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Precision Farming

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27 views24 pages

Precision Farming

Uploaded by

patrali2019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Precision farming

Dr Anurag Kumar Singh

Department Of Agronomy
Faculty of Agriculture Science
Basic concept of Precision Farming

Assessing variability •Existing variability

Managing variability •Land leveling


•VRT
•Site specific planting
•Site Specific Nutrient Management
•Precision water management
•Site specific weed management

•Variations occur in crop or soil properties within a field.


•These variations are noted, and often mapped.
•Management actions are taken as a consequence of the spatial variability
within the field.
What Is Precision Farming?
Precision Farming is a management philosophy or approach to the farm
and is not a definable prescriptive system.
The spatial variability within that field. Development of geometrics
technology in the later part of the 20th century has aided in the adoption of site-
specific management systems using remote sensing (RS), GPS, and Geographical
information system (GIS). This approach is called PF or site specific management.
Example:
•Yield monitoring
•Yield mapping
•Variable rate fertilizer
•Weed mapping
•Variable spraying
•Topography and boundaries
•Salinity mapping
•Guidance systems
•Records and analyses
Precision Farming and its Objective
It is defined as the application of technologies and principles
to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects
of agricultural production (Pierce and Nowak, 1999).

In other words, precision farming is the matching of resource


application and agronomic practices with soil attributes and crop
requirements as they vary across a field.

•Precision farming aims to improve crop performance and


environmental quality.
Component of precision farming

1. Remote sensing
2. Global Position System
3. Geographical information System
4. Farmers
The first phrase is 'Spatially variable', 'GPS based',
'Prescription', 'Site-specific' or 'Precision',

The second phrase can be 'Farming', 'Agriculture' or 'Crop


production'.
Data obtaining
Mapping Application
Developments which prompted PF
Many technological developments, which occurred in 20th century
contributed to the development of the concept of precision
farming. These technological developments are as follows.

1. Global Navigation Satellite System


2. GPS-Guided agricultural machinery
3. Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
4. Remote Sensing
Technology for precision farming
The new tools applicable to this PF are such as RS, GPS and GIS. Three
aspects such as

•Data collection, Analysis or processing Recommendations

Technologies required are as follows:


Mapping The generation of maps for crop and soil properties is the most
important and first step in PF. Data collection occurs both before
and during crop production and is enhanced by collecting
precise location coordinates using the GPS. Grid soil sampling,
yield monitoring, RS and crop.

Scouting Mapping can be done by RS, GIS and manually during field
operations.
Geographic Information System
What are the Parts of a Geographic Information System?
spatial data GIS computer

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system capable of


capturing, storing, manipulating, and displaying spatially referenced
information. Intermediate step because it combines the data collected based
on sampling regimes, to develop the process models, expert systems, etc.

The manipulation of spatial information had begun in the 1960s,


•Weed control,
•Pest control and
•Site-specific Fertilizer application
•Drought monitoring,
•Yield estimation,
•Pest infestation monitoring and forecasting

GIS coupled with GPS, microcomputers, RS and sensors


DATA LAYERS
Geo-image
Yield map
Fertility map
Crop map
Plant indices
Water bodies
Irrigation channels
Field bunds
Soil map
Base map

GIS – layers of related information


i) Bare soil imagery
ii) Topography
iii) Farmer’s experiences
Data in GIS

Spatial data Maps prepared either with the help of field surveys or with
the help of interpreted remote sensed data.

Attribute as complementary to the spatial data and


Non-spatial data discrete what is at a point, along a line or in a polygon and
as a socio-economics characteristics from census or other
sources.
Topologies of spatial data in GIS

The spatial data in GIS is generally described by X,Y co-ordinates and


descriptive data are best organized in alphanumeric fields.

GIS features can be classified in to three categories :

Points Refer to single place and usually considered as no dimension.

Lines Represents the linear feature and consists of series X, Y co-


ordinate pairs with discrete beginning and ending points.

polygons Polygons are characterized by area and perimeter and closed


features defined by set of linked lines enclosing an area.
Data structure
GIS represents these features in different types of structure.
1. Raster Model
2. Vector Model
3. Quadree model
Fist two are most popular in GIS packages available in the market.

Raster Model Represents the image with help of square lattice grids.

Vector Model Represents the geographical features by a set of co-


ordinates vectors as X Y co-ordinates define points,
lines and polygons.
GIS Data base design

The GIS has two distinct utilization capabilities

1. First pertaining to querying and obtaining


information.

2. Second pertaining to integrated analytical


modeling.
Important GIS packages

•ARC/INFO

•PAMAP

•MAPINFO

•GRASS

•ISROGIS

•IDRISI

•GRAM
Geographic Position System
Historically, GPS has been embraced as a
GIS data collection tool.

•Navigation

•Positioning

Today, GPS is being bound directly to GIS


applications for a variety of applications,
but principally real-time GIS data use in the
field and for database update.
What is Variable Rate Technology?
VRT, is a technology that allows variable rates of fertiliser application,
seeding, chemical application and tillage throughout a single paddock.
The rate is changed according to a preset map or through information
gathered "on the go" by sensors.

Two approaches to VRT

Map based

Sensor based
Remote sensing
Remote sensing is a technique used to collect data about the earth without
taking a physical sample of the earth’s surface. A sensor is used to measure the
energy reflected from the earth. This information can be displayed as a digital
image or as a photograph. The transport of information from an object to a
receiver (observer) by means of radiation transmitted through the atmosphere.

Information of object

Radiation Reflection coefficient,


emittance, roughness

Receiver
The specific application of remote sensing
techniques can be used for
i) Detection
ii) Identification
iii) Measurement
iv) Monitoring of agricultural phenomena.

Applicable to crop survey


1. Crop identification 10. Effects of fertilizes
2. Crop acreage 11. Soil toxicity
3. Crop vigor 12. Soil moisture
4. Crop density 13. Water quality
5. Crop maturity 14. Irrigation requirement
6. Growth rates 15. Insect infestations
7. Yield forecasting 16. Disease infestations
8. Actual yield 17. Water availability
9. Soil fertility 18. Location of canals
Role of Remote sensing and GIS in Agronomy
Remote sensing technology is used in getting near real time information on
various aspects of agriculture. Variety of satellites in orbit providing a routine
and continuous coverage of the globe.

•Crop type
•State of maturity
•Crop density
•Crop vigor
•crop geometry
•Crop moisture
•Crop temperature
•Crop health etc.

Increase production, reduce input costs, and manage the land more effectively
in combination with new technology and farming practices.
Challenges for precision farming

•Identification of crops and estimation of area and production


of short duration crops grown in fragmented land holding
•Forecasting of drought and/ floods.
•Detection of crop stress due to nutrients, pests and diseases
and quantification of their effects on crop yield.
•Automation of land evaluation procedures for a variety of
applications using GIS techniques.
•Information on sub surface horizons.
•Extending precision farming database to smaller farm size
•Estimation of depth of water in resevoirs and quality
assessment of ground water.
THANKS

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