PROBABILITY AND

STATISTICS
Venn Diagram
It is a diagram representing sets and logical relationships.

SET A SET A

A x B

A = exclusive members of SET A

B = exclusive members of SET B
x = common members of both SET A and SET B
Sample Problem No. 1
In a class of 40 students, 27
like Calculus and 25 like
Chemistry. How many like
both Calculus and
Chemistry?

A. 10
B. 11
C. 12
D. 13
Fundamental Principle of Counting
It states that if there are m ways to do one thing, and n ways to do
another thing, then there are m times n ways to do both things.

Mathematically,

𝑁 =𝑚×𝑛
Permutation
It is an arrangement of objects in a definite order. In permutation,
the elements should be arranged in a particular order.
Number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time:
𝑛!
𝑛 𝑃𝑟 =
𝑛−𝑟 !
Permutation if taken all at once:
𝑛 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛!
Permutation of n things, with a, b, c, … are alike
𝑛!
𝑁=
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐! …
Permutation
Cyclic permutation:
𝑁 = 𝑛−1 !
Cyclic permutation of n keys in a ring
1
𝑁 = 𝑛−1 !
2
Sample Problem No. 2
A real estate developer offers
a prospective home buyer a
choice of the following: 4
design, 3 cooling systems, a
garage or carport, and a patio
or porch. How many different
plans are available to the
buyer?

A. 39
B. 48
C. 56
D. 67
Sample Problem No. 3
In how many ways can 5
starting positions on a
basketball team be filled with
8 men who can play any of
the positions?

A. 5,970
B. 4,870
C. 6,720
D. 8,910
Sample Problem No. 4
Find the largest number of
permutations of the letters in
MATHEMATICS.

A. 4,989,600
B. 4,899,060
C. 4,998,600
D. 4,969,800
Sample Problem No. 5
In how many ways can five
different trees be planted in a
circle?

A. 22
B. 21
C. 24
D. 23
Combination
Combination is an arrangement of objects where order does not
matter.
Number of combination of n different things taken r at a time:
𝑛!
𝑛 𝐶𝑟 =
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!
Combination if taken all at once:
𝑛 𝐶𝑛 = 1
Combination of n things taken 1, 2, 3, … at a time
𝑁 = 2𝑛 − 1
Sample Problem No. 6
A class has 24 students. 4
can represent the class at an
exam board. How many
combinations are possible
when choosing this group?

A. 10,626
B. 12,842
C. 11,115
D. 13,782
Probability
Probability is defined as concerning numerical descriptions of how
likely an even is to occur, or how likely it is that a poposition is true.
Probability of an event to occur
𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃=
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Probability of an event NOT to occur
𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑄= =1−𝑃
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Multiple Events of a Probability
Let:
𝑃𝐴 = probability for event A to happen
𝑃𝐵 = probability for event B to happen
Mutually Exclusive Events:
Without common outcomes
𝑃𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵
Not-Mutually Exclusive Events:
With common outcomes
𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵
Multiple Events of a Probability
Conditional Probability:
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴)
where: 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) is the probability of B without A
Independent Probability:
𝑃𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵
Repeated Trials Probability
Repeated trials is the probability that an event will occur exactly r
times out of n trials.
𝑃 =𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟
𝑞 =1−𝑝
where:
p = probability that the event will happen
q = probability that the even will fail/will not happen
n = number of trials
Sample Problem No. 7
Roll a pair of dice. What is the
probability that the sum of
two numbers is 11?

A. 1/36
B. 1/9
C. 1/18
D. 1/20
Sample Problem No. 8
Determine the probability of
drawing either a king or a
diamond in a single draw
from a pack of 52 playing
cards.

A. 2/13
B. 3/13
C. 4/13
D. 1/13
Sample Problem No. 8
In a basketball shooting
contest, the probability that
Bon will make a basket on
any given attempt is 4/5,
then what is the probability
that Bon will make at least
one basket in three attempts?

A. 80/101
B. 72/50
C. 101/125
D. 124/125
Sample Problem No. 9
An urn contains 4 black balls
and 6 white balls. What is the
probability of getting 1 black
and 1 white ball in two
consecutive draws from the
urn?

A. 0.24
B. 0.27
C. 0.53
D. 0.04
Sample Problem No. 10
There are 3 questions in a
test. For each question, 1
point is awarded for a correct
answer and none for a wrong
answer. If the probability that
Janine correctly answers a
question in the test is 2/3,
determine the probability that
she gets zero in the test.

A. 8/27
B. 4/9
C. 1/30
D. 1/27
Sample Problem No. 11
A machine is producing a large
number of bolts automatically.
In a box of these bolts, 95% are
within the allowable tolerance
values with respect to diameter,
the remainder being the
outside of the diameter
tolerance values. Seven bolts
are drawn at random from the
box. Determine the
probabilities that two of the
seven bolts are outside of the
diameter tolerance values.

A. 0.0592
B. 0.0952
C. 0.0604
D. 0.0406
Sample Problem No. 12
In the EE board examination,
the probability that an
examinee will pass each
subject is 0.8. What is the
probability that an examinee
will pass at least two subjects
out of the three board
subjects?

A. 70.9%
B. 80.9%
C. 85.9%
D. 89.6%
Mathematical Expectation
A mathematical expectation is the average amount a player can
expect to win or lose on one play in any game of chance.

𝐸 = ෍𝑃 × 𝑥

where:
P = probability of an event to occur
x = random variable
Sample Problem No. 13
By investing in a particular
stock, a person can make a
profit in one year of $4,000
with probability of 0.3 or take
a loss of $1,000 with a
probability of 0.7. What is the
person’s expected gain?

A. $500
B. $650
C. $750
D. $800
Statistics
Statistics involves collectin, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to
make a decision.
Mean
The sum of a list of numbers, divided by the number of elements in the list. It is
also know as the average.
Median
The middle value of a list arranged in ascending or descending order. For even
numbers of sample data, determine the two middle numbers and get their average.
Mode
It is the most common (frequent) value in a given sample data.
Types of mode:
1. Unimodal – exactly one mode
2. Bimodal – two modes
3. Multimodal – more than one mode
Sample Problem No. 14
An array of numbers is given:
3, 5, 2, 6, 5, 9, 5, 2, 8, 6. Find
the mean.

A. 5.0
B. 5.2
C. 5.3
D. 5.1
Sample Problem No. 15
An array of numbers is given:
3, 5, 2, 6, 5, 9, 5, 2, 8, 6. Find
the median.

A. 5
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2
Sample Problem No. 16
An array of numbers is given:
3, 5, 2, 6, 5, 9, 5, 2, 8, 6. Find
the mode.

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Sample Problem No. 17
Find the arithmetic mean of
the numbers: 5, 3, 6, 5, 4, 5,
3, 8, 6, 5, 4, 8, 3, 4, 5, 4, 8, 2,
5, 4.

A. 7.8
B. 6.8
C. 4.8
D. 5.8
Statistics
Range
It is the difference between the largest and smallest value of a given
set of numbers
𝑅 = 𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡
Sample Problem No. 18
Given the following statistical
data, determine the range:
134, 214, 356, 789, 321, 113,
156, 876, 543, 900

A. 780
B. 766
C. 787
D. 800
Statistics
Variance
It is the square of the standard deviation of the list, that is, the average of the
squares of the deviations of the numbers in the list from their mean
Population Variance:
σ 𝑁 2
2 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇
𝜎 =
𝑁
Sample Variance:
σ𝑁 2
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑆2 =
𝑁
𝜇 = mean of the population data
𝑥ҧ = mean of the random samples
N = total number of population data
Standard Deviation
It is the square root of the variance.
Sample Problem No. 19
Four group of students
consisting of 15, 20, 10, and
18 individuals, reported mean
weights of 162, 148, 153, and
140 lb, respectively. Find the
variance.

A. 780
B. 766
C. 787
D. 800
Statistics
Binomial Distribution
Mean Value:
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
Standard Deviation
𝜎 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
𝑞 =1−𝑝
Sample Problem No. 20
From past experience, it is
known that 90% of one-year
old children can distinguish
their mother’s voice from the
voice of a similar sounding
female. A random sample of
20 one-year olds is given this
voice recognition test. Find
the mean of x.

A. 3
B. 2
C. 1
D. 4
Sample Problem No. 21
From past experience, it is
known that 90% of one-year
old children can distinguish
their mother’s voice from the
voice of a similar sounding
female. A random sample of
20 one-year olds is given this
voice recognition test. Find
the variance of x.

A. 3.6
B. 1.8
C. 4.2
D. 2.2
Statistics
Normal Distribution
A normal distribution is a probability
distribution that is symmetric about
the mean, showing that data near the
mean are more frequent in occurrence
than data far from the mean.
Z-score:
𝑋−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
Sample Problem No. 22
The weights of apples in an
orchard are normally
distributed with a mean of
150 grams and a standard
deviation of 20 grams. What
is the probability that a
randomly selected apple
weighs less than 130 grams?

A. 0.1587
B. 0.2119
C. 0.3085
D. 0.4013
Practice Problems