Energy meter

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY

 The total power delivered or consumed over a time interval is called as energy
and it can be expressed as

 Energy = power x Time

 Mathematically the total power delivered or consumed over an interval of time ‘t’
can be related as
 Generally energy is measured in joules(J) or watt-sec or watt-hour or kilowatt-
hour (kwh).

 One ‘unit’ of electrical energy means it is equal to one Kwh.

 If you ON the 100W bulb continuously for a period of 10 hrs, then the
electrical energy consumed by the bulb in that duration is
 That means it is consuming one unit of electrical energy.

 Based on this concept, electricity bill will be produced.

 To measure this electrical energy a separate meter is used that is called as

energy meter.

 It is an induction type and integrating type instrument.

 Induction type of energy meters are universally used in domestic as well as

industrial applications.

 These meters record the energy in kwh.

Single phase induction type energy meter:
There are four main parts of operating mechanism,

1. Driving system

2. Moving system

3. Braking system

4. Registering system

Driving system:

 This system is responsible to produce the driving torque.

 This system consists of two electromagnets, one is called shunt magnet and another
one is called series magnet.

 It consists of mainly two coils, one coil is placed on shunt magnet and another coil is
placed on series magnet.

 Shunt magnet coil is connected across the supply and it carries the current proportional
to the supply voltage, hence it is called as pressure coil (PC).
 It consists of mainly two coils, one coil is placed on shunt magnet and another coil is
placed on series magnet.

 Shunt magnet coil is connected across the supply and it carries the current proportional
to the supply voltage, hence it is called as pressure coil (PC).

 Series magnet coil is connected in series with the load and it carries the load current,
hence it is called as current coil (CC).
 Moving system:

 It consists of light weight Aluminum disc and it is the main part of this
system.

 This disc is positioned in between series and shunt magnets.

 It is supported between jewel bearings.

 The speed of the disc is proportional to power consumed by the load.

 There are no springs and no controlling torque.

Braking system:
 This system is responsible to produce the braking torque.

 A permanent magnet is placed at the edge of an Al disc.

 Its position is adjustable to control the speed of Al disc.

 Where R= effective radius of the disc

 N= speed of the disc.

 This magnet is called as braking magnet.

4. Registering system:

 This system is responsible for counting the no. of units consumed by the load.

 In this system a train of reduction gears are used for counting the no. of units proportional to speed of the disc.
Operation of single phase energy meter:
The energy meter has the aluminum disc whose rotation determines the power
consumption of the load. The disc is placed between the air gap of the series and shunt electromagnet. The shunt
magnet has the pressure coil, and the series magnet has the current coil. The pressure coil creates the magnetic field
because of the supply voltage, and the current coil produces it because of the current. The field induces by the
voltage coil is lagging by 90º on the magnetic field of the current coil because of which eddy current induced in the
disc. The interaction of the eddy current and the magnetic field causes torque, which exerts a force on the disc.
Thus, the disc starts rotating. The force on the disc is proportional to the current and voltage of the coil. The
permanent magnet controls Their rotation. The permanent magnet opposes the movement of the disc and equalizes it
on the power consumption. The cyclometer counts the rotation of the disc.
Energy Meter Erros:

1. Phase and Speed Errors:

Phase error:
The phase errors is introduced because the shunt magnet flux does not leg behind the supply voltage
by exactly 90 degree due to some resistance of the coil and iron losses. the angle less slightly less then 90
degree.Because this errors the torque is not zero at zero power factor of the load.

In order to remove this error, made supply voltage exact 90 degree . this is accomplished by adjusting the position of
copper shading band provided on central limb of the shunt magnet. an error on the fast under these condition can be
eliminated by bringing the shading and near to the disc and vice-versa

Spedd error:
Sometimes, the speed of the disc of energy meter is faster or slower , when tested on a load having
power factor. there, energy meter register either more or less energy and errors is introduced.

In order to remove this error, the redial position of the braking magnet is adjusted. movement of braking magnet ,
away from the centre of the disc increase the torque which decreases the speed of the Disc.

2. Creeping error:
The slow but continuous rotation of energy meter , which only pressure coil is excited but no
current flow though the current coil is called creeping.this error may be due to excessive friction compensation,
excessive voltage supply and stray magnetic field etc.

In order to prevent creeping on no load , two holes are drilled in the disc on the opposite side of the spindle at the
same radius , this causes sufficient distortion of the field to prevent continuous rotation.
3.Temperature Error:
By changing the temperature , the parameter of the coils change slightly which introduce a
small error in meter. however , this error negligible small and there is no need to prevent any means to eliminate the
error.

4. Frictional Error:
This error is introduce due to friction at the rotor bearing and the register mechanism.
because this error is unwanted braking torque acts on the moving system and register less energy then the actual
energy passing though it

5.Frequency Error:
Since the energy meter are used normally at fixed frequency, therefore , they are designed and
adjusted to have minimum error declared supply frequency Which is normally 50 Hz in India.

Three phase energy meter:

The three phase energy meter has two discs mounted on the common shaft. Both
the disc has its braking magnet, copper ring, shading band and the compensator for getting the correct reading. The
two elements are used for measuring the three phase power. The construction of the three phase meter is shown in
the figure below.
For three phase meter, the driving torque of both the elements is equal. This can be
done by adjusting the torque. The torque is adjusted by connecting the current coils of both the elements in the series
and their potential coils in parallel. The full load current is passed through the coil due to which the two opposite
torque is set up in the coil.
The strength of both the torques are equal, and hence they do not allow the disc to
rotate. If the torque becomes unequal and the disc rotates then the magnetic shunt is adjusted. The balance torque is
obtained before testing the meter. The position of the compensator and the braking magnet are separately adjusted to
each of the element for obtaining the balance torque.
Single phase Electrodynamometer Wattmeter
Single phase Electrodynamometer Wattmeter:

Definition: The instrument whose working depends on the reaction between the magnetic field of moving and fixed
coils is known as the Electro dynamo-meter Wattmeter. It uses for measuring the power of both the AC and DC
circuits.
The working principle of the Electrodynamometer Wattmeter is very simple and
easy. Their working depends on the theory that the current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
experiences a mechanical force. This mechanical force deflects the pointer which is mounted on the calibrated scale.
The following are the important parts of the Electrodynamometer Wattmeter.

Fixed coil – The fixed coil connects in series with the load. It is considered as a current coil because the load current
flows through it. For making the construction easy the fixed coil divide into two parts. And these two elements are
parallel connected to each other. The fixed coil produces the uniform electric field which is essentials for the working
of the instruments. The current coil of the instruments is designed to carry the current of approximately 20 amperes for
saving the power.

Moving Coil – The moving coil consider as the pressure coil of the instruments. It connects in parallel with the
supply voltage. The current flows through them is directly proportional to the supply voltage. The pointer mounts on
the moving coil. The movement of the pointer controls with the help of the spring. The current flows through the coil
increases their temperature. The flows of currents control with the help of resistor which connects in series with the
moving coil.

Control – The control system provides the controlling torque to the instruments. The gravity control and the
spring control are the two types of control system. Out of two, the Electrodynamometer Wattmeter uses spring control
system. The spring control system is used for the movement of the pointer.
Damping – The damping is the effect which reduces the movement of the pointer. In this Wattmeter the damping
torque produces because of the air friction. The other types of damping are not used in the system because they
destroy the useful magnetic flux.
Scales and pointers – The instruments use a linear scale because their moving coil moves linearly. The apparatus uses
the knife edge pointer for removing the parallax error which causes because of oversights.

Working of Electrodynamometer Wattmeter:

The Electrodynamometer Wattmeter has two types of coils; fixed and the moving coil. The fixed coil connects in series
with the circuit whose power consumption use to be measured. The supply voltage applies to the moving coil. The
resistor controls the current across the moving coil, and it is connected in series with it.
The pointer is fixed on the moving coil which is placed between the fixed coils. The current and voltage of the fixed
and moving coil generate the two magnetic fields. And the interaction of these two magnetic fields deflects the
pointer of the instrument. The deflection of the pointer is directly proportional to the power flows through it.
Determination of B-H curve by using step-step method:

Definition of Hysteresis:
Hysteresis of a magnetic material is a property by virtue of which the flux density (B) of this material
lags behind the magnetizing force (H).

In this test the magnetization winding of the ring specimen is supplied from a potential divider having
few tappings. The tappings are arranged so that the magnetization force H may be increased in
suitable number of steps, upto desired maximum value. Before testing the specimen, it must be
demagnetized. Keeping the switch S2 on the tap 1 position, the switch S1 is closed. Current flow in
the magnetizing winding sets up a magnetizing force, H1 which in turns increases the flux density in
the specimen, from zero to some value B1 , and corresponding throw of galvanometer is observed.
The B1 value can be calculated from the throw of the galvanometer. H1 value may be calculated from
the reading of the ammetre, connected to the magnetizing winding circuit. The magnetizing force is
then increased to some value H2 by switching S2 suddenly to the tapping 2 and the corresponding
increase in flux density ΔB is determined from the throw of the galvanometer. Then the flux density
B2 corresponding to magnetizing force H2 is calculated as B2 = B1 + ΔB. The process is repeated for
other values of H up to the maximum point and the complete B-H curve thus drawn as shown in
Figure
Ideal case B-H- Curve

B-H-Curve
Determination of B-H curve by using method of reversal:

Operation:
Whenever the supply is given to ring specimen, the current is passing through
resistor R1 and ring specimen during this the switch is connected to 1&2 and 11 &21. During this
switching condition ring specimen acts as the magnetizing, after that the switch changed to 1&21 and
2&11 ring specimen acts as demagnetizing. The switch can be forward (1&2 and 1 1 &21) and
backward (1&21 and 2&11) about twenty times. After that the key (K) is open, initial the key is
closed. Then the value of flux corresponding to this value of H is measured with help of
galvanometer.