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Lecture 3 Engine Performance and testing final

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47 views

Lecture 3 Engine Performance and testing final

Uploaded by

Uditha Bandara
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Engine Performance and Testing

Power
• Power is defined as work done per unit time

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑


𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• SI Unit of Power is W (Watt) and other unit like Hp (horse power)
• 1 hp = 33,000 ft.lb/min
Torque and RPM

Torque RPM
• Torque is a measure of the force • RPM is a Measure of an Angular
that can cause an object to speed (rev/min)
rotate about an axis.
• SI unit of Torque is Nm
Power
conversion in
an automobile
Engine
Energy Lost in cooling, Exhaust and Radiation

Frictional Power : Energy Lost due to friction and


Energy in the Fuel

Indicated Power (I.P) Pumping ( FP)

Brake Power (BP)


𝐵𝑃 = 𝐼𝑃 − 𝐹𝑃

Brake power : power at the output shaft of


the engine which is transferred to the
flywheel
Efficiency

• Efficiency is defined as the ratio


between power input to system
and useful power output from
the system and normally
expressed as a percentage
• Efficiency gives an idea of
system performance
Thermal Efficiency (𝜼)
• The ratio between work output and heat input is known as thermal efficiency
• Thermal efficiency is parameter to evaluate performance of a system
• System should operate with high efficiency

Indicated Thermal Efficiency (𝜂𝑖.𝑡 )

Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the indicated power to the fuel energy.
Heating Value of a Fuel
• Heating value of fuel gives energy content of the fuel per unit mass
• Heating Value of also can be defined as energy released when unit mass of fuel
is burnt
• Usually expressed in KJ/kg
• LHV is calculated considering that water exists as water vapour after combustion
and in HHV water exists as a liquid after the combustion
Brake power
• Brake power of an engine is the power available at the crank shaft of
an engine
• Brake power can also be defined as brake power required to stop the
at a particular operating point
• Brake power of an Engine is measured by using Dynamometer
𝐵. 𝑃 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝐵. 𝑃 = 𝑇 × 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑁( ) × 𝑇(𝑁)
𝑠
Dynamometer Principal
Dynamometer Types

Absorption Dynamometers Transmission Dynamometers

• Pony Brake Dynamometer


• Rope Brake Dynamometer
• Hydraulic Dynamometer
• Eddy current Dynamometer
BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY - B.T
BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY IS THE RATIO OF ENERGY IN THE BRAKE POWER TO THE FUEL ENERGY.

MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY ( M )
The mechanical efficiency of an engine is defined as ratio of brake power to the indicated horsepower (power
provided to the piston).
The relative efficiency or efficiency ratio of thermal efficiency of an actual
cycle to that of the ideal cycle. The efficiency ratio is a very useful criterion
for the degree of development of the engine.

FUEL-AIR (F/A) OR AIR-FUEL (A/F) RATIO

The relative proportions of the fuel and air in an engine are very important from
the standpoint of combustion and efficiency of the engine. This is expressed either
as the ratio of the mass of the fuel to that of the air .
SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (SFC)
• The fuel consumption characteristics of an engine are generally expressed in
terms of specific fuel consumption in grams per horse-power-hour or per
kWh.
• Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and indicated specific fuel
consumption(isfc) - define as ,
Volumetric Efficiency
• The engine output is limited by the maximum amount of air that can be taken in during the
suction stroke, because only a certain amount of fuel can be burned effectively with a given
quantity of air.
• Volumetric efficiency is an indication of the ‘breathing’ ability of the engine and is defined as the
ratio of the air actually induced at ambient conditions to the swept volume of the engine.
• In practice the engine does not induce a complete cylinder full of air on each stroke, and it is
convenient to define volumetric efficiency as,
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
• Mean effective pressure is defined as a hypothetical pressure, which
is thought to be acting on the piston throughout the power stroke.
Friction Power
• The difference between indicated power and the brake power output of an
engine is the friction power.
• Almost invariably, the difference between a good engine and a bad engine
is due to difference between their frictional losses.
• The frictional losses are ultimately dissipated to the cooling system (and
exhaust) as they appear in the form of frictional heat and this influences
the cooling capacity required. Moreover, lower friction means availability
of more brake power; hence brake specific fuel consumption is lower.
• The bsfc rises with an increase in speed. Thus, the level of friction decides
the maximum output of the engine which can be obtained economically.
Friction Power Measuring Methods
• Willan‟s line method.
• Morse test.
• Motoring test.
• Difference between ip and bp.
POWER AND TORQUE CURVES

Power = Torquex RPM Is one basic formula which is used to calculatePower.

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