1.

Structural Engineering It is the study of the behavior of soils under the

influence of loading forces and soil-water
It is a specialty within the field of civil interactions. This knowledge is applied to the
engineering which focuses on the framework of design of foundations, retaining walls, earth
structures, and on designing those structures to dams, clay liners, and geosynthetics for waste
withstand the stresses and pressures of their containment.
environment and remain safe, stable and secure
throughout their use, 6. Soil Mechanics

2. Structural Analysis Branch of science that deals with the study of

the physical properties and behavior of the soil
It is the process of calculating and determining masses subjected to various types of forces.
the effects of loads and internal forces on a
structure, building or object, Structural Analysis
is particularly important for structural engineers
to ensure they completely understand the load 7. Rock Mechanics
paths and the impacts the loads have on their It is the study of the mechanical behavior of
engineering design. subsurface sedimentary strata and rocks that
3. Structural Design are formed.

It is a method or tool by which we find out safe

and economical specifications of a structure or 8. Soil Engineering
a member of the structure sufficient to carry
the load. In other words finding out cross- Application of the principles of soil mechanics
sectional dimension, grade of material, amount to practical problems.
of reinforcement etc, necessary to withstand
9. Foundation
the internal forces that we have got from
structural analysis. Is that part of a structure which transmits
building loads directly into the underlying soil

10. Water Resource Engineering

4. Construction Engineering and Management
(CEM), involves the application of technical and It is a specialty of civil engineering that focuses
scientific knowledge to infrastructure on water supplies, irrigation and waste disposal.
construction projects. While engineering It also addresses methods for controlling water
focuses on design and construction to avoid water-related damage and
management is concerned with overseeing the catastrophes.
actual construction, CEM often represents a
blend of both disciplines, bridging design and 11. Transportation Engineering
management or project execution.
It is a branch of civil engineering that is
involved in the planning, design, operation, and
maintenance of safe and efficient
5. Geotechnical Engineering transportation systems. These systems include
roadways, railways, waterways, and intermodal develop structural solutions to resist loads and
operations. Typically, the demand is the amount other forces.
of traffic (people, cars, railcars, barges) that is
expected to use a particular transportation devise ways to provide safe load paths for these
facility, while the supply is the quantity and forces.
type of infrastructure components (roadways,
bridges, pavements, etc.). These systems are
typically large and expensive. Basic Tasks: to relate numerical quantities of
physical forces to physical configurations of
12. Environmental and Energy force-resisting elements.
It is a branch of energy engineering which seeks
to efficiently use energy and to maintain the
environment. Energy engineers require Analysis- is the process of determining forces in
knowledge across many disciplines. Careers each element in a structure (such as a beam)
include work in the built environment, when the configuration of elements is already
renewable and traditional energy industries. defined.

Design - is the process of configuring elements

to resist forces whose values are already known
Structural Engineering

Structural engineering is one of the most

fundamental engineering disciplines because it Analysts and Design- are complementary
deals directly with the structural integrity and procedures in the overall process of designing
strength of a building or structure. new structures.

It involves the analysts and design of structures

such as buildings, bridges, towers, marine
Structural Design
structures, dams, tunnels, retaining walls and
other infrastructure. Determines the type of structure that is suitable
for a particular purpose, the materials to be
It underpins and sustains the built environment,
used, the loads and other actions that the
where structures must be safe, serviceable,
structure must sustain, and the arrangement,
durable, aesthetically pleasing and economical.
layout and dimensions of its various
components.

What structural engineers do?

Structural design- involves detailed calculations

to ensure that:
use their creativity and scientific training to
develop and maintain new and existing the structure is stable
structures and incorporate advanced materials.
all parts have adequate strength to resist the Lateral loads
design loads
-are live loads include those generated by the
the structure as a whole will remain serviceable wind, earthquakes, or explosions. Structural
throughout its design life and able to perform elements must be designed so that, as a system,
its intended function the structure can resist all loads that will act
upon it.
involves the careful preparation of drawings
that will communicate the engineering design
to the contractors who will build the structure.
Construction surveying (otherwise "lay-out" or
"setting-out"); to stake out reference points and
markers that will guide the construction of new
Structural Analysis -It is an integral part of structures such as roads or buildings for
structural design subsequent construction.
It involves the calculation of the response of the
structure to the design loads and imposed
deformations that it will be required to resist Shear wall is a structural member used to resist
during its lifetime. In structural engineering, lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall.
'deformation' refers to when an object is The vertical elements of the horizontal force
changed temporarily or permanently due to resisting system. It is especially important in
applied force. high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and
seismic forces.
These calculations allow structural engineers to
select the right materials for the structure, and
to ensure that it will be suitable for the purpose
for which it is being built. Prestressed concrete is a structural material
that allows for predetermined, engineering
stresses to be placed in members to counteract
the stresses that occur when they are subject to
Structures are subject to vertical, or Gravity loading. It combines the high strength
Loads and horizontal, or Lateral Loads compressive properties of concrete with the
high tensile strength of steel. It is now
commonly used for floor beams, piles and
Gravity loads include railways sleepers, as well as structures auch as
bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways.
- "dead", or permanent, load, which is the
Generally, prestressed concrete is not necessary
weight of the structure, including its walls,
for columns and walls, however, it can be used
floors, finishes, and mechanical systems, and
economically for tall columns and high retaining
"live", or temporary load, which is the weight of
walls with high bending stresses.
a structure's contents and occupants, including
the weight of snow.
Designing a society's infrastructure presents ensure that proper standards in the
enormous challenges, creatively and construction project are being maintained. He
intellectually. This is a fascinating career for or she is often called upon to survey the job site
those interested in building, mechanics and prior to the beginning of a project, addressing
mathematics and who would enjoy working in environmental issues and local laws or codes
teams with other engineering. disciplines, that must be followed.
architects, contractors and builders.

Before work commences, an engineering

Construction Engineering and Management manager typically prepares a report on their
findings and collaborates with others involved
Construction Engineering and management with the project, including governmental
involves the application of technical and agencies, environmental associations,
scientific knowledge to infrastructure contractors, and subcontractors.
construction projects. While engineering
focuses on design and construction
management is concerned with overseeing the
actual construction, CEM often represents a Professional Skills and Expertise
blend of both disciplines, bridging design and
management or project execution.
Construction engineering managers must
possess a thorough understanding of laws,
What does a construction engineering manager regulations, and building codes, especially those
do? that have a direct impact on the project at
hand. They must also be able to estimate the
-They are the players in the successful total cost of a given project with consideration
completion of construction projects. to:

-They are responsible for assembling teams of -Site inspections

qualified engineers who can ensure completion
of a given project. -Drainage, sewage, and elevation level tests

-Equipment and materials

Work Responsibilities -Labour

Construction engineering managers often work

out of a central office but may make frequent
visits to job sites and sometimes engage in on-
location work with labor. They also tour sites
regularly to inspect the work being done and to
Construction engineering managers are also This category is for the needs of government
responsible for managing the workings of and other public organizations. Examples
various other entities involved in the project. include schools, fire and police stations,
They are responsible for providing expert libraries, museums, dormitories, research
supervision from beginning to end while also buildings, hospitals, transportation terminals,
keeping the project running on or ahead of some military facilities, and governmental
schedule and within budget. buildings.

The job requires strong leadership and 5. Industrial

interpersonal skills and attention to detail Like
any other kind of engineer, construction Bufidings and other constructed items used for
engineering managers need to possess strong storage and product production, including
problem-solving, analytical, and mathematical chemical and power plants, steel mills, oil
skills. refineries and platforms, manufacturing plants,
pipelines, and seaports.
Seven Types of Construction:
6. Heavy civil
1. Agricultural:
The construction of transportation
Typically, economical buildings, and other infrastructure such as roads, bridges, railroads,
improvements, for agricultural purposes. tunnels, airports, and fortified military facilities.
Examples include barns, equipment and animal Dams are also included, but most other water-
sheds, specialized fencing, storage silos and related infrastructure is considered
elevators, and water supply and drains such as environmental.
wells, tanks, and ditches.
7. Environmental:
2. Residential:
Environmental construction was part of heavy
Residential construction includes houses, civil, but is now separate, dealing with projects
apartments, townhouses, and other smaller, that improve the environment. Some examples
low-rise housing, small office types. are water and wastewater treatment plants,
sanitary and storm sewers, solid waste
3. Commercial management, and air pollution control.
This refers to construction for the needs of
private commerce, trade, and. services.
Examples include office buildings, "big box" Geotechnical Engineering
stores, shopping centres and malls,
warehouses, banks, theatres, casinos, resorts, Geotechnical Engineering is the subdiscipline of
golf courses, and larger residential structures civil engineering that involves natural materials
such as high-rise hotels and condominiums. found close to the surface of the earth. It is the
application of the principles of the soil
4. Institutional: mechanics and rock mechanics to the design of
foundations, retaining structures and earth
structures.
 Site preparation work prior to building
constructions
What do Geotechnical Engineers do?

Geotechnical engineers study the mechanical

Evaluation of geotechnical hazards including behavior of earth materials. specifically the
potential of landslides state of rest or motion of soil bodies under the
Determination of bearing capacity, action force system (Harr, 2004).
deformations of foundations, and likely
interactions between soil, foundation and the
structure Responsibilities:

Assessment of earth pressure and the

performance of retaining walls
Investigate & monitor subsurface conditions
Analysis of embankment behavior Strength of and surficial materials at a site Ascertain the
excavations, caves, tunnels relevant geotechnical properties of site
materials
Conducting of response analysis for a site

Evaluate & monitor the geotechnical integrity of

Geotechnical Applications; man-made and natural soil/rock slopes and
Foundations: deposits

-Shallow Foundation Assess & monitor the risks associated with the
site conditions
-Deep Foundation

Carry out earthwork and structure foundation

Underground and Earth-retaining Structures: designs and monitor the geotechnical
performance of these designs Prescribe ground
-Tunnels
improvements to enhance the geotechnical
-Retaining Walls integrity of a site.

Excavations: A geotechnical engineer need:

Embankments: -an interest in the natural world

Dams -practical and technical skills problem-solving

slalls
Earthworks
-planning and organisational skills

-strong written and oral communication skills Arthur Casagrande (1902-1981)

the ability to work independently, or as part of
a team. - well-known for his ingenious designs of soil
testing apparatus and research on seepage and
soil liquefaction

Historical Developments

-The ancient Greek civilizations used isolated Ralph Peck (1912-2008)

pad footings and strip-and-raft foundation for
building structures. was an eminent civil engineer specializing in soil
mechanics. He was awarded the National Medal
of Science in 1975 for his development of the
science and art of subsurface engineering,
-Dykes were built during Indus and Chinese combining the contributions of the sciences of
civilizations (around 2000 BC). Beginning geology. and soil mechanics with the practical
around 2700 BC several pyramids were built in art of foundation design.
Egypt

Water Resource Engineering

-Geotechnical Engineering prior to 18h century
Water Resource Engineers develop new
equipment and systems for water resource
Charles Coulomb (1736-1806) management facilities in a specific country. The
systems that Water Resource Engineers create
-a French Engineer, published his wedge theory ensure that citizens are provided with a
of earth pressure in 1776, which is the first continuous supply of clean, uncontaminated
major contribution to the scientific study of soil water for drinking, living, and recreational
behaviour. purposes.

Modern Day The applications of water resource engineering:

Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963) -Design of various hydraulic structures such as

breakwaters and dams, sewage conduit
"Father of Modern Soil Mechanics"
-Management of waterways-flood and erosion
-developed the theory of consolidation for
protection.
clays.
-Hydroelectric-power development.
-The consolidation of the theory was published
in his book "Erdbaumechanik" in 1925. -Irrigation, water supply and navigation
Environmental management
 Deliver high-quality design solutions with
minimal capital investments
Different aspects that water resources
engmeering was used: Reduce emergency response time

Flood forecasting, flood management

Reservoir operation Planning, construction, implementation and

maintenance tasks
Dam break analysis

River ecology River management, navigation.

A skilled and well-trained water resources
Sediment transport &river morphology engineer can create new systems and
Basin-wide water resource planning equipment to increase the efficiency and
effectiveness of water resource management
River water quality, point load and non-point and water treatment. Water resources
assessments engineers analyze data from different areas to
design new systems or improve existing
Conjunctive use of surface water and
facilities to improve the cleansing effects of
groundwater
local water treatment systems. Even as they do
Watershed management this, they have to take into consideration
government regulations, budgetary constraints,
Soil &groundwater contamination future requirements and more.

Duties that a water resources engineer Systems and tools that water resources
performs: engineers use:

Water treatment facilities. GIS and hydraulic modeling

Natural springs Underground wells Infrastructure Design Suite software Slug tests
and aquifer tests analysis software
Support land development projects
Streamflow-based programs
Generate master plans
Graphical User Interfaces Post Processors
Optimize water distribution system operations
Storm water and wastewater systems Water data analytics platform.

Design plans and systems that intelligently. and 2D and 3D CAD viewers and software
safely deliver clean water

Make reliable renewal decisions

Transportation Engineering
Accurately model water system operations
Transport or transportation - is the movement -Water transport could be of inland type or
of people, animals and goods from one location oceanic transport.
to another.
-Inland water transport is used mainly for
Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water transport within a country. Oceanic water
and pipeline. transport is used for overseas transportation

Transportation engineering - is the application 4. Pipe-lines - It is used for the transport of

of technology and scientific principles to the crude petroleum, refined petroleum and
planning, functional design, operation and natural gas
management of facilities for any mode of
transportation in order to provide for the safe, - Also used for transportation of certain types of
efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, chemicals, pulverized dry bulk materials such as
economical, and environmentally compatible cement and flour via hydraulic suspension
movement of people and goods. system and sewage and water in cities.

5. Airways - Is the newest mode of

transportation.
Five Modes of Transportation:
-The basic advantage of Air transport is its high
1. Railways - Very large volumes of goods can speed. By air, the time required. maybe days by
be transported economically over long other modes of transport.
distances to remote places

-Railways help to transport raw materials from

extractive industries which are located at the What are the roles of Transportation Engineer?
remote areas -The basic role of a transportation engineer is to
2. Roadways -Or Road transport forms an develop plans for surface transportation
essential part of any transport activity, whether projects, according to established engineering
rail, sea or air. standards and state or federal construction
policy. Prepare designs, specifications, or
-It is essential as supplementary and estimates for transportation facilities. Plan
complementary mode of transport. For modifications of existing streets, highways, or
example, from terminal the railway station the freeways to improve traffic flow.
goods have to be carried to the destination by
road.

3. Waterways - One of the oldest modes of Below are the Job Duties and Tasks of
transportation is water. In terms of time factor, Transportation Engineer:
they may be slow. Prepare project budgets, schedules, or
- Water transport could be of inland can carry specifications for labor or materials.
more shipment at reduced cost over longer
distance
Supervise the maintenance or repair of Prepare final project layout drawings that
transportation systems or system. components. include details such as stress calculations.

Participate in contract bidding, negotiation, or Plan alteration or modification of existing

administration. Evaluate construction project transportation structures to improve safety or
materials for compliance with environmental function.
standards.
Model transportation scenarios to evaluate the
Investigate traffic problems and recommend impacts of activities such as new development
methods to improve traffic flow or safety. or to identify possible solutions to
transportation problems.
Direct the surveying, staking, or laying-out of
construction projects.

Estimate transportation project costs. Analyze Investigate or test specific construction project
environmental impact statements for materials to determine compliance to
transportation projects. specifications or standards.

Inspect completed transportation projects to Inspect completed transportation projects to

ensure compliance with environmental ensure safety or compliance with applicable
regulations. standards or regulations.

Review development plans to determine Confer with contractors, utility companies, or

potential traffic impact. government agencies to discuss plans,
specifications, or work schedules.
Present data, maps, or other information at
construction-related public hearings or Check construction plans, design calculations, or
meetings cost estimations to ensure completeness,
accuracy, or conformity to engineering
Prepare administrative, technical, or statistical standards or practices.
reports on traffic-operation matters, such as
accidents, safety measures, or pedestrian Design or prepare plans for new transportation
volume or practices. systems or parts of systems, such as airports,
commuter trains, highways, streets, bridges,
Evaluate transportation systems or traffic drainage structures, or roadway lighting.
control devices or lighting systems to determine
need for modification or expansion. Design or engineer drainage, erosion, or
sedimentation control systems for
Evaluate traffic control devices or lighting transportation projects.
systems to determine need for modification or
expansion. Develop or assist in the Design transportation systems or structures
development of transportation-related using sustainable materials or products, such as
computer software or computer processes. porous pavement or bioretention structures.
Develop plans to deconstruct damaged or -It is the internal energy in substance. Example:
obsolete roadways or other transportation Geothermal Energy.
structures in a manner that is environmentally
sound or prepares the land for sustainable
development. Radiant Energy

-It is electromagnetic energy that travel in

Environmental and Energy transverse way. Example: Solar Energy.

Energy - is a property of matter that can be

converted into work heat or radiation. Electrical Energy

-Is the movement of electrons. Example: Light

Types of Energy: and electricity.

Potential Energy Chemical Energy

- Potential energy is an energy which is due to -It is an energy which is stored in the bond of
an object's position. Example, Chemical Energy. atom or molecule. Example: Biomass,
Nuclear Energy, Mechanical Energy. Petroleum, Natural Gas and Coal.
Gravitational Energy.

Nuclear Energy
Kinetic Energy -It is an energy which is stored in the nucleolus
- is that energy of an object due to its motion. of atom. Example: Nucleus of a uranium atom.
Example: Radiant Energy, Thermal Energy,
Electrical Energy, Motion Energy.
Classification of Energy Sources:

Renewable Energy
Forms of Energy:
sources are unlimited by rate of use or non-
Mechanical depleting.
-Mechanical Energy is that energy which is store Example wind, solar, geothermal, Hydro, Bio
in object by the application of force. Example: Energy.
Stretched rubber band and compressed springs.

Solar Energy
Thermal Energy
-Solar energy is a combination of light and heat - these changes are caused by human activities
which is produced by sun. such as transportation, industrial revolution,
agricultural process etc.

Wind Energy
Types of Pollution
-Wind energy is the energy of moving air.
Air pollution- it is the contamination of air by
smoke and harmful gases, mainly oxides of
Bio Energy carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen.

-Bio energy is derived from biological source. Water pollution- it is the contamination of any
body of water (lakes, groundwater, oceans,
etc.)

Geothermal Energy Lund pollution -it is the degradation of the

earth's surface caused by a misuse of resources
-Geothermal Energy that comes from the heat
and improper disposal of waste.
of the earth.
Noise pollution - is any load sounds that are
harmful to humans and animals.
Environment

The environment refers to the surroundings in

What are the roles of Environmental Engineers?
which a person, animal and plant lives.
Environmental engineers typically do the
following:
Environmental Changes
Prepare, review, and update environmental
Environment has been always changing some investigation reports
time slowly and sometime rapidly. Man, and
Design projects that lead to environmental
other organism are affected by these changes in
protection, such as water reclamation facilities
the environment. Environment changes are
or air pollution control systems Obtain, update,
carried out in two ways:
and maintain plans, permits, and standard
Natural Changes operating procedures

- these changes take place by natural process Provide technical support for environmental
such as storms,flood and earthquake. remediation projects and for legal actions

Artificial Changes Analyze scientific data and do quality-control

checks Monitor the progress of environmental
improvement programs
Inspect industrial and municipal facilities and
programs in order to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations

Advise corporations and government agencies

about procedures for cleaning up contaminated
sites

What is the role of Energy Engineers?

The primary job of an Energy Engineer is to

design, develop, or evaluate energy- related
projects or programs to reduce energy costs or
improve energy efficiency during the designing,
building, or remodeling stages of construction.
May specialize in electrical systems; heating,
ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
systems; green buildings: lighting: air quality, or
energy procurement.