxKiYwU n‡jv K = A.e–Ea/RT
 msNl© Z‡Ë¡i `yBwU Acwinvh© welq:
(i) b~¨bZg kw³‡Z wewµqvi g‡a¨ msNl©
(ii) myweavRbK w`‡K msNl©|
 AbyNUK Ges wewµq‡Ki †fŠZ Ae¯’v wfbœ n‡j AbyNUK‡K AmgmË¡ AbyNUK e‡j|
 wewµqvi AskMÖYKvixi e¯‘i NbgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j wewµqvi nviÑ e„w× cvq|
 ZvcgvÎv 1 †m. e„w× †c‡j wewµqvi nvi e„w× cvqÑ wظY n‡Z wZb¸b|
 Av‡jvi ms¯ú‡k© †h mg¯Í wewµqvi MwZ cwiewZ©Z nq †m¸‡jv‡K e‡jÑ Av‡jvK ivmvqwbK wewµqv|
 †h e¯‘ wb‡R wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv wKš‘ wewµqvi MwZ cwieZ©‡b mnvqZv K‡i Zv‡K e‡jÑ
AbyNUK|
 cÖviw¤¢K Ae¯’vq e¯‘i KYvi Mo kw³ Ges A¯’vqx RwUj Ae¯’vq e¯‘ KYvi Mo kw³i cv_©K¨‡K e‡jÑ
mwµqY kw³|
 mvgwMÖK wewµqvi nvi wbqš¿Y K‡iÑ wewµqvi axiZg avc|
 †h mg‡q GKwU wewµqvi AskMÖnYKvix e¯‘i cÖviw¤¢K NbgvÎvi A‡a©K Drcv‡` cwiYZ nq Zv‡K e‡j
H wewµqviÑ Aa©vqyKvj|
m~Îvejx
(i) Rate of Chemical reaction
r = – dC
dt
(basecb on reactant)
dx
= dt
(based on product)
(ii) Rate constant, K = 1t In a
ax
(for 1st order reactior)
(iii) K = 1t x
a (a  x )
(for 2nd order reactior)
(iv) K = C0 t C (for zero order reaction)
(v) Half life of a chemical reaction
(a) t1/2 = 0.693

(for 1st order reaction)
1
(b) t1/2 = Ka
(for 2nd order reaction)
Ea  1 1 
(vi) Activation Energy,log KK2 = 2.303 R
  
1  T1 T2 

MvwbwZK mgm¨vejx
1. †Kvb cÖ_g µg wewµqvi 30 % 60 wgwb‡U m¤úbœ nq, (K) k-Gi gvb KZ? (L) wewµqvwUi 60
% m¤úbœ n‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e?
(K) Solve: 30 %=60 wgwbU, x=0.3a
k= 2.303 log a
t ax
k= 2.303 log
60
a
a  0.3a

= 2.303 log a = 2.303 log1.4286

60 0.7a 60

= 5.9410-3 wgwbU -1 Ans.

(L) Solve: t (60%) = 2.303 log a

5.94  10 3 a  0.6a

= 2.303 log a
5.94 10 3 0.4a

= 2.303 log 2.5 = 154.29 wgwbU Ans.

5.94 10 3

2. 0.20 mol dm-3 NbgvÎvi GKwU `ªe‡Y wewµqvi cÖviw¤¢K MwZ 3.010-4 mol dm-3 s-1 n‡j
wewµqvwUi MwZ aªæeK KZ?
Solve: GLv‡b, C0 = 0.2 mol dm-3 ,
 dC
dt
= 3.010-4 mol dm-3 s-1 , k = ?
Avgiv Rvwb,  dC = kC0 ev, k = 3.0  10 4 = 1.510-3 s-1 Ans.
dt 0.20

3. GKwU 1g µg wewµqvi Aav©qy 15 wgwbU wewµqvwUi nvi aªæeK KZ?

Solve: GLv‡b, t1/2 = 15 min. Avgiv Rvwb, 1g µg wewµqvi †¶‡Î,
k  0.693  0.693
t1/ 2 15
= 4.6210-2 min-1 Ans.
4. GKwU cÖ_g µg wewµqvi Av‡cw¶K wewµqv nvi 10 3 s 1 . G wewµqvq 10.0 g cwigvY wewµqK 2.5 g -G
n«vm †c‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e?
Solve: cÖkœvbymv‡i, wb‡Y©q mgq c‡i wewµq‡Ki 210.5 Ask
ev 14 Ask Aewkó _vKvq wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n‡e a4 .
2.303 a
AZGe, t
k
log ,
a
GLv‡b k = 10 3 s 1
4

= 2.303
log 4 = 2.303  0.6021
10 3 10  3

= 1.3866103 s. Ans.
5. 25C ZvcgvÎvq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †c›Uv·vB‡Wi we‡hvR‡bi Aa©vqy 3400 min. wewµqvwUi Av‡cw¶K
wewµqv nvi KZ?
Solve: wewµqvwU cÖ_g µ‡gi nIqvq, t1/ 2  0.693
k

ev, k = 0.693 = 0.693

t1 / 2 3400

 k = 2.03810-4 min-1 Ans.

1
6. †Kvb cÖ_g µg wewµqvi Aa©vqy 1000 sec KZ¶Y c‡i wewµq‡Ki 10
Ask Aewkó _vK‡e?
Solve: cÖ_g µg wewµqvi Rb¨,
K = 0.t693 = 01000
.693
sec–1 = 6.93  10–4 sec–1
1
2

Avevi, K = 2.303
t
log a
ax
 a 
or t = 2.K303 log a a x =  2.303
4
log a 
sec
 6.93 10 10 

= 3323.23 sec Ans.

7. GKwU †ZRw®Œq e¯‘i Ae¶q wewµqvi nvi aªæeK 0.0635 min–1 †ZRw®Œq e¯‘i Aa©vqy wbY©q Ki|
0.693 0.693 0.693
Solve: K = t1/ 2
or t1/2 = K
= 0.0635
min
= 10.92 min. Ans:
8. †Kvb cÖ_g µg wewµqvi Aa©vqy 15 min| nvi aªæeK KZ?
 0.693 
Solve: K = 0.693
=   min–1
t1/ 2  10 

= 4.62  10–2min–1 Ans.

9. N2O5 Gi we‡qvRb nvi aªæe‡Ki gvb 25C I 65C ZvcgvÎvq h_vµ‡g 3.46  10–3 I 4.87
 10–3| GB wewµqvq mwµqb kw³i gvb KZ? [R = 8.314 J/mol – K~1]
K2 E a  T2  T1 
Solve: log K1
=  
2.303 R  T1T2 

 4.87 10 3  Ea  338  298 

or log  
 3.46 10 3  = 2.303  8.314  298  338 
 

 Ea = 7157.57 KJ/mol Ans:

10. GKwU k~b¨µg wewµqvi wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv 0.1 mol/dm3| wewµqvwUi †eM aªæeK 4.2  10–3
mol dm–3 min–1 n‡j KZ wgwb‡U wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv 0.02 mol. dm–3 n«vm cv‡e?
 CO  C t
Solve: GKwU k~b¨µg wewµqvi Rb¨ t = K
0.1  0.08
= = 4.76 min. Ans:
4.2  10  3

11. P Ges Q `ywU wewµq‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖviw¤¢K NbgvÎv 0.20 mol/dm3| wewµqvwUi cÖviw¤¢K MwZ
1.6  10–4 mol/dm–3s–1 wewµqvwUi MwZ aªæeK MYbv Ki|
Solve: wewµqvi cÖviw¤¢K MwZ – dC
dt
= K[P]0[Q]0
4
ev, K = 10.6.2100.2 = 4.0  10–4 dm3 mol–1s–1 Ans:
12. 40C ZvcgvÎvq Rjxq `ªe‡Y H2O2 Gi we‡qvRb wewµqvi Aa©vqyKvj 6 hour n‡j wewµqvwUi
nvi aªæeK wbY©q Ki|
Solve: Rjxq `ªe‡Y H2O2 Gi we‡qvRb GKwU 1g µg wewµqv Ges 1g µg wewµqvi Rb¨-
Avgiv Rvwb, t  0.693
k
1
2

or k = 0.693 = 0.693  3.21  10 5 s 1 Ans.

t 12 6  60  66

13. B_vBj A¨vwm‡UU G÷vi‡K jNy Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av`ª© we‡køwlZ Ki‡j 1.00 N›Uv mg‡qi ci
H G÷v‡ii NbgvÎv 1.0 molL–1 †_‡K n«vm †c‡q 0.50 molL–1 nq| G mg‡qi e¨eav‡b
wewµqvwUi Mo MwZ‡eM †ei Ki|
Solve: wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi cwieZ©b c = (0.50–1.00) molL–1 = – 0.50 molL–1
NbgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi †gvU mgq, t = 1.0  60  60 s
–c –(0.50 molL–1)
 wewµqvi Mo MwZ‡eM, = =
t 1.06060s
= 1.3910–4 molL–1s–1 Ans.
14. †Kvb cÖ_g µg wewµqvi A‡a©K cwigvY c`v_© 400 s-G we‡hvwRZ nq| KZ¶Y c‡i gvÎ GK-
Aógvsk c`v_© Aewkó _vK‡e?
mgvavb: cÖkœg‡Z, t1/2 = 400s
0.693 0.693
Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ_g µg wewµqvi t1/2 = k= = 1.7325  10–3 s–1
k 400
 wewµqvi ïiæ‡Z c`v‡_©i NbgvÎv a n‡j, GK-Aógvsk c`v_© Aewkó _vKvi mgq NbgvÎv n‡”Q a/8|
A_©vr (a–x) = a/8
2.303 a 2.303 a
Avgiv Rvwb, t = log = log
k a–x k a/8
2.303
–3 log 8 = 1.329310 0.90309
–3
=
1.732510
= 1200s Ans

ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v

 ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v: †Kvb wbw`©ó wewµqKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqv Pj‡Z _vK‡j †Kvb GK mgq
†`Lv hvq, †h nv‡i wewµqKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wewµqvi d‡j Drcv` Drcbœ nq, wVK †m nv‡i Drcv`¸‡jvi
g‡a¨I wewµqvi d‡j c~‡e©i wewµqK¸‡jv Drcbœ n‡q _v‡K; wewµqvi G Ae¯’v‡K ivmvqwbK wewµqvi
mvg¨ve¯’v ejv nq| G‡¶‡Î wewµqvi DfgywLZv I wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v bv‡g `ywU Ae¯’v cÖKvk cvq|

 ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vi kZ©mg~n: ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vi PviwU kZ© Av‡Q| †hgb-

i) mv‡g¨i ¯’vwqZ¡ (Stability of equilibrium)
ii) Dfqw`K †_‡K myMg¨Zv (Easy approachability from both sides)
iii)wewµqvi Am¤ú~Y©Zv (Incompleteness of reaction)
iv)cÖfve‡Ki f‚wgKvnxbZv (In effectiveness of catalysts)

 ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vi cÖKvi‡f`:

ivmvqwbK wewµqvi wewµqK I Drcv‡`i †fŠZ Ae¯’vi wfwˇZ mvg¨ve¯’v `yÕcÖKvi| h_v-
1. mgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’v 2. AmgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’v|
K) mgmË¡ mvg¨e¯’v: †h DfgyLx wewµqvq wewµqK I Drcv`mg~n GKB †fŠZ Ae¯’vq †hgb M¨vm A_ev
Zij ev `ªe‡Y _v‡K, Zv‡K mgmË¡ mgvg¨ve¯’v ejv nq| †hgb-
(1)Ave× cv‡Î 450C ZvcgvÎvq H2 M¨vm I Av‡qwvwW‡bi g‡a¨ wewµqvq Drcbœ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
Av‡qvWvBW mgmË¡ mgvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K| GwU GKwU M¨vmxq mvg¨ve¯’v|
 H2(g) + I2 (g) ⇌  2HI (g)
(2) B_v‡bvwqK GwmW I B_vb‡ji wewµqvq Drcbœ B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU I cvwb mgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’vq
_v‡K| GwU GKwU Zij mvg¨ve¯’v|

CH3CO2H(l) + C2H5OH(l) ⇌  CH3CO2C2H5(l) + H2O(l)

L) AmgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’v: †h DfgyLx wewµqvq wewµqK I Drcv`mgq wfbœ wfbœ †fŠZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K,
Zv‡K AmgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’v ejv nq| †hgb-
(1)Ave× cv‡Î 550C ZvcgvÎvq K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU‡K DËß Ki‡j Zv we‡qvwRZ n‡q CaO I
CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ KwVb CaO, CO2 M¨vm Ges KwVb CaCO3 mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K|

CaCO3 (s) ⇌ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

(2) Ave× cv‡Î 300C ZvcgvÎvq DËß AvqiY ¸uov I w÷‡gi g‡a¨ wewµqvq Drcbœ AvqiY
(II) AvqiY (III) A·vBW (Fe3O4) I H2 M¨vm AmgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K|

3Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇌  Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)

 mgmË¡ M¨vmxq wewµqv‡K `yB †kÖYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq:

 cÖ_g †kÖYxi wewµqvq wewµqvi d‡j Drcv‡`i AYy msL¨v wewµqK A‡c¶v e„w× ev n«vm cvq bv|
†hgb: i. 2HI ⇌ H2+I2
ii. N2 + O2 ⇌ 2NO
iii. CO+H2O⇌CO2+H2
 wØZxq †kÖYxi wewµqvq wewµqvi d‡j Drcv‡`i Aby msL¨v wewµq‡Ki Abyi msL¨v A‡c¶v †ewk ev
Kg n‡e|
†hgb: i. PCl5 ⇌ PCl3+Cl2
ii. COCl2 ⇌ CO+2Cl
iii. N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2
iv. N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
 fi-wµqv m~Î: wbw`©ó DòZvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gyn~‡Z© †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqvi nvi, †mB gyn~‡Z© Dcw¯’Z
wewµqK c`v_©¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi mwµq f‡ii mgvbycvwZK|
Drcvw`Z e¯‘i †gvjvi NbgvÎvi ¸bdj
 Kc = wewµqvq Ask MÖnYKvix e¯‘i †gvjvi NbgvÎvi ¸bdj
 Drcvw`Z e¯‘i AvswkK Pv‡ci ¸bdj
 Kp = wewµqvq Ask MÖnYKvix e¯‘i AvswkK Pv‡ci ¸bdj
 Kp I Kc Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©- Kp = Kc  (RT)n

 PCl5 = PCl3+Cl2; wewµqvwUi Kp = 2

.P
1 2
 N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2; wewµqvwUi Kp = 4 2
.P
1  2

 mvg¨aªæeK Kp I Kc Gi GKK
1| M¨vmxq wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î M¨v‡mi AskPvc‡K A¨vUgwùqvi (atmospere) GK‡K cÖKvk Ki‡j Kp
Gi GKK n‡e (atm)n
2| Abyiƒcfv‡e `ªe‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wewµqK I wewµqvRZ c`v‡_©i NbgvÎv‡K mol L–1 GK‡K cÖKvk
Kiv nq| Z‡e Kc-Gi GKK n‡e (†gvj/wjUvi) n
3| †hme wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î wewµqv I wewµqvRvZ c`v‡_©i †gvj msL¨v mgvb nq A_©vr
n = 0 nq K-Gi †Kv‡bv GKK _v‡K bv|

 mvg¨aªæe‡Ki e¨envi:
1. mvg¨aªæeK †KejgvÎ DfgyLx wewµqvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
2. mvg¨aªæe‡Ki MvwYwZK gvb GKwU wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq w¯’i _v‡K|
3. mvg¨aªæe‡Ki gvb †_‡K wewµqvi e¨vwß m¤^‡Ü aviYv cvIqv hvq|
4. mvg¨aªæeK wewµqvi MwZ m¤^‡Ü †Kvb aviYv †`q bv|
5. wewµqK I Drcv‡`i cwigvY, Pv‡ci cwieZ©b, cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mvg¨aªæe‡Ki cwieZ©b nq
bv ; wKš‘ ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡b mvg¨aªæe‡Ki cwieZ©b nq|
 GKgyLx wewµqv: †Kvb wewµqvq mg¯Í wewµqK c`v_© hLb Drc
v‡` cwiYZ nq, ZLb H wewµqv‡K GKgyLx wewµqv e‡j|
GB cÖKvi wewµqvq mgvb wP‡ýi cwie‡Z© m¤§yLgyLx Zxi () e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb- i) 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
ii) C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
 DfgyLx wewµqv: hw` †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqv GK mv‡_ m¤§yLw`K I cðvrw`K †_‡K msNwUZ nq, Z‡e †m
wewµqv‡K DfgyLx wewµqv e‡j|
 †hgb- i) H2+I2⇌2HI
ii) N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g);
iii) N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g);
iv) PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g);

* jv-k¨v‡Uwiqv‡ii bxwZwU wbgœiƒc:

†Kvb DfgyLx wewµqv mvg¨ve¯’vq _vKvKv‡j hw` H Ae¯’vi GKwU wbqvgK, †hgb ZvcgvÎv, Pvc A_ev
NbgvÎv cwieZ©b Kiv nq, Z‡e mv‡g¨i Ae¯’vb Wv‡b ev ev‡g Ggbfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡e, hv‡Z wbqvgK
cwieZ©‡bi djvdj cÖkwgZ nq|

* jv-k¨v‡Uwjqv‡ii bxwZ‡Z wbqvgK wZbwU:

1) Dcv`v‡bi NbgvÎv
2) ZvcgvÎv
3) Pvc
 ¯úk© cÖYvjx‡Z H2SO4 Drcv`b:

 wewµqvmg~n:
S+O2  SO2
2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3+192.5 KJ
SO3 + H2O ⇌ H2SO4
 kZ©mg~n:
ZvcgvÎv: 450-550C cÖfveK: V2O5 ev Pt.
Pvc: 1.7 atm / 2.0 atm.

 †nevi cÖYvjx‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqv Drcv`b:

 wewµqv:
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 + 92.38 kj
 kZ©mg~n:
ZvcgvÎv: 450-550C cÖfveK: Fe
cÖfveK mnvqK: Al2O3/Mo. Pvc: 200 atm.
 wkí KviLvbvq mvg¨ve¯’v Ges mvg¨aªæe‡Ki cÖ‡qvM:

Drcvc×w wewµqv ZvcgvÎvPvc cÖfve

` Z K
†nev N2+3H2
A¨v‡gv 450– 200 Fe/
i em ⇔2NH
wbqv 550C evqyPvc Mo
3
H2S ¯úk© SO2+O2 400– 1.7 V2
O4 cÖYvj ⇔SO3 500C evqyPvc O5
x SO +H ev 172 ev
3 2
kPa Pt
O⇔H2S
O4
bvBwUª evK©j N2+O2 3000 – –
K ¨vÛ ⇔2NO C
GwmW AvB
W
wg_vb evwYw CO+H2 300– 200- Zn
j R¨K ⇔CH O 400C 300 O +
3
H evqyPvc Cr2
O3
BDwi ivmvq CO+H2 200– D”PPvc –
qv wbK ⇔CH O 210C
3
H
CO–
NH2+H2
O
 Nice to Know
 mKj ivmvqwbK wewµqv w`‡K avweZ nqÑ wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vi w`‡K|
 GKwU wewµqvi MwZ wewµqvq AskMÖnYKvix wewµqK ¸‡jvi NbgvÎviÑ ¸Yd‡ji mgvbycvwZK|
 Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi ZvcgvÎv n«vm Ki‡jÑ mv‡g¨i Ae¯’vb Wvb w`‡K m‡i hv‡e|
 wewfbœ kZ© cÖ‡qvM K‡i N2 I H2 n‡Z m‡e©v”P KZ fvM A¨v‡gvwbqv ˆZwi Kiv hvqÑ 15-25%
 FYvZœK cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iÑ H3PO4 .
 DfgyLx wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq Dci ZvcgvÎvi cÖfveÑ wØgyLx|
 wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq GKwU wewµqvi MwZ‡eM wewµqvq Ask MÖnYKvix cÖwZwU wewµq‡Ki mwµq f‡iiÑ
mgvbycvwZK|
 mvg¨e¯’vq wewµqK I Drcv‡`i mshyw³Ñ w¯’i n‡q hvq|
 DfqgyLx wewµqv mg~n mvaviYZÑ ax‡i ax‡i N‡U, av‡c av‡c N‡U|
 mvg¨ve¯’v GKwU MwZkxj Ae¯’v, w¯’Zve¯’v bq|
 mKj ivmvqwbK wewµqvB mvg¨ve¯’vi w`‡K avegvb, hw`I wewµqKmg~n m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Drcv‡` cwiYZ
bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
 †Kvb e¯‘i AvswkK Pvc ej‡Z H e¯‘i †gvj fMœvsk I me©‡gvU Pv‡ci ¸Ydj‡K †evSvq|
 GKwU wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq GKwU wewµqvi mvg¨vsK wbw`©ó|
 †h mKj mvg¨ wewµqvq wewµqK I Drcv` GKB †dR (phase) ev `kvq _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K mgmË¡
mvg¨ e‡j|
 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z I Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mvg¨ aªæe‡Ki gvb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
 †Kvb M¨vmxq wewµqvq Drcv‡`i w`‡K Aby msL¨v AwaKZi n‡j Pvc e„w× Ki‡j mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb n‡Z
evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
 ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v ïay gvÎ DfgyLx wewµqvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
 mKj ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v GKwU Pjgvb mvg¨ve¯’v|
 ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v †KejgvÎ Ave× cwigÛ‡j m„wó nq|
 Zvcnvix wewµqvq Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j mvg¨ve¯’v m¤§yL w`‡K AMÖmi n‡e|
 †h mKj wewµqvq wewµqK I Drcv‡`i †gvj msL¨v mgvb †mB mKj wewµqvi †¶‡Î Pv‡ci †Kvb
cÖfve †bB|
 †h mKj wewµqvq wewµqK I Drcv‡`i †gvj msL¨v mgvb †mB mKj wewµqvi †¶‡Î KP I KC Gi
gvb mgvb|
 MvwbwZK mgm¨vejx

1. 700 K ZvcgvÎq I 20 atm Pv‡c N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌  2NH3(g) wewµqvwUi mvg¨ve¯’vq

21% N2 I 16% NH3 _v‡K| wewµqvwUi Kp I Kc wbY©q Ki|
Soln: 100 mol wewµqv wgkª‡Y 21 mol N2 I 16 mol NH3 _vK‡j {(100–(21+16)} ev,
63 mol H2 Av‡Q|
63
 PH2 = × 20 = 12.6 atm
100
PNH3 = 16 × 20 = 3.2 atm
100
PN2 = 21 × 20 = 4.2 atm
100
(PNH3)2 (3.2)2 10.24
 Kp = = = = 1.2 × 10–3 atm–2
(PN2)(PH2)3 (4.2) (12.6)3 8401.6
Avevi, KP = KC (RT)n ; GLv‡b, n = 2 – (1 + 3) = –2
KP
or, KC = n ; R = 0.082 L atm K~1 mol–1
(RT)
1.2 × 10–3
or, KC = = 1.2 × 10–3 × (0.082 × 700)2
(0.082 × 700)–2
= 1.2 × 10–3 × 3294.76 = 3.9537
myZivs wb‡Y©q KP = 1.2 × 10–3 atm–2 Ges
KC = 3.9537 L2mol–2 Ans.
2. 100 †m: ZvcgvÎvq PCl5 35% we‡qvwRZ nq| †gvU Pvc 1.5 evqygÛj n‡j KP Gi gvb wbY©q
Ki?
Soln: GLv‡b,
†`Iqv Av‡Q -
P= 1.5 evqygÛj
T= (273+100) K= 373K  = 35% = 0.35
R = 0.082 wj: evqygÛj K-1 †gvj -1
2 (0.35) 2
KP = .P =  15
. = 0.209 Ans.
1 2 1  (0.35) 2
 SO2  O2 ⇌ SO3
3. 600 †m: ZvcgvÎvq 1 wewµqvwUi Gi gvb 61.7 n‡j Kp = ?
KC
2
Soln:
T = (600+273) = 873k
R = 0.082 wj: atm k-1‡gvj –1
 1
 n = 1 – 1+  =  1
 2 2

Kc ( RT ) n = 61.7  0.082  873

1

Kp = = 7.292 2

1
4. †Kvb DfgyLx wewµqvi △n Gi gvb . KZ †Kjwfb ZvcgvÎvq wewµqvwUi Kp I Kc Gi gvb
2
h_vµ‡g 40.5 I 5.5 n‡e?
Soln: GLv‡b,
Kp = 40.5 Kc = 5.5
1
R = 0.082 L.atm. K-1mol-1 △n =
2
Avgiv Rvwb, Kp = Kc (RT)△n
ev, 40.5 = 5.5(0.082T)1/2
ev, T = 661.26 K
5. 50C DòZvq N2O4 we‡hvR‡bi Kp Gi gvb 3.11 atm| mvg¨wgkÖ‡Y NO2 Gi AvswkK Pvc
0.45 atm n‡j N2O4 Gi AvswkK Pvc KZ?
Soln:
GLv‡b, Kp = 3.11 atm
NO2 Gi AvswkK Pvc,
P = 0.45 atm N2O4 Gi AvswkK Pvc, PN O  ?
NO2
2 4

Avgiv Rvwb, N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2 wewµqvi Rb¨ Kp = P 2 NO2

PN O
2 4

 PN 2 O4 
P 2 NO2
= (0.45) 2
= 0.065 atm Ans.
Kp 3.11

6. A I B `ywU wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv wewµqvi ïiæ‡Z 0.8 mol/dm3| bx‡Pi mgxKiY Abyhvqx wewµqv
K‡i C I D Drcbœ K‡i| A+B ⇌
C+D mvg¨ve¯’vq D Gi NbgvÎv 0.6 mol/dm3 n‡j wewµqvi mvg¨aªæeK KZ?
 [C]  [D] 0.6  0.6
Solve: KC = = 0.2  0.2
= 9 (Ans.)
[A]  [B]

7. 400C –G 8.1 mol H2, 9.3 mol I2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 13.5 mol HI Drcbœ K‡i|
wewµqvi mvg¨aªæeK KZ?
Solve: H2 + I2 ⇌ 2HI (8.1 – x) (9.3 – x) 2x
 2x = 13.5 or x = 6.75
mvg¨ve¯’vq H2 Gi NbgvÎv [H2] = 8.1 V6.75 = 1.V35 mol/dm3
9.3  6.75 2.55 3
I2 Gi NbgvÎv [I2] = V
= V
mol/dm
13.5
HI Gi NbgvÎv [HI] = V mol/dm3
 KC = [H[HI] ][I ] = 1.35
(13.5) 2
2

 2.55
= 52.94 Ans.
2 2

8. 50 †m. G N2O4 we‡qvR‡bi KP Gi gvb 3.11 atm| mvg¨wgkª‡b NO2 Gi AvswkK Pvc 0.45
atm n‡j N2O4 Gi AvswkK Pvc KZ?
Solve: N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2
2
P 2 NO 2 P 2 NO 2
KP = PN 2 O 4
or PN 2 O 4 =
Kp
= (03.45
.11
)

= 0.065 atm Ans.

9. 25C DòZvq 1.0 atm Pv‡c N2O4 18.5% we‡qvwRZ nq| D³ we‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ KP Gi gvb
wbY©q Ki|
Solve: †`qv Av‡Q N2O4 we‡qvwRZ nq = 18.5%
we‡qvRbgvÎv,  = 18.5
100
= 0.185

Avgiv Rvwb, N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2 Gi Rb¨ mvg¨vsK

4 2
KP = P 4(0.185) 2
 1.0 = 0.142 atm
1  2
1  (0.185) 2

Ans. we‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ KP = 0.142 atm

10. 25C ZvcgvÎvq 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2NOCl(g) mvg¨wewµqvq NO(g), Cl2(g) Ges
NOCl(g) Gi AvswkK Pvc h_vµ‡g 5.0  10–2, 3.0  10–1 Ges 1.2 atm| mvg¨ wewµqvwUi
KP MYbv Ki|
 (PNOCl ) 2
Solve: KP =
(PNO ) 2 (PCl2 )

(1.2) 2
ev, KP =
(5.0  10 ) (3.0  10 1 )
2 2

= 1.92  103 atm–1

Try by yourself

1. 2SO2(g)+O2(g)⇌ 2SO3(g) wewµqvwU‡Z mvg¨ve¯’vq 0.27 mol/dm3 SO2, 0.40

mol/dm3 O2(g) Ges 0.33 mol/dm3 SO3(g) cvIqv †M‡j wewµqvwUi mvg¨aªæeK KZ?
Ans: Kc = 3.7 dm3 /mol.
2. 15.0 mol H2 Ges 5.2 mol I2 Gi wgkÖY DËß Ki‡j 10.0 mol HI Drcbœ nq| wewµqvwUi mvg¨aªæeK
KZ? Ans: 50
3. A I B `ywU wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv wewµqvi ïiæ‡Z 0.8 mol /dm3| A I B wb‡Pi mgxKiY Abyhvqx
wewµqv K‡i C I D Drcbœ K‡i|
A+B C +D mvg¨ve¯’vq D Gi NbgvÎv 0.6 mol/dm3 n‡j wewµqvwUi mvg¨aªæeK KZ?
Ans: 9
4. 30C DòZvq Ges 1.5 atm Pv‡c 15.6% PCl5 we‡qvwRZ nq| D³ we‡qvR‡bi Kp KZ?
Ans: 3.7410-2 atm.
5. 370 K ZvcgvÎvq PCl5 Gi 50% we‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ KZ Pvc `iKvi? PCl5 PCl3 +
Cl2 ; Kp = 2.1 Lit atm.
Ans:6.3 atm
6. †Kvb wewµqvq n Gi gvb 0.5| KZ †Kjwfb ZvcgvÎvq wewµqvwU KP Ges KC Gi gvb h_vµ‡g
32.5 I 2.5 n‡e?
(R = 0.0821 L atm K1 mol1)? Ans: 2058.46 K

A¤ø-ÿviK mvg¨ve¯’v
 †Kvb A¤ø †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb Acmvi‡Yi d‡j †h ¶viK m„wó nq, Zv‡K †m A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ¶viK
ejv nq|
†hgb: H2 SO4- Gi AbyeÜx ¶viK n‡”Q HSO4–
H2SO4 + H2O HSO4– + H3O+
AbyeÜx ¶viK AbyeÜx A¤ø
A¤ø ¶vi

Avevi, HSO4– ¶vi‡Ki AbyeÜx A¤ø n‡”Q H2SO4

 †Kvb ¶v‡ii mv‡_ GKwU †cÖvUb ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j †h A‡¤øi m„wó nq, Zv‡K †m ¶vi‡Ki AbyeÜx A¤ø ejv
nq|
†hgb: ¶viK H2O-Gi AbyeÜx A¤ø n‡”Q H3O+, Aciw`‡K H3O+ A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ¶viK H2O
H2SO4 + H2O HSO4– H3O +
A¤ø ¶viK AbyeÜx ¶viK AbyeÜx A¤ø
+

 Zxeª A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ¶viK `ye©j Ges `ye©j A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ¶viK Zxeª|
 Zxeª ¶vi‡Ki AbyeÜx A¤ø `ye©j Ges `ye©j ¶vi‡Ki AbyeÜx A¤ø Zxeª|

 A¤ø I ¶vi‡Ki jyBm gZev`:

1923 wLª÷v‡ã wR. Gb. jyBm A¤ø I ¶viK m¤úKx©q B‡jKUªbxq gZev` Dc¯’vcb K‡ib, hv jyBm
gZev` bv‡g cwiwPZ| A¤ø ¶vi‡Ki jyBm gZev` nj wbgœiƒc:
A¤ø: A¤ø ev GwmW nj GKwU †hŠM ev Avqb hv Ab¨ c`v_© n‡Z B‡jKUªb hyMj MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
¶viK: ¶viK nj GKwU †hŠM ev Avqb hv Ab¨ c`v_©‡K B‡jKUªb hyMj `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
A_©vr ms‡¶‡c A¤ø nj B‡jKUªb hyMj MÖnxZv Ges ¶viK nj B‡jKUªb hyMj `vZv|
D`vniY¯^iƒc: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb ((H+)) I wmjfvi Avqb (Ag+) cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GK GKwU jyBm GwmW,
KviY Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡K GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb hyMj MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aciw`‡K A¨v‡gvwbqv AYy
(:NH3) nj GKwU jyBm ¶viK, KviY GwU H+ Avqb I Ag+ Avqb‡K B‡jKUªb-hyMj `vb K‡i
h_vµ‡g A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb (NH4+) I WvBA¨vg&wgb wmjfvi (I) bvgK RwUj Avqb MVb K‡i|
H   : NH 3  NH 4 ev, [H  NH 3 ]
..
Ag   2 N H 3  [H 3 N  
.. Ag .. NH 3 ]

 .. 
G‡¶‡Î A¨v‡gvwbqv  N H 3  AYyw¯’Z N cigvYyi wbtm½ B‡jKUªb hyMj H+ Avqb I Ag+ Avqb‡K
 

`vb K‡i cÖwZ‡¶‡Î mwbœ‡ek eÜb Øviv h_vµ‡g NH4+ Avqb I WvBA¨vg&wgb wmjfvi (I) Avqb
[Ag (NH3)2]+ Drcbœ K‡i‡Q|
 A¤ø I ¶vi‡Ki we‡qvRb gvÎvi msÁv nj: ÒGKwU `ªe‡Y Dcw¯’Z †Kvb A¤ø ev ¶viK-Gi †gvj msL¨vi
†h fMœvsk we‡qvwRZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K, Zv‡K H A¤ø ev ¶vi‡Ki we‡qvRb gvÎv e‡j|Ó A_©vr

we‡qvwRZ A¤ø ev ¶vi‡Ki †gvjmsL¨v

A¤ø ev ¶vi‡Ki we‡qvRb gvÎv = `ªexf~Z H A¤ø ev ¶vi‡Ki †gvU †gvjmsL¨v

g„`y A¤ø I ¶vi‡Ki Z_v Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i `ªeY jNy Ki‡j A_©vr NbgvÎv n«v‡mi d‡j we‡qvRb
gvÎv e„w× cvq| ZLbI `ªe‡Y g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AvqwbZ nq bv, 1888 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx
AmIqvì g„`y Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i jNy `ªe‡Yi †¶‡Î DfgyLx mvg¨ve¯’vq fiwµqv m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i we‡qvRb
gvÎv wfwËK GKwU mgxKiY cÖwZôv K‡ib, hv AmIqv‡ìi jNyKiY m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|

 Am&Iqv‡ìi jNyKiY m~Î: weÁvbx AmIqvì me©cÖ_g †`Lvb †h, jNy `ªe‡Y g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨ †hgb g„`y
A¤ø I ¶vi‡Ki we‡qvRb-gvÎv H A¤ø I ¶vi‡Ki `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎvi eM©g~‡ji e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK| GwUB
AmIqv‡ìi jNyKiY m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 Information:

 eªb‡÷W I jvDix (1923) gZev` Abymv‡i, GwmW †cÖvUb `vb K‡i Ges ¶viK †cÖvUb MÖnb K‡i|
 hw` †Kvb †hŠM Gi Rjxq `ªeY jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i, Z‡e GwU ¶viK Ges bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj
Ki‡j GwU A¤ø Ges wjUgv‡m †Kvb cwieZ©b bv n‡j GwU wbi‡c¶ †hŠM|
 †h GwmW GKwU gvÎ †cÖvUb †`q Zv‡K g‡bv‡cÖvwUK GwmW e‡j|
†hgb: HCl  H++Cl, HCl g‡bv‡cÖvwUK A¤ø|
 †h GwmW G‡Ki AwaK †cÖvUb †`q, Zv‡K cwj/ev WvB †cÖvwUK A¤ø e‡j|
†hgb: H2SO4  2H++ SO4-- ; H2SO4 cwj‡cÖvwUK A¤ø|
 g‡bv †cÖvwUK ¶viK|
†hgb: NH3+H+ NH4+
 cwj/UªvB †cÖvwUK ¶viK|
†hgb: PO43 + 3H+  H3PO4
 GwmW †cÖvUb `v‡bi ci ¶vi‡K Ges ¶viK †cÖvUb MÖn‡bi ci Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq|
 GwmW †cÖvUb `vb K‡i| ¶viK †cÖvUb MÖnb K‡i|
 25C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi AvqwbK ¸Ydj Gi gvb 110-14 |
 †Kvb `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NbgvÎvi FYvZ¡K jMvwi`g‡K H `ªe‡Yi pH e‡j|
 PH = -log[H+]
 weï× cvwbi PH = 7
 Zxeª GwmW I `ye©j ¶v‡ii UvB‡Uªk‡b wg_vBj A‡iÄ ev wg_vBj †iW e¨envi Kiv nq|
 cvwbi AvqwbK ¸Ydj, KW=[OH-] [H+]
 cvwbi PH = POH = -log 10-7 = 7
 `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb nvB‡Wªvwbqvg (H3O+) wnmv‡e _v‡K|
 †nÛvimb mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ evdvi `ªe‡Yi PH Gi gvb MYbv Kiv nq|
 †Kvb `ªe‡Yi wbw`©ó AvqZ‡b `ª‡ei cwigvY Rvbv _vK‡j †m `ªeY‡K cÖgvY `ªeY e‡j|
 g„`y GwmW I g„`y ¶vi‡Ki cvi¯úwiK UªvB‡Ukb Kivi mgq `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb AwZ ax‡i ax‡i
cwiewZ©Z nq|
 ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq i‡³i pH=7.4 _v‡K Ges G gvb me©`v AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
 gvwUi pH Gi gvb 9.5 Gi Dc‡i n‡j gvwUi De©iZv webó nq|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi m¨v¤úy Drcv`‡b GwmWxq gva¨g Z_v pH Gi gvb 5.0 - 5.5, Avevi mvevb Drcv`‡b
pH Gi 7.0 Gi AwaK msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq|
 De©i gvwUi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AZ¨vbyKzj pH gvb n‡jv 7.0 †_‡K 8.0|
 gvwUi pH Gi 3.0 Gi †P‡q Kg A_©vr Zxeª GwmWxq ev 10.00 Gi †P‡q †ewk A_©vr Zxeª ¶vixq n‡j
gvwU AYyRxe (microorganism) gy³ _v‡K|
 gvwUi pH gvb gvÎvwZwi³ e„w× †c‡j wewfbœ bvB‡UªU (KNO3, NaNO3 Ges NH4NO3) I
dm‡dU (mycvi dm‡dU I wU.Gm.wc) mvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i pH wbqš¿Y A_©vr evdvwis Kiv nq|
[jeY]
 †nÛvimb mgxKiYwU n‡jv: PH = Pka + log [A¤ø]
 B‡jKUªbwenxb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb‡K †cÖvUb e‡j|
 g„`y GwmW ev ¶vi‡Ki †¶‡Î, Ka ev Kb=2C
 we‡qvRb aªæeK, Ka =  C
2

1 2

 cvwbi KC =  H OH 
 

 H 2 O
 weï× cvwbi [H+] = [OH] = 107 g/dm3
 GKwU wbw`©ó Zwor FYvZ¥K c`v‡_©i mv‡_ hy³ Ab¨vb¨ c`v_© ev g~j‡Ki Dci D³ †hŠ‡Mi ¶vixqZv
wbf©i K‡i| mshy³ g~jKwU hZ †ewk Zwor FYvZ¥K n‡e D³ †hŠ‡Mi ¶vixqZv ZZ †ewk n‡e|
 ¶v‡ii ZxeªZv Bnvi K¨vUvq‡bi AvKvi Ges Avav‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| AvKvi µgk e„w× †c‡Z
_vK‡j ZxeªZv I †ewk n‡Z _v‡K|
D`vniY:
A¨vjKvwj avZz nvB‡Wªv·vBWmg~‡ni ZxeªZv LiOH n‡Z ïiæ K‡i CsOH ch©šÍ e„w× cvq,
LiOH < NaOH <KOH< CsOH
 GKwU Nb GwmW `ªe‡Yi PH Gi gvb k~‡b¨i bx‡P n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: 10.0 (M) HCl Gi PH = –
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e ¶vi‡Ki POH Gi gvb 14 Gi Dci n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mvaviYZ PH Gi gvb 0 n‡Z 14
ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 GK bR‡i wKQz evdvi `ªeY
evdvi `ªeY evdvi `ªe‡Yi
pH gvb
i) _¨vwjK GwmW I 2.2 – 3.8
cUvwmqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
_¨v‡jU
ii) wdbvBj GwmwUK 3.2 – 4.9
GwmW I Na wdbvBj
Gwm‡UU
iii) CH3COOH I 3.7 – 5.3
CH3COONa
iv)K~nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _¨v‡jU 4.0 – 6.2
I WvB cUvwmqvg
_¨v‡jU
v) NaH2PO4 I 5.9 – 8.0
Na2HPO4
vi)†evwiK GwmW I †eviv· 6.8 – 9.2
 vii) WvBB_vBj 7 – 9.2
eviweDwiK GwmW I
Zvi Na-jeY
viii) †eviv· I NaOH 9.2 – 11.0
ix)Na2HPO4 I 11 – 12
NaOH
 wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D`vni‡Yi pH
µwgK bs bvg pH
1. i³ 7.2 – 7.4
(7.4)
2. gvZ… `y» 6.6 – 6.9
3. cÖmªve 4.8 – 7.5
4. †Pv‡Li cvwb 4.8 – 7.5
5. gvwU 7–8
6. k¨v¤úy 5.0 – 5.5
7. mvevb 7.0 Gi
AwaK
 GK bR‡i KwZcq Rjxq `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ:

pH `ªe‡Yi D`vniY
cÖK…wZ
7.0 wbi‡c¶ NaCl, KCl,
NaNO3, KNO3
> 7.0 ¶vixq Na2CO3, Na2S,
K2CO3,
KCN,
CH3COONa
< 7.0 A¤øxq NH4Cl, NH4NO3,
CuSO4,
 ZnCl2, AgNO3,
AlCl3
 Gwm‡Wi kw³gvÎv e„w×i Zzjbv:
KviY djvdj D`vniY
(Gwm‡Wi
ZxeªZv)
i) we‡qvRb aªæe‡Ki e„w× Ka(CH3COOH)=1.8103
gvb e„w× Ka (H2SO4) = 103
 H2SO4>CH3COOH
ii) †K›`ªxq e„w× +7 +6 +5
cigvYyi RviY HClO4 H2SO4 HNO3
msL¨v e„w× +4 +3 +1
(Aw· GwmW) H2SO3 HNO2 HClO
iii) †K›`ªxq e„w× HI > HBr > HCl
cigvYyi
AvKvi e„w×
(nvBWªvwmW)
iv) Pv‡R©i P cigvYyi AvKvi
NbZ¡ e„w× >N cigvYyi AvKvi
(hLb RviY gvb  N cigvYyi PvR©NbZ¡
GKB) > P cigvYyi PvR© NbZ¡
Pv‡R©i cwigvY
PvR© NbZ¡ =
AvKvi +5 +5
HNO3 > H3PO4
 wewfbœ cÖK…wZi GwmW ¶viK UªvB‡Uªk‡b e¨eüZ Dchy³ wb‡`©kK:
 GwmW-¶vi D`vniY Kvh©Ki wb‡`©kK
PH
cwimi
1. Zxeª GwmW- HCl- 3.0- wg_vBj
g„`y ¶vi Na2CO3 6.5 A‡iÄ I
wg_vBj †iW
2. g„`y GwmW- CH3CO 8.0- †dbjd_¨vwj
Zxeª ¶vi OH- 10.0 b
NaOH
3. Zxeª GwmW- HCl- 3.0- me wb‡`©kK
Zxeª ¶vi NaOH 10.0
4. g„`y GwmW- CH3CO 0 †Kvb
g„`y ¶vi OH- wb‡`k©K †bB
NH4OH
 A¤ø-¶viK wb‡`©kKmg~n:
msÁv: A¤ø-¶viK UvB‡Uªk‡bi mgq A¤ø-¶vi‡Ki cÖkgb wewµqvi †kl we›`y ev Zzj¨Zv we›`y wba©vi‡Yi
Rb¨ KwZcq †hŠM e¨envi Kiv nq| G me †hŠM A¤øxq gva¨‡g GK ai‡bi eY© †`Lvq Ges ¶vixq
gva¨‡g Ab¨ ai‡bi eY© †`Lvq| G me †hŠM‡K A¤ø-¶viK wb‡`©kK ejv nq|
†Kvb UvB‡Uªk‡bi Zzj¨Zv we›`y‡Z †h wb‡`©k‡Ki eY© nVvr cwiewZ©Z nq, Zv H UvB‡Uªk‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³
wb‡`©kK|
†Kvb c`v_©‡K wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi cÖavb kZ©mg~n n‡”Q wbgœiƒc:
1| wb‡`©k‡Ki eY© h‡_ó ¯’vqx I D¾¡j n‡Z n‡e Ges A¤øxq gva¨g I ¶vixq gva¨‡gi e‡Y©i g‡a¨ h‡_ó
cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| Giv wecixZ e‡Y©i n‡j me‡P‡q fvj nq|
2| wb‡`©k‡Ki eY© nVvr cwiewZ©Z n‡Z n‡e| A_©vr H+ Avq‡bi †h NbgvÎvi g‡a¨ wb‡`©k‡Ki eY©
cwiewZ©Z nq Zvi cwimi ¯^í n‡Z n‡e|
3| †h wewµqvi †¶‡Î wb‡`©kK e¨envi Kiv n‡e, Zvi UvB‡Uªk‡bi mgvcbx we›`y‡Z wb‡`©k‡Ki eY©
cwiewZ©Z n‡Z n‡e|
 mvaviY wb‡`©k‡Ki eY© cwieZ©‡bi PH Gi cwimi:
wb‡`©kK eY© A¤øxq ¶vixq
cwieZ©‡bi `ªe‡Y `ªe‡Y
PH Gi eY© eY©
cwimi
wg_vBj 3.1  †Mvjvcx njy`
A‡iÄ 4.0 jvj
wg_vBj †iW 4.2  jvj njy`
6.3
†dbjd_¨vw 8.3  10 eY©nxb †Mvjvcx
jb
†eªv‡gv 3.0  njy` bxj
†dbj 4.6
wg_vBj 2.9  jvj njy`
B‡qv‡jv 4.0
_vBgj eøy 1.2  jvj njy`
2.8
wµmj †iW 7.2-8.8 njy` jvj
†dbj †iW 6.8-8.4 njy` jvj
†eªvg_vBgj 6.0-7.6 njy` bxj
eøy
wjUgvm 6.0-8.0 jvj bxj
†eªv‡gvwµmj 3.8-4.0 njy` bxj
MÖxb
 g„`y Gwm‡Wi we‡qvRb aªæe‡Ki gvb †`Iqv n‡jv:

GwmW Ka Pka
diwgK GwmW 1.77210- 3.75
4

GwmwUK GwmW 1.77410- 4.75

5

†K¬v‡iv GwmwUK 1.37910- 2.86

GwmW 3

†eb‡RvwqK 3.3110-5 4.48

GwmW
†dbj 1.2010-10 9.92

Nice to Know
 Avi‡nwbqv‡mi gZev` Abymv‡i-A¨vwmW mg~n Rjxq `ªe‡Y we‡qvwRZ n‡qÑ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb `vb
K‡i|
 A¨vwmW I ¶vi‡Ki g‡a¨ g~j mvsMVwbK cv_©K¨ n‡jvÑ GKwU †cÖvwUb|
 A¤ø ¶viK mvg¨ve¯’vq mswkøó c`v_© ¸‡jv AvqwbK Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
 jyBm ¶viKÑ H2O.
 GKwU A¨vwmW ev ¶vi‡Ki AvqwbK nIqvi gvÎv‡KÑ we‡qvRb gvÎv e‡j|
 †h Ae¯’vq A¨vwmW-¶viK cÖkgb wewµqvi m¤§yL I cðvrgyLx wewµqvi MwZ‡eM mgvb n‡q hvq Zv‡K
A¤ø-¶viK mvg¨ve¯’v e‡j|
 ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vq mswkøó c`v_©¸‡jv KwVb, Zij I M¨vm †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡ÎB c`v_© AvYweK Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
 A¨vwmW-¶viK mvg¨e¯’vi m‡½ mswkøó wewµqK I Drcbœ c`v_©¸‡jv `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
 A¤ø I ¶vi‡Ki Av`vb cÖ`vbK…Z †cÖvUb msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i A¨vwmW I ¶vi‡Ki cÖvavbZ 2 fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
i. g‡bv †cÖvwUKt gvÎ GKwU †cÖvUb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb A¨vwmW|
ii. cwj †cÖvwUK t G‡Ki AwaK †cÖvUb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z m¶g A¨vwmW|
 cvwb GKwU Dfqag©x c`v_©|
 298 K ZvcgvÎvi cvwbi AvqwbK ¸bdj Kw = 10–14 Mol2/dm6
 `ªe‡Yi PHt `ªe‡b H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎvi FYvZ¥K jMvwi`g‡K PH ejv nq| A_©vr PH = log [H+]
 A¨vwmW ¶vi wewµqvq †h mg¯Í `ªeY †ei Kiv nq †m¸‡jvi NbgvÎv 10–10 †_‡K 10–14 mol/dm3
nq|
 cÖkg `ªe‡b [H+] = [OH] = 10–7 mol/dm3 (298 k ZvcgvÎvq)|
 wbi‡c¶ `ªe‡Yi [H+] = [OH–] = 10–7 mol/dm3
 wbi‡c¶ `ªe‡Yi PH = POH = – log 10–7 = 7
 A¤øxq `ªe‡Yi PH = 0 – 7 Ges ¶vixq `ªe‡Yi PH = 7 – 14
 †h †Kvb `ªe‡Yi PH + POH = 14.
`ªe‡Yi H+ Gi MvpZ¡ hZ n«vm cvq PH ZZ ev‡o| H+ Gi MvpZ¡ 10 ¸Y evo‡j PH Gi gvb 1 n«vm
cvq|
 298 K ZvcgvÎvq GKwU wbi‡c¶ `ªe‡Yi PH Gi gvb = 7
 i‡³i PH = 7.4
 †h `ªe‡Y mxwgZ gvÎvq A¤ø ev ¶vi †hvM Kivi c‡iI PH Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv Zv‡K e‡jÑ evdvi
`ªeY|
 gvwUi PH K‡g †M‡j †h ai‡bi mvi †hvM K‡i gvb wbqš¿Y Kiv nq Zv nj, Ca-mvi, Mg-mvi|
m~Îvejx
(i) Dissociation constant of acid,
Ka = 1 C & Forweakacidor base, Ka = 2  C
2

(ii) Hendersons Eqiation:

PH = PKa + log [Salt]
[Acod]

[Salt ]
(iii) POH = PKr + log [Base ]

(iv) PH = –log[H+]
(v) PH = –log[OH–]

(vi) PH + POH = 14

MvwbwZK mgm¨vejx
D`vniY: 298 K ev, 25C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU 0.1M B_v‡bvwqK GwmW `ªe‡Yi pH wbY©q Ki|
n [CH3COO–]  [H+]
Sol : Ka =
[CH3COOH]
Avevi B_v‡bvwqK GwmW `ye©j GwmW nIqvq AwZ Aí cwigv‡Y AvqwbZ nq| ZvB `ªe‡Y Awe‡qvwRZ
CH3COOH Gi NbgvÎv 0.1 molL–1 aiv hvq|
[CH3COO–]  [H+] [H+]2
ZLb, Ka = =
[CH3COOH] 0.1
ev, [H+]2 = Ka  0.1 = (1.7610–5)  0.1 = 1.7610–6
 [H+] = 1.7610–6 = 1.33  10–3 molL–1
 pH = –log (1.33  10–3) = 2.88 Ans.
D`vniY: †Kvb Rjxq `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NbgvÎv 310–5 molL–1 n‡j H `ªe‡Yi pH KZ
n‡e? `ªeYwUi cÖK…wZ A¤øxq n‡e bvwK ¶vixq n‡e|
Soln: [H+] = 3  10–5 molL–1
 pH = – log [H+] = – log (310–5)
= – [log3 – 5 log10] = – 0.477 + 5 = 4.52
 `ªe‡Yi pH = 4.52; †h‡nZz `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb 7 Gi †P‡q Kg, ZvB `ªeYwU A¤øxq n‡e| Ans.
1. 0.025 (M), 1 (M), 0.1 (M), 0.001 (M) HCl `ªe‡Yi PH KZ?
Soln: HCl  H++ Cl-
(i) Avgiv Rvwb, PH = – log [H+] = –log 0.025= 1.6
(ii) PH = - log [H+] = –log 1= 0
(iii) PH = - log [H+] = – log (0.1) = 1
(iv) PH = - log [H+] = – log (0.001) = 3 Ans.
2. †Kvb `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NYgvÎv 0.0004 n‡j H `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ wKiƒc n‡e?
Soln: PH =  log [H+] =  log [0.0004] = 3.398
  †h‡nZz PH Gi gvb 3.398 myZivs H `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ n‡e A¤øxq| Ans.
3.  M  NaOH `ªe‡Yi PH KZ?
 10 

Sol : NaOH  Na++ OH-

n

POH = - log [OH-] = - log (0.1) = 1

Avgiv Rvwb, PH+POH=14 ev, PH=14-POH = 14-1= 13 Ans.

4. cvK¯’jxi cvPK i‡m pH Gi gvb 1.4 n‡j H i‡m H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv KZ?
Soln:
Avgiv Rvwb, pH = – log [H+] [H+] = log-1[-pH]
= log-1(–1.4) = 0.0398 M Ans.
5. hw` †Kvb ¶vi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv 210-3 M nq Zvn‡j `ªeYwUi pH KZ?
Soln:
GLv‡b, pOH = – log [210-3] =2.699
Avgiv Rvwb, pH + pOH = 14
ev, pH = 14–2.699 = 11.30 Ans.
6. Kgjv‡jeyi i‡mi GKwU bgybvq nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avq‡bi NbgvÎv 2.910–4 M cvIqv †Mj| H i‡mi
PH Gi gvb KZ? `ªeYwU wK GwmWxq?
Solve: [H3O+] = 2.9  10–4M
 PH = –log[H3O+] = 3.54
 PH < 7  `ªebwU GwmWxq|
7. 0.5M cÖcvbwqK GwmW, 0.5M †mvwWqvg cÖcvb‡qUwewkó †Kvb evdvi `ªebi PH KZ? cvwb †hvM
K‡i `ªe‡Yi AvqZb wظY Kiv n‡j PH Gi wK cwieZ©b n‡e? [Ka = 1.34  10–5]
Salt
Solve: PH = PKa + log Acid
= .87 + log 00..55 = 4.87
[jeY]
wgkª‡Y cvwb †hvM Ki‡j PH Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv KviY AbycvZ w¯’i _v‡K| Ans.
[GwmW]
8. 1.0 molar `ªe‡Y HCN Gi kZKiv KZ fvM we‡qvwRZ nq MYbv Ki| [Ka = 4.0  10–10]
Solve: HCN GKwU g„`y GwmW e‡j G‡Ki Zzjbvq ‘’ Lye bMY¨ a‡i wb‡j-Avgiv cvB
2C = Ka 2  1.0 = 4.0  10–10
   = 2.0  10–5
AZGe, HCN Gi `ªe‡Yi we‡qvR‡bi kZKiv cwigvY =
(2.0  10–5  100)% = 2.0  10–3% Ans.
9. GKwU `ªe‡Yi [H3O+] = 4.83  10–8 mol/dm3 n‡j `ªeYwUi pH MYbv Ki|
Solve: Avgiv Rvwb, pH = – log [H3O+]
AZGe `ªe‡Yi pH = – log [4.83  10–8]
= – (0.68 – 8)= 7.32. Ans.
10. GKwU `ªe‡Yi pH = 3.6 `ªeYwUi [H3O+] wbY©q Ki|
Solve: pH = – log [H+];
[H+] = log–1
[– pH] = log–1 (– 3.6) = 2.51  10–4 M
[H3O+] = 2.51  10–4 M. Ans.
11. hw` †Kvb `ªe‡Yi [OH–] = 3.4  10–5M nq Zvn‡j `ªeYwUi pH KZ?
Solve: GLv‡b, pOH = – log (3.4  10–5) = – (0.53 – 5.0)= 4.47.
Avgiv Rvwb, pH + pOH = 14 ev, pH + 4.47 = 14
 pH = 14 – 4.47 = 9.53 Ans.

Try by yourself

1. 2.5  104 M NaOH `ªe‡Yi pH KZ? Ans. 10.3979

2. 1.0 M `ªe‡Y HCN Gi kZKiv KZ fvM we‡qvwRZ nq ? (Ka = 4.010-10) Ans: 2.010-
3
%
3. 0.1M A¨vwmwUK GwmW I 0.1M †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU wewkó `ªe‡Yi pH KZ? (Ka = 1.010-5)
Ans: 5.0
4. 15 ml 0.15 M A¨vwmwUK GwmW `ªe‡Y 6 ml 0.15 M NaOH `ªeY †hvM Kiv n‡jv| Drcbœ
`ªe‡Yi pH KZ n‡e? [pKa = 4.76] Ans: 4.58
5. 2.5% NaOH `ªe‡Yi pH KZ? Ans: 13.796

ivmvqwbK wewµqvq kw³i iƒcvšÍi

 ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b:
†h cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i AYymg~‡ni Dcv`vb I AYyi MVbcÖK…wZi ¯’vqx cwieZ©b N‡U Ges
D³ c`v_© wb‡Ri ag© nvwi‡q m¤ú~Y© bZzb ag©wewkó Ab¨ c`v‡_© cwiewZ©Z nq, Zv‡K ivmvqwbK
cwieZ©b e‡j|
 ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡b c`v‡_©i AYymg~‡ni Dcv`vb I AYyi MVb cÖK…wZi ¯’vqx cwieZ©b N‡U|
 cÖK…Zc‡¶ me ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡b Zvc kw³i cwieZ©b N‡U|
 †fŠZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j c`v‡_©i evwn¨K Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b N‡U, Gi d‡j bZzb †Kvb AYyi m„wó nq bv|
 Mø~‡KvR cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡jÑ Zvc †kvwlZ nq|

 kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î: ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b ev wewµqvi †ejvq kw³i †h cwieZ©b N‡U, Zv
ZvcMwZweÁv‡bi cÖ_g m~Î Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| m~ÎwU wbgœiƒc: Òkw³ GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨iƒ‡c
cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ G‡K KL‡bv m„wó ev aŸsm Kiv hvq bv|

 Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv:
†h ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Zvc kw³i Drcbœ nq Ges wewµqv A‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvq Zv‡K
Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv e‡j|
†hgb-
1. N2+3H2 ⇌2NH3+ Zvc (92.38 wK‡jvRyj †gvj-1)
2. 2SO2+O2⇌2SO3+ Zvc (189.12 wK‡jvRyj †gvj-1)
3. C+O2⇌CO2+ Zvc (393.5 wK‡jvRyj †gvj-1)

 Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi D`vniY:

nvB Kvjv mv_xi wgZv bvB
H2 C SO2 CH4 N
+ + + + +
O2 O2 O2 O2 H2
    
H2O CO2 SO2 CO2+ NH3
H2O

 Zvcnvix wewµqv:
 †h ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Zvc kw³ †kvwlZ nq Ges wewµqv A‡ji ZvcgvÎv n«vm cvq Zv‡K
Zvcnvix cwieZ©b e‡j|
†hgb-
1. N2+O2⇌2NO  Zvc (180.75 wK‡jvRyj †gvj-1)
2. 3O2⇌2O3  Zvc (284.51 wK‡jvRyj †gvj-1)
3. C+2S⇌CS2  Zvc (92.05 wK‡jvRyj †gvj-1)
 mKj `nb wewµqv Zv‡cvrcv`x| e¨wZµg-
N2+O2 ⇌ 2NO  Zvc (180.75 wK‡jvRyj †gvj-1)
 mKj cÖkgb wewµqv Zv‡cvrcv`x|
 wewµq‡Ki Avf¨šÍixb kw³ > Drcv‡`i Avf¨šÍixb kw³  Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv|
 wewµq‡Ki Avf¨šÍixb kw³ < Drcv‡`i Avf¨šÍixb kw³  Zvcnvix wewµqv|
 wewµq‡Ki kw³ = Drcv‡`i kw³ + wbM©Z kw³ : Zv‡cvrcv`x
wewµq‡Ki kw³ + †kvwlZ kw³= Drcv‡`i kw³: Zvcnvix wewµqv|
 eÜb fvO‡b †kvwlZ kw³ > eÜb m„wói mgq wegy³ kw³: Zvcnvix wewµqv|
 eÜb m„wói mgq wegy³ kw³ > eÜb fvO‡b †kvwlZ kw³: Zvc Drcv`x wewµqv|
 Zvc Drcv`x wewµqvq, H= -ve
 Zvcnvix wewµqvq, H= + ve
 †Kvb e¯‘‡Z mwÂZ w¯’wZkw³ I MwZkw³i †gvU mgwó‡K H e¯‘i Af¨šÍixY kw³ e‡j| G‡K 'E' Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 Gb&_vjwc: w¯’i Pv‡c †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi Af¨šÍixY kw³ (U) Gi mv‡_ wm‡÷‡gi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi
¸Ydj (P  V) kw³ ‡hvM Ki‡j †h †gvU kw³ nq, Zv‡K wm‡÷‡gi Gb&_vjwc ev a„Z Zvc e‡j|
Gb&_vjwc‡K ÔHÕ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr-
H = U + P  V; †hgb, P = wm‡÷‡gi Pvc
V = wm‡÷‡gi AvqZb

 Zvc ivmvqwbK mgxKi‡Y e¨eüZ mvs‡KwZK wPýmg~n:

1. †fŠZ Ae¯’v: KwVb c`v_©‡K (s), Zij c`v_©‡K (l), M¨vmxq c`v_©‡K (g), Rjxq `ªeY‡K (aq)
ev®ú‡K (vap) Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq|
2. Gb&_vjwci cwieZ©b: Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvq H = – (FYvZ¥K), Zvcnvix wewµqvq H = +
(abvZ¥K)|
3. cÖgvY Ae¯’v: ZvcgvÎv 25C ev, 298 K, Pvc GK evqygÐj (1atm) ev, 102kPa
 Ryj I K¨vjwii cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© n‡”Q-
 1 Cal = 4.184 Joule
 iæk weÁvbx wR.GBP.†nm 1840 wLª÷v‡ã Zvc imvq‡bi †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m~Î cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K Ô†n‡mi
m~ÎÕ e‡j|
 †Kvb wewµqvq Drcbœ ev †kvwlZ Zv‡ci cwigvb K¨vjwiwgUvi bvgK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv nq|
 bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqv Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î 400-500C ZvcgvÎv e¨eüZ nq|
 cÖgvY Ae¯’vq †h †Kvb †gŠ‡ji msMVb Zvc k~Y¨|
 cÖgvY Ae¯’vq mKj †gŠj I †gŠwjK M¨v‡mi Af¨šÍixb kw³ k~Y¨|
 cÖgvY wewµqv Zv‡ci †¶‡Î cÖgvY Ae¯’v ejv nq 25C ZvcgvÎv Ges GK evqygÛjxq Pvc‡K|
 cÖgvY wewµqv Zvc‡K Ho Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|

 †n‡mi Zvc mgwóKiY m~‡Îi MvwYwZK iƒc-

H1=H2+H3, GLv‡b H= kw³i cwieZ©b
 wewµqv Zvc = cvwbi cwigvY (Mªv‡g)  cvwbi Av‡cw¶K Zvc  ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨|
 G= wewµqvq gy³ kw³i cwieZ©b|
 `ªeY Zv‡c `ª‡ei cwigvY 1 †gvj Ges `ªve‡Ki cwigvY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK †ekx n‡Z nq|
 H = ms (t1  t2)
m = fi Ges S = cvwbi Av‡cw¶K Zvc|
 Kve©‡bi cÖgvY `nb Zvc = 787 wKt Ryj|
 `nb wewµqv memgq Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv|
 cvwbi Av‡cw¶K Zvc = 4.2 Ryj/Mªvg/C|
 cvwbi ev¯úxKiY Zvc n‡”Q 2259.36 Joule/g.
 Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª ¶v‡ii cÖkgb Zv‡ci gvb 57.32 wK‡jv Ryj|
 †nevi cÖYvjx‡Z NH3 cÖ¯‘wZi mgq 92.38 wKt Ryj Zvc Drcbœ nq|
 ¯úk© cÖYvjx‡Z H2SO4 cÖ¯‘wZi mgq 175.7 wK‡jvRyj Zvc Drcbœ nq|
 `nb Gb_vjwci mvnv‡h¨-
1. MVb Gb&_vjwc wbY©q 2. wewµqv Gb&_vjwc wbY©q
3. †hŠ‡Mi MVb wbY©q 4. wkLvi m‡ev©”P ZvcgvÎv wbY©q
5. R¡vjvwb I Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i Ryj gvb wbY©q

25C ZvcgvÎvq Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª

¶vi‡Ki cÖkgb Zvc, H
 cÖkgb Zvc, H
GwmW ¶viK
(kj)
HCl NaOH -57.34
H2SO4 NaOH -57.44
HNO3 NaOH -57.35
HCl KOH -57.43

 298 K ZvcgvÎvq 1 atm Pv‡c KwZcq †hŠ‡Mi cÖgvY MVb Gb_vjwc:

MVb Gb_vjwc
†hŠM
(kj/mol)
H2O (l) - 285.83
CO2 (g) - 393.513
SO2 (g) - 296.8
NH3 (g) - 46.1
NaCl (s) - 410.994
CH4(g) - 74.85

 298 k ZvcgvÎvq wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYyKiY Zvc:

cÖwµqv kj/mol.
1 + 79.1
2
F2(g) = F(g)
1 + 121.1
2
Cl2(g) =
Cl(g)
1 + 112.0
2
Br2(g) =
Br(g)
1 + 249.2
2
O2(g) = O(g)
 Mo eÜb Gb&_vjwc:
eÜb kj/mol
H-H 435.5
H-Cl 432
C-H 415
 Cl-Cl 243
C-C 344
H-F 563
H-Br 366
H-I 299
O-H 463
C-Cl 328
Z_¨cÖevn
 MVb Zvc:
cÖgvY Ae¯’vq †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi Dcv`vb †gŠjmg~n †_‡K Gi GK †gvj Drcv`bKv‡j Gb_vjwc Gi †h
cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K †hŠMwUi MVb Zvc ev MVb Gb&_vjwc e‡j| 25C ZvcgvÎvq I 1 atm Pv‡c
MVb Gb&_vjwc‡K Hf Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 `nb Zvc:
wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎv I 1 atm Pv‡c 1 †gvj †Kvb †gŠwjK ev †hŠwMK c`v_©‡K Aw·‡R‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `nb
Ki‡j Gb&_vjwci †h cwieZ©b N‡U, Zv‡K `nb Zvc ev `nb Gb&_vjwc e‡j| cÖgvY Ae¯’vq †Kvb c`v‡_©i
GK †gvj‡K Aw·‡R‡b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c `nb Ki‡j Gb&_vjwci †h cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡KB H c`v‡_©i cÖgvY
`nb Zvc ev cÖgvY `nb Gb&_vjwc e‡j| G‡K HC Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 `ªeY Zvc:
GKwU wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq h‡_ó cwigvY `ªve‡K GK †gvj `ªe‡K `ªexf‚Z K‡i hw` `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Ges
Zv‡Z hw` Av‡iv `ªveK †hvM K‡iI Zvcxq Ae¯’vq †Kvb cwieZ©b NUv‡bv bv hvq Z‡e H `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z
Ki‡Z Zv‡ci †h cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K H `ª‡ei `ªeY Zvc e‡j|
 cÖkgb Zvc:
25C ZvcgvÎvq GwmW cÖ`Ë 1 mol H+ †K ¶vi‡Ki jNy `ªeY Øviv cÖkwgZ K‡i 1 mol cvwbi Drcbœ
nIqvi Kv‡j †h cwigvY Zvc Drcbœ nq Zv‡K cÖkgb Zvc ev cÖkgb Gb&_vjwc e‡j| mKj Zxeª GwmW I
Zxeª ¶vi‡Ki cÖkgb Zv‡ci gvb mgvb Ges Zv - 57.34 kJ|
 eÜb Gb&_vjwc ev eÜb kw³:
1 †gvj c`v‡_© eZ©gvb GKwU wbw`©ó eÜb‡K †f‡½ gy³ cigvYy ev g~j‡K cwie©b Ki‡Z †h cwigvY Mo kw³i
cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zv‡K eÜb Gb&_vjwc ev eÜb kw³ e‡j| eÜb Gb&_vjwc‡K H Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| †h
me wewµqvq wewµqv Gb&_vjwc mivmwi wnmve Kiv hvq bv eÜb Gb&_vjwci mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡`i wewµqv
Gb&_vjwc wnmve Kiv nq|
 --Zvc Drcv`x wewµqvq †h cwigvY Zvc wbM©Z nq A_ev Zvcnvix wewµqvq †h cwigvY Zvc †kvwlZ
nq Zv‡K H wewµqvi wewµqv Zvc e‡j| wewµqv Zvc me mgq KZK¸‡jv wbqvg‡Ki Dci wbf©i
K‡i| †hgb-wewµq‡Ki cwigvY, ZvcgvÎv, Pvc, c`v‡_©i †fŠZ Ae¯’v, eûiƒcZv BZ¨vw`|
 we‡hvRb Zvc:
1.0 †gvj †hŠM‡K Zvi Dcv`vb †gŠ‡j we‡hvwRZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY Zvckw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K
†hŠMwUi we‡hvRb Zvc e‡j| we‡qvRb wewµqvq †hŠ‡Mi Dcv`vb †gv‡ji g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z eÜb¸‡jv †f‡½
hvq| ZvB G wewµqvq Zvc †kvwlZ nq| A_©vr we‡hvRb wewµqv GKwU Zvcnvix wewµqv|
H2O(l) = H2(g) + 1 O2(g) ; H = + 285.85 kJ mol1
2
we‡hvRb wewµqvq H Gi gvb me mgq (+) nq|
--- GKwU †hŠ‡Mi we‡hvRb wewµqvq Drcv` ïaygvÎ †hŠ‡Mi Dcv`vb †gŠj n‡e|
 Aat‡¶cY Zvc:
`ªe‡Y GKvwaK c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb c`v‡_©i 1 g †gvj Aat‡¶c m„wó
Ki‡Z Gb_vjwci †h cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i Aat‡¶cY Zvc e‡j| †hgb- †mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi
`ªe‡Y wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j wmjfvi †K¬vivB‡Wi Aat‡¶c c‡o Ges †mB mv‡_ wKQy
cwigvY Zvc Drcbœ nq| G ai‡bi GKwU wewµqvq 1 g †gvj, A_©vr 143.32 g AgCl ˆZwi n‡Z
†h cwigvY Zvc Drcbœ nq Zv‡K AgCl Gi Aat‡¶cY Zvc e‡j|
 Mjb Zvc:
1 mol KwVb c`v_©‡K Zi‡j cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K Mjb Zvc e‡j|
†h ZvcgvÎvq KwVb c`v_© Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ e‡j| †hgb-
H2O(s)  H2O(l) ; HMjb = + 6.0 kJ
 Da©cvZb Gb&_vjwc:
1 †gvj cwigvb KwVb c`v_© †h Zvc †kvlY K‡i mivmwi M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq; Zv‡K Da©cvZb
Gb&_vjwc ejv nq|
†hgb- C (graphite) C(g); H = +717.02 kj/mol
 jeY `ªe‡Yi Zvc wbi‡c¶Zv:
hw` wfbœ je‡Yi `ywU jNy `ªeY GK‡Î wgwkÖZ Kiv nq Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqv bv nq
Zv n‡j G wgkÖ‡bi d‡j †Kvbiƒc Zv‡ci cwieZ©b nq bv| G welq‡K jeY `ªe‡Yi Zvc wbi‡c¶Zv
e‡j|
 ev¯úxKiY Zvc:
 1 mol Zij‡K wbw`©ó Pv‡c ev‡¯ú cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i
ev¯úxqKiY Zvc e‡j| †h ZvcgvÎvq Zij c`v_© ev‡¯ú cwiYZ nq Zv‡K c`v‡_©i ùzUbv¼ e‡j|
H2O(l)  H2O(vap) ; H(vap) = 40.7 kJ
 †Kjv‡mi j¨vwUm kw³:
M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq wew”Qbœ Avqb †_‡K 1 †gvj AvqwbK †Kjvm ˆZwii mgq †h cwigvY Zvc kw³i cwieZ©b
nq Zv‡K AvqwbK †Kjv‡mi j¨vwUm kw³ ev j¨vwUm Gb_vjwc e‡j|
G ai‡bi wewµqvq kw³i cwieZ©b mivmwi cix¶vg~jK c×wZ †_‡K wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e †n‡mi
m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i c‡iv¶fv‡e j¨vwUm kw³ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
MvwbwZK mgm¨vejx
1. Kve©b WvBmvjdvBW, mvjdvi I Kve©‡bi `nbZv‡ci gvb h_vµ‡g- 1060.4 kJ, –296.1 kJ I
–393.5 kJ| Kve©b WvBmvjdvB‡Wi MVb Zvc wbY©q Ki|
Solve:
CS2(l) + 3O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2SO2(g); H = –1060.4 kJ...... (i)
S (s) + O2 (g)  SO2(g); H = –296.1 kJ ...... (ii)
C (s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g); H = –393.5 kJ ...... (iii)
aiv hvK, Kve©b WvBmvjdvB‡Wi MVb Gb&_vjwc = x kJ|
Avgiv Rvwb, wewµqv Zvc, H = [Drcv`bmg~‡ni †gvU Gb&_vjwc] – [wewµqKmg~‡ni †gvU Gb&_vjwc]
H = [H(CO2) + 2  H(SO2)] kJ – [H(CS2) + 3  H(O2) kJ]
ev, –1060.4 = [–393.5 + 2  (–296.1)] kJ – [x + 3  0] kJ
ev, x = (–393.5 – 592.2 + 1060.4) kJ = 74.7 kJ
 x = + 74.7 kJ
 Kve©b WvBmvjdvB‡Wi wb‡Y©q MVb Zvc = 74.7 kJ mol–1
2. Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges wPwbi `nb Zv‡ci gvb h_vµ‡g –406 kJ, –284 kJ Ges –5638.82
kJ| wPwbi MVb Gb&_vjwci gvb wnmve Ki|
Solve: G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc ivmvqwbK mgxKiYmg~n n‡”Q-
(i) C (s) + O2(g)  CO2 (g); H c = –393.5 kJ
1
(ii) H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O(l); H c = –284 kJ
2
 (iii) C12H22O11(S) + 12O2 (g)  12CO2(g)+ 11H2O(l);
H c = –5638.82 kJ


aiv hvK wPwbi MVb Gb&_vjwc = x kJmol–1

Hf =[12  H(CO2) + 11  H (H2O)] – [H(C12H22O11) + 12  H
(O2)]

Or, –5638.82 = [12(–393.5) + (–284)] – [x+120]

Or, –5638.82 = (–4722 – 3124) – x

Or, x =(–7846 + 5638.82) = –2207.18

x =–2207.18 kJmol–1

 wPwbi wb‡Y©q Gb&_vjwc = –2207.18 kJmol–1

3. 0.5 gm Kve©b †cvov‡Z †h Zvc jv‡M, Zv w`‡q 2000 gm cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 24C n‡Z 26C G
DbœxZ Kiv hvq| Kve©‡bi `nb Zvc wbY©q Ki|
Ans: Kve©‡bi `nbZvc H n‡j,
H = mS = 2  4200  2 = 16800 J.
0.5 gm Kve©b‡K `nb Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc 16800 J
12 gm Kve©b‡K `nb Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc 16800 J
0 .5
= 403200 J/mol = 403.2 KJ/mol
 Kve©‡bi `nb Zvc 403.2 KJ/mol Ans.
4. 25C ZvcgvÎvq wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë Z_¨ n‡Z PCl5 Gi ms‡kølY Zvc
(i) 2P(s) + 3Cl 2 ( g )  2PCl 3 ( l ) ,
H = – 634.94 KJ/mol
(ii) PCl3 + Cl 2  PCl 5 ,
(l) (g) (S)

H = – 137.88 KJ/mol
Solve: mgxKiY (ii) †K 2 Øviv ¸Y K‡i cvB|
 2PCl3 + 2Cl2  2PCl5, H = – 275.88 KJ/mol........(3)
(l) + (3) K‡i cvB
2P + 5Cl2  2PCl5,
H = – 910.82 KJ/mol
or P + 52 Cl2  PCl5,
H = – 455.41 KJ/mol
 PCl5 Gi ms‡kølY Zvc – 455.41 KJ/mol Ans.
5. 25C ZvcgvÎvq I 1 atm Pv‡c Bw_wjb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I B‡_‡bi `nb Zv‡ci gvb h_vµ‡g –
1410.92 KJ, – 284.24 I – 1560.24 KJ. Bw_wj‡bi weRvi‡Y D™f~Z Zv‡ci cwigvY wbY©q Ki|
Solve: C2H4(g) + H2(g) = C2H6(g) + H `nb Zv‡ci cÖ`Ë gvbmg~n ewm‡q cvIqv hvqÑ
– 1410.92 – 284.24 = – 1560.24 + H
ev, H = (1560.24 – 1695.16)
= – 134.92 KJ mol (Ans)
Try by yourself
1. 0.5g Kve©b‡K cywo‡q 2.0 kg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 24C †_‡K 26C G DbœxZ Kiv hvq| Kve©‡bi `nb Zvc
MYbv Ki| Ans. –401.66 kj/ mol

2. wg‡_‡bi `nb Gb_vjwc –490.3 kj mol–1 n‡j 1600 kj Zvc Drcbœ Ki‡Z wK cwigvY Aw·‡Rb
cÖ‡qvRb? g Ans. 107.83 g