Activity 2

Topic
Equivalence Relation.

Objective lines in a plane, defined by R= ((l, m) :1| m} is an

eouivale
To verify that the relationR in the set L of all
relation.

Pre-requisite Knowledge
(a) Definition of an equivalence relation.
perpendicular lines etc.
(b) Properties of parallel lines and
Materials Required pins.
cardboard, colourful chartpapers, thin plastic strips or colourful ribbons, few board pins and paper
A thick
fevicol etc.
Demonstration
(b) Now, join two pins with the help of thin plastic strips
(a) Take acolourful chart paper (Here white colour) or colourful ribbons to represent horizontal lines,
paste it on the cardboard with the help of
and vertical lines and transversal lines, see Fig. 2.2.
board pins. Now take few paper pins and put them
Note: For horizontal lines take red colour ribbon,
randomly on the chart paper as shown in Fig. 2.1. and for
for vertical lines take green colour ribbon
colour ribbon. Students
transversal lines take black
choice.
can take different colours as per their

Fig. 2.2
Fig. 2.1

Observation
(a) 1, is parallel to I,l, is parallel to ,
i.e. (,,1,) eR» ((, 1) e R
Similarly (,, 1,) e R » (l3, l) e R
(U, 1) e R ’ l, l4) eR
Thus R= {(l, m):|| m} is symmetric.

10 Togetker awcek Mathematics Lab Practical---12

 to itsclf
(b) 1, is parallel
ie. each line is parallel to itself.
.R= {(l, m):1|| m} is reflexive.
(c) ,|1and I, || , ’1, I|4,
i.e. I,, 1,) eRand (,, l) e R’ (,, !,) e R
.R= {(, m) :1|| nm} is transitive.

Result
relation.
Since R = {(, m) : 1|| m} is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, therefore it is an cquivalence

APPLICATION
to clear the concept of
(a) Take some more colourful threads in different positions and repcat this activity
different types of relations.
other and put them in a collection A.
(b) Take few triangles in such a way that some are similar to each relation or not.
Define R= {(A, A,): 4, ~ A,} in A. Check Whether Ris an equivalence

FILL IN THE BLANKS

((a, b):a² + b' = 1} is only.
(i) Let S be the set of all real numbers and Rdefined as R=
Sol. Symmetric 10} then domain of Ris
(iü) LetR= {(a, a'): a is a prime number less than
Sol. (2, 3, 5, 7}
A, then R, R, is an
(iii) If R, and R, are two equivalence relation on a set
Sol. Equivalence relation.
as R = {x, y) : 3x -y= 0} is not an
(iv) Relation R defined in set A = {1, 2, 3, .... 13, 14}
Sol. Equivalence relation.

VIVA VoCE
(i) Define empty relation? i.e.
relation, if no elements of A is related to any element of A
Sol. Relation R in a set A is called an empty
R= .
an equivalence relation?
(ü) Is the relation 'is less than or equal to' on R
Sol. No.

(üi) Let R= a.):aENand 1<a<s}. Tell the domain and range of R.

Sol. Domain is (2, 3, 4} and Range is
is also an equivalence relation.
(iv) IfR, and R, be two equivalence relation on a setA, then can you say that R, nR,
Sol. Yes.

Activities 11
 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions)
1. Let 4 = {1, 2, 3} and let R= {(1, 1l). (2. 2). (3, 3). (1. 3). (3. 2). (1. 2)}
Then R is
(a) reflexive only (b) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(c) symmetric only (d) transitive only
Sol. (b) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
2. Let Z be the set of all integers and R be a relation on Z defined as
R ={(a, b) : (a - b) is divisible by 3} then R is
(a) reflexive but not symmetric (b) an equivalence relation
(c) symmetric not reflexive (d) none of these
Sol. (b) an equivalence relation
3. Let R =(a,a') :ais a prime number less than 5} be a relation. Then range of Ris
(a) (8, 27) (6) (1, 1) (c) (3, 27) (d) none of these
Sol. (a) (8, 27)
4. Given triangles with sides T, : 3, 4, 5; T, :5, 12, 13; T, : 6, 8, 10; T, : 4, 7, 9 and a relation Rin set of
triangles defined as R = {(A,, A,) : A, is similar to A,}. Which triangles belong to the same equivalence
class?
(a) T, and T, (b) T, and T, (c) T, and T, (d) T and T,
Sol. (c), T, and T, are similar as their sides are proportional.
be
5. Given set A ={1, 2, 3} and a relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}, the relation R will
(a) reflexive if (1, 1) is added (b) symmetric if (2, 3) is added
(c) transitive if (1, 1) is added (d) symmetric if (3. 2) is added
Sol. (c), here (1, 2) e R, (2, 1) e R, if transitive (1, 1) should belong to R.
also.
6. Every relation which is symmetric and transitive is reflexive (d) none of these
(a) true (b) false (c) 0
Sol. (b) false
A is
7. LetA = {x, y, z}, then total number of distinct relations in set (d) 23
(a) 512 (b) 256 (c) 2"
Sol. (a) 512

12 Togethen wek Mathematics Lab Practical-12

 Activity 2
4
Topic
Function

Objective
which is one-one but not onto.
Iodemonstrate a function
Pre-requisite Knowledge and onto
relation. functions and their types such as one -one onto, many one onto, into
Basic knowledge of
functions, many one into.

Materials Required
papers, pen, pencil, a pair of scissors, glue, paper pins, thin wires etc.
Drawing sheet. glaze
Demonstration
on
shapes from the glaze papers and paste (b) Put 5 paper pins on the setA and 6paper pins
(a) Cut two oval the set B and mark them as a,, a,, az, a, and a,;
A
them on drawing sheet to represent two sets as
and B. See Fig. 4.1. and b,, b,, .... b See Fig. 4.2.
A B
A
"b,
"b,
"b,

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

wires as shown in Fig. 4.3.

lcj Join the pins of set A to the pins of set B with the help of thin

+b,

Fig. 4.3

16 Tagetker wak Mathernatics Lab Practical--12

Observation
f:A ’ B
f(a,) = b,
fa) = b,
f(a,) = b,
f(a) = b4
fla,) = b,
(a) Each element of the set A has a unique
image in the set B.
Thus f:A’ B is one-one.
(b) Also there exists at least one element b, in B which
has not any pre-image in the set A.
.:. f:A ’ B is not onto.

Result
Through this activity it is verified that the function which is one-one but not onto.

APPLICATION
(a) f: R ’R where f(x) = x] is neither one-one nor onto. Note (x] is the
greatest integer function.
(b) f: N ’ N where f(x) = x is one-one into.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

(i) Let f(x) = /cos x, then domain of f is

Sol.

X-1
(ü) Let f(r) = x-4
then domain () is
Sol. (-o, 1] [4, o]
(iiü) Letf:Q’ Q; where fx) = (2x + 3), thenf() is
Sol. o-5)
() Letf: R - R and f(<) =
4x
(3x + 4)
then f'(y) is
Sol.
4y
4-3y

() Let A=R- (2} and B = R- {1}. Iff:4’ Bdefined as f(x) = then, fis
Sol. one-one and onto.
(vi) There is a function f such that f: R R where f (x) = x is neither
Sol. one-one nor onto.

Activities 17
 ViVA VocE
() Define bijective function.
Sol. All elements of the domain have unique and distinct images in its co-domain and no element in the
co-domain is left vacant, then the function is called bijective i.e. one-one and onto function.
(ü) Is signum function one-one and onto?
Sol. No
(ii) Let f:R ’R given by f(r) = . Discuss the nature of the function.
Sol. The nature of the function is one-one and onto.
(iv) If f:A ’ B and g:B’Care one-one and onto. Can you say fog(x) is also one-one and onto?
Sol. Yes
(v) If flr) =x+ 7 and g(r) =x-7,x e R, then what will be the value of fog(6)?
Sol. 6
(vi) What is the condition for a function to be an invertible function?
Sol. Function should be one-one and onto.

MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions)

1. f:N ’N defined as fx) = t x + 1 is
(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one and into (c) many one and onto (d) many one and into
Sol. (b) one-one and into
2. f: R ’R, fk) = is
(a) one-one and onto (6) one-one and into (c) many one and onto (d) many one and into
Sol. (a) one-one and onto
3. f:R ’R, fr) = cos xis
(a) one-one and into (b) one-one and onto
(c) many one and onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
Sol. (d) neither one-one nor onto
4. Let f) = then domain of f is
x-1
(a) R (6) R-{1} (c) R-{-1} (d) R - {-1, 1}
Sol. (d) R - {-1, 1}
5. Let f(r) = t, then domain of f and range of f are respectively.
(a) R and R (b) R and R+ (c) R and R+ (d) R and R - {0}
Sol. (c)R and R+

18\ 7ogether witk

Mathematics Lab Practical-12