Computer Networks - (OSI and TCP Model)
Computer Networks - (OSI and TCP Model)
Protocol Suite
Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to:
1
Model and Protocol
A model:
◼ Specification set by a standards organization as a
guideline for designing networks.
A protocol:
◼ Set of rules that controls the interaction of different
devices in a network or an internetwork.
OSI Model
❑ Established in 1947, the International Standard Organization (ISO)
is a multinational body; dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
❑ An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications
is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
❑ It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
3
Note:
◼ OSI Model –
is a framework of 7 layers
that gives network designers an idea of the functionality of each
separate but related layer.
Figure 6-1
Header
Header
Header Trailer
Seven layers of OSI model
Physical layer
Data-link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Session layer
Presentation layer
Application layer
Physical layer
Responsible for transmitting a bit stream over a physical
medium.
It encodes and decodes bits into groups of bits.
It then transforms a stream of bits into a signal.
Note:
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Data-link layer
The data-link layer organizes bits into logical units called
frames.
The data-link layer is responsible only for node-to-node
delivery of the frame.
The data-link layer is often responsible for error handling
between two adjacent stations.
Hop-to-hop delivery
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Note:
13
Network layer
The network layer is responsible for delivery of a packet between the
original source and final destination.
Using logical addresses (IP addresses) instead of physical addresses.
Example of IP address
◼ 140.122.76.121 (4 Bytes)
Note:
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Source-to-destination delivery
Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of
the entire message.
The transport layer is responsible for breaking the entire message into
several packets (Segments) and delivery them to the network layer.
The transport layer is responsible for ensuring that the whole message is
transmitted.
If packets (Segments) arrive out of order, they must be reorganized.
Reliable process-to-process delivery of
a message
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Session layer
The session layer is designed to control the dialog between users.
The synchronization points divides a long message into smaller ones
and ensure that each section is received and acknowledged by the
receiver.
Most network implementations today do not use a separate session layer,
their services are usually included in the application layer.
Presentation layer
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics
of the information exchanged between two systems.
It deals with the fact that different systems use different coding
methods.
◼ Compress and decompress data
◼ Encrypt and decrypt data
Most implementations do not use a presentation layer today, their
services are usually included in other layer.
Application layer
The application layer enables the user to access the network.
It defines common applications that can be implemented to make the
job of the user simpler.
Will be discussed later…
Summarize Functions of Layers
1. Physical
• transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
2. Data-Link
• Organizes bits into logical units called frames.
• Node-to-node delivery
3. Network
• Source-to-destination delivery of a packet.
4. Transport
• Source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.
5. Session
• Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the dialog between communicating
systems.
6. Presentation
• Deals with the fact that different systems use different coding methods.
7. Application
• Enables the user to access the network.
Summary of layers
Application data stream
data stream data
Presentation
data stream
Session
Transport data data data Segments
Application
(http, telnet, snmp, Application
smtp, bgp, ftp) layer
Transport
(TCP, UDP)
Network
Internet layer
(IPv4/IPv6)
Network Access (HDLC) Data Link layer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer
TCP/IP Network Access Layer
Exchange of data between end system and network
Address of host and destination
Prioritization of transmission
Software at this layer depends on network (e.g. X.25 vs.
Ethernet)
Segregation means that no other software needs to be
concerned about net specifics
TCP/IP Internet Layer
An Internet is an interconnection of two or more networks
Internet layer handles tasks similar to network access layer,
but between networks rather than between nodes on a
network
Uses IP for addressing and routing across networks
Implemented in workstations and routers
TCP/IP Transport Layer
Also called host-to-host layer
Reliable exchange of data between applications
Uses TCP protocols for transmission
TCP/IP Application Layer
Logic needed to support variety of applications
Separate module supports each type of application (e.g. file
transfer)
◼ FTP
◼ HTTP
◼ Telnet
◼ News
◼ SMTP
A private internet
Communication at the physical layer
Physical Physical
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6
D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr
H2
D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame
Note
Physical Physical
D3 H3
Datagram
D3 H3
Datagram
Note
Physical Physical
D4 H4
Segment
D4 H4
Segment
Note
Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network
Physical Physical
D5 D5
Message
D5 D5
Message
Note
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Advantages of OSI (2)
OSI: standard legislated by official recognized
body. (ISO) and the OSI reference model was
devised before the protocols were invented.
The protocols came first, and the model was
really just a description of the existing protocols.
“Get the job done" orientation.
Being general,the protocols in the OSI model are
better hidden than in the TCP/IP model and can
be replaced relatively easily as the technology
changes.
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Widespread use of TCP/IP
When businesses began to recognize the need for
interoperability, only TCP/IP was available and
ready to go
Over the years it has handled most challenges by
growing to meet the needs
Relatively simple and robust compared to
alternatives such as OSI (7 layers)
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Addressing
Four different levels of addresses are used in an internet using
the TCP/IP protocols: physical (link) address, logical (IP)
address, port address and Application Specific Address.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Physical Address
Logical Address
Port Address
Application Specific Address
Addresses in the TCP/IP protocol suite
Example 1 (at DATA LINK LAYER)
In Figure below, a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are
connected by a link. At the data link level, this frame contains
physical (link) addresses in the header. These are the only
addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other
information needed at this level. The trailer usually contains
extra bits needed for error detection.
Physical Addresses
1 packet
87 10 Data accepted
87 10 Data
4
Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written
as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
Example (At Network Layer)
A part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device
(computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each
connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and
therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected
to three networks. So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection. Although it may be obvious that each router must have a
separate physical address for each connection, it may not be obvious why it
needs a logical address for each connection.
The computer with logical address A and physical address 10 needs to send a
packet to the computer with logical address P and physical address 95. We
use letters to show the logical addresses and numbers for physical addresses,
but note that both are actually numbers.
Logical Addresses
Physical
addresses
changed
95 66 A P Data 95 66 A P Data
33 99 A P Data
Physical
addresses
changed
Note
A Sender Receiver P
Data Data
a j Data a j Data
A P a j Data A P a j Data
H2 A P a j Data H2 A P a j Data
Internet
Note
753
A 16-bit port address represented as one single number
Multiplexing
In the above figure, the Application layer has generated data, and then
passed it down to the Transport layer to be segmented
Multiplexing / Demultiplexing Diagram (Conti.)