EDU302 – Human Development and Learning

Mid Term Subjective File by Tanveer Online Academy

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LMS Handling, Thesis/Research Project, Teaching Practice
EDU302 Mid Term Subjective File by Tanveer Online Academy

Sublimation:

It is considered as the most complete and successful of all defense mechanisms. It is the

transformation of sexual and aggressive urges into creative work into socially acceptable

directions. Thus, it is a form of channelling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into

socially acceptable behaviour. For example, a person who is very aggressive becomes a

professional cricket player.

Hereditary:

Biological factors refer to the genetic features that individuals receive from their parents.

General Health of a child maternal age, health, stress and nutrition are likely to influence a

child’s development. Boys and girls are tend to develop differently.

5 points of late adulthood:

The term late adulthood is rightly equivalent to old age. This is the final stage of physical

change. It is difficult to consider the exact age of a person for being old. The onset of old age

may vary from country to country. Although the retirement age is considered as one of the

criteria of old age, it varies from job to job. For example, in India the retirement age for

government organization is 58 years while for Universities it is 62 years and in some other

institutions like IIT and IIM it is 65 years. Now-a-days people beyond 70 years old are

considered old.

3 Ways to foster moral development in children:

1. Telling and Reading Stories: All children enjoy listening to and reading folk tales,

fairy tales, and stories where animals are the main characters. Teachers can select such

story books in Urdu or in mother tongue.

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 2. Learning and Singing Songs: Most children love learning and singing songs.

Adolescents and adults also like songs and singing, especially if they can identify with

the music. Through poems and songs moral values can be indorsed.

3. Role-playing a Story: Majority of children like to wear a particular dress and acting

out the roles of different characters. For teaching the value of hard work, truth, and

empathy teacher can use role playing in classroom.

Topographical aspects of mind enlist:

Freud has divided the structure of mind into three levels:

1. The conscious

2. The preconscious or the subconscious

3. The unconscious

The conscious mind consists of all the things of which a person is aware at any given moment.

In other words, it refers to the experience or awareness of an object at the present moment.

Freud compared the human mind to an iceberg and viewed that only one-tenth part of the mind

deals with conscious experience.

The segment of the mind where the readily recallable is to be located is called by Freud the

preconscious or subconscious. The subconscious is the storehouse of surface memories and

are readily retrieved though are not conscious at the moment. The subconscious process is weak

and when it gets some force from the outside, it comes to the conscious level.

Freud emphasized the unconscious mental process which is about 9/10 part of the mind. He

believed that the unconscious part of the mind is the important determining factor in human

behaviour and personality. It is the level of mind where thoughts, feelings, memories and other

information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

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Enlist Erikson stages name:
Stage 1 Trust versus mistrust

Stage 2 Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Stage 3 Initiative versus Guilt

Stage 4 Industry versus Inferiority

Stage 5 Identity versus Role Confusion

Stage 6 Intimacy versus Isolation

Stage 7 Generativity versus Stagnation

Stage 8 Ego Integrity versus Despair

Characteristic of human development:

1) Development is a lifelong process: Development is a process that continues throughout

life. It begins at birth and ends in the death of an individual.

2) Development includes both gain and loss during life span: The child may develop in one

area and lose in another area.

3) Development is influenced the biological factor and environmental situations: Human

development is influenced by biological and environmental factors. For example, the body

strength of the child develops in the early period but may deteriorate during old age.

4) Development involves changing the allocation of resources: It states that during different

developmental periods, resources such as; time, money, social support, etc. are used differently.

For example, during old age, people require more money to maintain their proper health.

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5) Development can be modified: This principle reveals that through proper training

development can be modified. For example, an individual can maintain his proper health by

doing different exercises even in old age.

6) Development is based upon the historical and cultural environment: The child grows,

develops, and acquires knowledge about the traditions, rules, and regulations of society

according to his historical and cultural environment.

Enlist factors affecting human development:

1. Heredity factors

2. Environmental factors

3. Home Environment

4. Cultural factors

5. Socioeconomic status (SES)

6. Normative influences

7. Nutritional

8. Education and training

Importance of moral development:

Society cannot work in a proper way in the absence of ethical and moral principles on what is

right and what is wrong. Moral education starts from early childhood and continues during

childhood and adolescence. Impact of moral development will be reflected through individual‘s

personality, behaviour and attitudes. The quality of inter personal relations depends on the

quality of manners and behaviours people act upon. Starting from individual level, morality

spreads out to society and is an important element for peace and unity. Thus, teaching positive

values such as honesty, courage, responsibility, compassion, integrity, self-discipline, self-

reliance, kindness, friendliness, tolerance, respect, love, justice and mercy becomes essential.

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Are you intelligent by nature or your intelligence influenced by nature? Give

opinion and reason

My intelligence is influenced by nature, with genetic factors shaping cognitive abilities and

intellectual potential. The unique combination of inherited traits establishes the inherent

foundation of my intelligence, highlighting the impact of nature on cognitive development.

Erickson theory long question:

Repeated

Stages of Erick Erickson theory:

Repeated

Types of unsuccessful defence mechanism:

1. Denial

2. Regression

3. Repression

4. Projection

5. Rationalization

6. Reaction Formation

7. Displacement

8. Identification

9. Compensation

What is moral development?

Moral development relates to an individual‘s sense of right and wrong. It focuses on the

beginning, understanding and change of morality from infancy through old age.

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What do we mean by morality? According to one definition, morality refers to “a set of

principles or ideals that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this

distinction” (Shaffer, 1993).

Morality principles guide how people should treat one another, with respect to justice, others'

rights and welfare.

What is role of chromosomes in genetic of inheritance?

Chromosomes are carriers of genetic information, containing DNA that holds the instructions

for an individual's traits. During reproduction, chromosomes from both parents combine,

ensuring the transmission of genetic material to offspring. The role of chromosomes in

inheritance is fundamental, as they determine the genetic makeup and influence the

characteristics passed down from one generation to the next.

Physical characteristics of adulthood stage?

This adult stage has three sub-stages of development. First stage is early adulthood, the second

stage is middle adulthood, and the third stage is late adulthood.

At this period of life adults take many important decisions of life like choice of career, type of

friends, residence, etc. independently and accept responsibility and consequences for their own

decisions.

Middle adulthood period is explained in terms of a gradual decline in one's physical abilities,

physical health, stamina etc., but the decline is gradual in nature. Both men and women feel

tired easily.

5 points of adolescence development?

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  Adolescence is the developmental transition between childhood and adulthood

entailing major physical, cognitive and psychological changes.

 As this is the transitional phase of life adolescents’ rebel against their parents and

society most often. Therefore, this period is labelled as storm and stress period.

 Sexuality and identity formation are two major challenges of the period of adolescence

 The approximate age for sexual maturation is 12.5 years for boys and 10.5 years for

girls

 Sex hormones like testosterone in males and estrogen in females are secreted from the

sex glands.

Infancy and early childhood in development task theory:

In the context of development task theory, infancy and early childhood involve essential tasks

related to physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional growth. These tasks include motor skill

development, language acquisition, forming attachments, and establishing a sense of trust and

autonomy. Meeting these developmental tasks during infancy and early childhood lays the

foundation for healthy overall development.

Three points of j. B Watson:

 Albert experiment

 Association with events

 Phobias can be induced

 Phobias can be removed

Five characteristic of adulthood:

1. Autonomy: Adults strive for independence and the ability to make decisions for themselves.

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2. Responsibility: Mature individuals take on various roles and obligations, both personally

and professionally.

3. Identity: Adults solidify their sense of self and develop a clearer understanding of their

values and beliefs.

4. Intimacy: Forming meaningful relationships and connections with others becomes a crucial

aspect of adulthood.

5. Generativity: Adults focus on contributing to the well-being of future generations, whether

through parenting, mentoring, or societal contributions.

Defence mechanism of adulthood:

In adulthood, defense mechanisms serve as psychological strategies to cope with stress and

protect the individual from anxiety or discomfort. Common mechanisms include denial, where

one refuses to accept unpleasant realities; rationalization, involving providing logical

explanations for behaviours to justify actions; and repression, the unconscious suppression of

distressing memories or thoughts. These defense mechanisms help adults navigate challenges

and maintain emotional equilibrium in the face of life's complexities.

Physical characteristics of adulthood?

 This adult stage has three sub-stages of development. First stage is early adulthood, the

second stage is middle adulthood, and the third stage is late adulthood.

 At this period of life adults take many important decisions of life like choice of career,

type of friends, residence, etc. independently and accept responsibility and

consequences for their own decisions.

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  Middle adulthood period is explained in terms of a gradual decline in one's physical

abilities, physical health, stamina etc., but the decline is gradual in nature. Both men

and women feel tired easily

Development of toddlerhood?
Toddlerhood, typically spanning from ages 1 to 3, marks a period of rapid physical, cognitive,

and socio-emotional development. Toddlers refine motor skills, acquire language rapidly, and

begin to assert their independence. The formation of early social bonds and the exploration of

the surrounding environment are pivotal aspects of toddler development, laying the

groundwork for future growth.

What is chromosomes? How many pairs of chromosomes in human?

Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins, containing genetic

information that determines an organism's traits. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes,

for a total of 46 chromosomes. These pairs include one set inherited from each parent, with 22

pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, determining an individual's gender.

Pavlov theory in real life:

 In a classroom setting

 In a real life context

 Behavior management

 Habit formation

In reality, people do not respond exactly like Pavlov's dogs. There are, however, numerous real

world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical

conditioning techniques to help people train their pets.

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These techniques are also useful for helping people cope with phobias or anxiety problems.

Therapists might, for example, repeatedly pair something that provokes anxiety with relaxation

techniques in order to create an association. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning

in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or

fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with

pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations. Instead of feeling anxious and

tense in these situations, the child will learn to stay relaxed and calm.

Freud theory’s personality structure:

He has categorized the structure of personality into two:

a) Topographical aspects of mind

b) b) Dynamic aspects of min

Topographical aspects of mind:

Freud has divided the structure of mind into three levels:

1) The conscious,

2) The preconscious or the subconscious and

3) The unconscious

Dynamic aspect of mind

The id:- The primitive part of the personality is id.

The Id is a completely amoral part of the personality that exists at birth which contains all of

the basic biological drives related to hunger, sex, aggression and irrational impulses.

Principle of development?

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 1. Development involves change.

2. Development is a continuous process.

3. Development follows a direction and uniform pattern in an orderly manner.

4. Individual Differences in the Development Process.

5. Development depends on maturation and learning.

6. Development is predictable.

7. Early development is more critical than later development.

8. Development involves Social expectations.

9. Development has potential hazards.

10. Happiness varies at different periods in the development process.

11. Development is a lifelong process.

12. Development includes both gain and loss during life span.

13. Development is influenced the biological factor and environmental situations.

14. Development involves changing the allocation of resources.

15. Development can be modified.

16. Development is based upon the historical and cultural environment.

Cognitive development in infancy to toddlerhood?

 Making various sounds like gurgling, cooing, etc.

 Gradually learn the relationship between their actions and the external world.

 Can manipulate various objects to produce effects.

 Infants seem to acquire knowledge about the world only

 Through motor activities and sensory impressions

 Around the end of the 9th month infants demonstrate object permanence and say mama,
papa.

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Physical development in infant childhood?
 This stage includes two sub-stages: one is early childhood and another is late childhood.

 Period between the ages of 3 to 11 years.

 Children gain 2 to 3 inches in height and 5 to 6 pounds in weight every year.

 They learn to walk, run, jump and play.

 Children begin to develop athletic appearance and they lose their babyish roundness.

 The late childhood period extends from 6 to 11 years. This period is known as pre-
adolescence.

Physical characteristics of adulthood?

 This adult stage has three sub-stages of development. First stage is early adulthood, the

second stage is middle adulthood, and the third stage is late adulthood.

 At this period of life adults take many important decisions of life like choice of career,

type of friends, residence, etc. independently and accept responsibility and

consequences for their own decisions.

 Middle adulthood period is explained in terms of a gradual decline in one's physical

abilities, physical health, stamina etc., but the decline is gradual in nature. Both men

and women feel tired easily.

Three topographical aspects of mind by Freud?

Freud has divided the structure of mind into three levels:

1) The conscious,

2) The preconscious or the subconscious and

3) The unconscious

Any five points about characteristics of late adulthood period?

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 1. Human development is related with physical, social, emotional and cognitive

development of individuals.

2. There are different issues in human development. They are: a) development relates to

heredity or environment, development is a continuous process or takes place in various

stages and what are the critical periods of development.

3. Stages of human development have been classified in various ways by different

psychologists. Erikson has classified human development in terms of psycho-social

development, whereas Freud explained this based upon psychosexual stages.

4. The adulthood stage can be classified as young adulthood and middle adulthood stage.
The middle adulthood stage is also known as the middle age period in which people

start ageing. In the young adulthood period people develop relationships and settle

down with family and work.

5. The late adulthood stage is also called old age. Generally during this period people are
physically weak and they may suffer from various diseases. Some people enjoy this

period of life as they are free from their responsibilities. These stages of development

depend upon the environmental factors of specific countries. For example, in India

some children do not get nutritious food for which they suffer from various diseases

even in their childhood.

Which activities teacher can design to develop morality in students of

kindergarten level?

At this level teacher can use the following classroom activities to promote moral development:

1. Telling and Reading Stories: All children enjoy listening to and reading folk tales, fairy

tales, and stories where animals are the main characters. Teachers can select such story books

in Urdu or in mother tongue.

13
2. Learning and Singing Songs: Most children love learning and singing songs. Adolescents

and adults also like songs and singing, especially if they can identify with the music. Through

poems and songs moral values can be indorsed.

3. Role-playing a Story: Majority of children like to wear a particular dress and acting out the

roles of different characters. For teaching the value of hard work, truth, and empathy teacher

can use role playing in classroom.

Difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence declines as age increases. Fluid intelligence involves the ability to perceive

relations, form concepts and reason abstractly. Crystallized intelligence involves the ability to

remember and use learned information. Fluid intelligence includes reasoning, memory and

information processing capabilities, whereas crystallized intelligence is the acquired

knowledge of the person. During old age people forget that it may lead to dementia or

Alzheimer‘s disease which is possible due to Fluid intelligence, because it relates to

neurological functioning. On the other hand, crystallized intelligence helps in storing

information. Therefore, in old age people should keep their minds active by mental exercises

such as problem solving analysis and other operations etc.

Why Piaget's cognitive development was criticized?

Following criticism was made on Piaget‘s theory:

 Learning through stages.

 Environmental part neglected.

 Piaget underestimated the ages at which children could master various cognitive tasks.

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  The theory also seems to suggest that intellectual development is largely complete by
the age of 12. More recent research demonstrates that the teen and early adult years are

a period of important cognitive development as well.

Three developments socioemotional of childhood?

There are three important socio-emotional developments, such as; development of self, gender

roles and moral development, take place during childhood.

Gross and fine motor skills?

Gross motor involves all the big muscles in a human body. Gross-motor activities involve

activities which require the use of big muscles and include crawling, walking, running,

skipping and jumping. Children's gross motor skills experience considerable gains with the

increase in body size, proportion, and muscle strength.

On the other hand, fine motor skills require precise control of muscles and coordination of

body movements to perform different activities such as drawing, writing, and cutting with

scissors. With time and experience, children acquire a complex system of fine motor skills

featuring a dynamic interplay of brain, body movement, motivational and contextual factors.

Five Traits of Personality?

1. Extroversion refers to a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable,

gregarious and assertive.

2. Agreeableness describes someone who is good-natured cooperative and trusting.

3. Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability that describes someone who is

responsible, dependable, persistent and organized.

4. Emotional stability characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure. The person

with high negative scores can be nervous, anxious, depressed and insecure.

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 5. Openness to experience dimension of personality characterizes someone in terms of
imagination, sensitivity and curiosity.

Difference between social and emotional development?

 Social development pertains to interpersonal interactions, while emotional

development focuses on understanding and managing feelings.

 Social development involves building relationships, whereas emotional development

involves recognizing and expressing emotions.

 Social development emphasizes communication skills, while emotional development

centres on self-awareness and emotional regulation.

 Social development involves learning social norms and behaviours, while emotional

development entails understanding and coping with various emotions

 Social development encompasses group dynamics, while emotional development

includes developing empathy and compassion.

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