1.State the importance of geology for Civil Engineering.1.

Geology is essential to know

the nature of substrata and hence helpful to decide the depth of foundation for important
structures. 2. Geology is also required to know the properties of rock beneath the earth
surface which becomes beneficial to design earthquake resistance structures. 3. Geology
is important to find the most suitable site for dams, bridges etc.4. Geology plays vital role in
groundwater survey and related recharging process. 5. Geology is significant in tunnel
excavation projects as it provides information of rock strata and its engineering properties.
6. Geology is also important to excavate raw materials for stone crushing plant to
manufacture aggregates.

2.Give the meaning of CBR value.Meaning of CBR value: The CBR value i.e. California
Bearing Ratiois the ratio of test load to the standard load for specific penetration in soil,
expressed as percentage.

3.Enlist any two the methods of soil stabilization.1. Mechanical stabilization 2. Cement
stabilization 3. Lime stabilization4. Bitumen stabilization5. Fly ash stabilization 6.
Chemical stabilization7. Stabilization by heating 8. Stabilization by freezing 9. Stabilization
by grouting

4.Define a Rock and state one type of it.Rock: It is the aggregate of minerals, called as
rock.Types of Rock: 1. Igneous rock 2. Sedimentary rock 3. Metamorphic rock

5.Define soil as per I.S.Definition of soil as per IS:2809-1972: Soil is the sediment or other
unconsolidated accumulation of solid particles produced by physical and chemical
disintegration of rock

6.State various methods of site investigation. 1. Open excavation 2. Boring

3. Sub surface soundings 4. Geophysical method.

7.State formation and classification of soil. Soil formation : soil formation is essentially
with weathering process of rock. Soil formation mainly takes place due to mechanical
disintegration or chemical decomposition of rocks whenever rock get exposed to
atmosphere, It is acted by various weathering agencies and it get disintegrated or
decomposed into small particles & then it is converted into

A. Residual Soil 1. Red Soil 2. Laterite Soil. 3. Black cotton Soil.

B. Transported Soil 1. Colluvial Soil. 2. Alluvial Soil. 3. Glacial Soil. 4. Lacustarine Soil.

5. Eolian Soil.
8.Explain importance of soil as construction material.Importance of soil as construction
material: 1. Soil is of prime importance in brick manufacturing, which is widely used for
masonry works in building construction, waterproofing, flooring etc. 2. Soil is important as
it can be used for plinth filling material in many flooring works. 3. Soil is also important to
be used in construction of shoulders and side embankment of highways. 4. Soil is
important to bind the aggregates in water bound macadam i.e. WBM road construction.
5. Pervious and impervious soil is essential in construction earthen dams to ensure
required permeability of soil.

9.Explain the procedure for determination of plastic limit of soil.

i. Take 20 to 25 gm. air dried soil sample passing through 425 micron IS sieve.

ii. Add distilled water in soil and mix it thoroughly for 10 to 15 minutes till soil

becomes plastic enough, so that it can be moldable. (It is recommended to keep

clayey soils about 24 hours for its maturity.)

iii. Make the balls of soil paste and roll it on non-porous glass or marble plate using

figure pressure till it becomes soil thread of 3mm diameter.

iv. Continue the rolling process till soil starts crumbling and it resembles a uniform
thread.

v. Compare the prepared soil thread with metal rod of same diameter and then stop

the rolling; where soil thread crumbles into different parts.

vi. Determine the water content of crumbled soil parts by oven drying method as w %.

vii. Repeat all above steps two more times to get average water content as plastic

limit (WP) given soil sample

10.State any four factors affecting permeability. 1. Particle size. 2. Properties of pore
fluid. 3. Voids ratio. 4. Soil fabric and soil stratification. 5. Degree of saturation and foreign
matter. 6. Effect of adsorbed water
11.State any four assumptions in theory of Terzaghi’s analysis of bearing capacity.
Assumptions of Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory: 1. Soil behaves like ideally plastic
material. 2.Soil is homogeneous , isotropic and its shear strength is represented by
Coloumb’s equation. 3. The total load on footing is vertical and uniformly distributed.
4. The footing is long enough with L/B = ∞ . 5.The shear strength above base of footing is
neglected and taken as uniform surcharge γ Df. 6.The elastic zones developed has straight
boundaries inclined at ψ =φ.

12.Explain the various field application of geotechnical engineering in details. The

field of geotechnical engineering includes some of the important applications as:
a) Foundation design b) Pavement Design c) Design of earth retaining structures
d) Design of earthen dams e) Design of embankments f) Underground structures.
a) Foundation design-Every civil engineering structure like a building, bridge, highway, or a
dam lies in or on the surface of earth. Foundation is required is required to transmit the
load of structure to soil safely and efficiently. Therefore bearing capacity of soil and
knowledge of stress distribution below the loaded area, settlement of foundation, effect of
vibration, effect of ground water etc. is essential to known.

b) Pavement Design: A pavement is a hard crust placed on soil (subgrade) for the purpose
of providing a smooth and strong surface on which vehicles can move. Pavement is of two
types either flexible or rigid. Thickness of pavement depends upon subsoil and its
component parts. It also depends upon the effect of repetition of loading intensity of
traffic, construction materials, earth fills or cut etc.

c) Design of earth retaining structures: When sufficient space is not available for a mass of
soil to spread and form a slope, a structure is required to retain the soil. an earth retaining
structure is also required to keep the soil at different levels on its either sides. The
knowledge of active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, density and moisture content
is essential for design of earth retaining structures.

d) Design of earthen dam: In construction of earthen dam, soil is main constituent which
may be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Therefore, its design requires thorough
knowledge of index properties, plasticity characteristics, particle size distribution, specific
gravity, permeability, consolidation, compaction and shear strength. since failure of an
earthen dam may cause widespread catastrophe, extreme care is taken its design and
construction.

e) Design of Embankment: Due to up and downs in earth surface, stability of structure may
disturb. So for stable design of slopes of filling and cutting, the knowledge of shearing
13.State the methods of soil stabilization. Explain any one.

1) Mechanical Stabilization 2) Cement Stabilization

4) Chemical stabilization 4) Bitumen stabilization

5) Stabilization by heating 6) Electrical stabilization

7) Fly ash stabilization 8) Lime stabilization

1) Mechanical Stabilization: In this method, stabilization of soil is done without

adding any chemicals or admixtures. The procedure of mechanical stabilization is

described below.

i) Initially soil is excavated using excavator and then it is ground to finer

particles using pulveriser.

ii) In this pulverized soil, well graded aggregates are spread and mixed till

homogeneous mixture will form.

iii) Then water is sprinkled upto a optimum moisture content i.e. OMC for

getting maximum dry density i.e. MDD.

iv) The heavy roller (8-10 tonne capacity) is used to compact soil 15-20 cm

thickness as per type of soil available.

v) The compacted surface is cured by sprinkling water on it, followed by

compaction. The curing and compaction is done alternatively for 7 days.

Then the stabilized portion is allowed for its further use.

 Model Answer

Explain the plate load test for determination of bearing capacity

of soil.

Plate load test for determination of bearing capacity of soil:

1. Excavate a pit of depth cqual to 5 times to that of breath of

proposed footing.
2. Keep the suitable bearing plate of specificdsize (30, 45, 60, 75
cm square in plan) on soil. Arange the loading column on it as
shown in figure below.
3. Now apply the load on test plate above soil using sand bags or
reaction truss loading at a rate of (1/5) to (1/10) of total

estimated load.
4. Note down the settlements after 1,5,10,20,40,60 minutes at

corresponding applied loads.

5. Loading should be continued till 25 mm total settlement or soil

failure, whichever is uchieved earlier.

6. Finally plot a graph of load vs. settlement to find out load before

failure as bearing capacityof soil.

cOADED
64LL AND SOCKET
PLATFORM
ARRANGEMENT
-MEAD ROOM FOR

PERSON TO SIT
JACK AND 08SERVE

DIAL GAUGE

DIAL GAUGE
AS REQUIRED
DIAL GAUGE
FIXTURE

LPT.STRUITED
TEST PLATE OR
8LOCK -AS REQUIRED
IF NECESSARY

Experimentalsetupof Plate Load Test

CaPCiT

| coxneg
Load Settlement Curve
 Attempt any TWO ofthe following:
Explain the vane shear test to determine shear strength of soil.

Vane shear test to determine shear strength of soil:

1. Prepare the fine cohesive soil (passing through 425 micron IS

Sieve) by adding sufficient water. Fill the soil in vane mould of

vane shear test apparatus completely.

2. Insert the vane blade in the soil sample and Lower the shear

vanes in to the specimen gradually with minimum disturbance of

the soil specimen so that the top of vanes is at least 10 mm below

the top of the soil specimen.

3. Note down spring stiffness and the initial reading of the torque

(e).

4. Rotate the vane at a unifom rate approximately 0.10" /sec by

suitably operating the torque applicator handle till the specimen

fails. Note the final reading of the torque (0,) when soil gets

sheared off in the form of hole with specificdiameter d.

5. Calculate the torque applied T= [(,-0) xax K]/180".

6. Calculate shear strength of the soil tf, using the formula

tf T/(nx[(dH2)+ (d /6)]} in N/mm; where, d= Diameter

of vane(cm), H= Height of the vane (cm), T= Torque applied
(kg-cm).

hande t

ExperimentalSetup for Vane shear test

 Model Answer
e.

Explain the sieve analysis test for grading of soil with the help of

particlesizedistribution of curve.

S. Sieve analysis test for grading of soil:

1. Arrange the set ofLS.sieves in descending order coarser sieve

,
i.e.

at top and finer sieve at bottom.. The I.S sieve set must include

sieves of size4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600u, 300 1504u, 75u.

2. Take S00-1000 gm oven dried soil sample and put it on topmost

sieve.Keep lid and pan at top and bottom respectively.

3. Now, shake this assembly of sieve on mechanical sieve shaker for

10-15 minutes, so that soil sample will be sieved completely.

4. Take the weight of soil mass retained on each sieve separately in

gms.

5. Calculate % finer foreach sieve using following tabularformat.

Sicve Weight Cumulative % Cumulative % Finer or

size retaincd weight weight passing (%)

(mm) (gm) retained (%) retained (%)

6. Finally, plot the particular size distribution curve as shown in

figurebelow on a semi log graph paper as sieve size versus % finer of

soil to classify soil as well graded, gap graded, uniformly graded, fine

grained and course grained soil.

o.001 o005 0.01 o.06 0.1 0.5 1.0 6.0 10.0 600 100 mm
100
88
80
70
60

40
858888

58
20

Clav Sit sie Sand size Gravol

Fne MedunCorse Fine Core

0.001 0.002 0.01 0.075 0425 2.0 4.75 20 80 100
Paticesre in mm

Particle Size Distribution Curve

 Model Answer

Explain active earth pressure and passive earth pressure for no

surcharge condition.

Active earth pressure: The minimum earth pressure on retaining wall

which is developed due to movement of wall away from backtill is

called as active earth pressure.

Failure wedge

movement
Joownward of soil

Re
Qway from Upward resisting
backfill force

Active Earth Pressurefor No Surcharge Condition

Passive earth pressure: The maximnum earth pressure on soil exerted

by retaining wall developed due to movementof wall towards backfill

is called as passive earth pressure.

Failure wedge

Upward movement
of soil

towards Downward vesishi9

backfill

Passive Earth Pressurefor No Surcharge Condition

Explain standard proctor test to determine MDD and OMC of

soil.

Procedure of Standard Proctor Test:

1. Measure the diameter and height of proctor mould to calculate its

volume V in em'. Tke the empty weight of the mould (without

collar and base plate) as Wi gm.

2. Apply a thin film of grease to inside of mould. Fix the mould to

the base plate with the help of wing nuts, place collar on the
mould.

3. Take about 5 Kg. of de-aired soil passing through sieve 20 mm in

tray. Fill the soil in mould in three equal layers by giving 25 using
hammer of 2.6 kg through dropping height 310 mm. Remove the
mould and excess soil from top of mould.
4. Take the weight of mould filled with compacted soil as W:gm.
5. Calculate the bulk density Y =(W;-W)/V in gm/cc
6. Take the representative soil sample from mould and determine its

water content % using oven drying method.

as w
7. Calculate dry density Ya =(bulk density) / (1 w )in gm/cc. +

8. Repeat all above steps by increasing water in soil and determine

Va and w % for each trial.

9. Plot the compaction curve as water content vs. dry density to find
maximum value of dry density as MDD and corresponding water
as OMC.

2.0
Max. dry density
1.9

Zero air
void line
Wet
17 Dry
side of
side of optimum
1.6 optimum
OMC
1.5+
12 16 20 28
Molsture conlent in percentage

Figure: Compaction curve to find OMC and MDD of Soil.

Draw a neat labelled sketch of plate load test set up for
determination of field bearing capacity.

rReaction truss

FTube Jack

Post
Anchors Dial Anchors

gauges -Datum bar

estplate

Figure: Plate Load Test using Reaction Truss Loading

OR
Sond
Bags

L Ces-Jolsts

Main
Gir der
Hyárouiie
Jac

LLeGding
Post

Dotym

tm
Test Pate

Figure: Pate Load Test using Gravity Loading

(Note: 2 marksfor sketch and 2marksforlabel.)

 Give step-by-step procedure to determine specific gravity of soil by pyenometer
in laboraoratory.
1. The mass M, of the clean, dry bottle is found.

2. Suitable quantity of oven-dried soil sample, cooled in a desiccator is put in the

bottle and the mass M,of the bottle with soil is found.
3. Distilled water is then added to the soil inside bottle until the bottle is full,

care being taken to see that entrapped air is fully expelled. by applying
(either

vacuum or by gentle heating and shaking or stirring) The mass My of the

bottle with soil and water is found.

4. The bottle is then emptied of its contents, cleaned and filled with distilled

water only. The outer surface of the bottle is wiped dry and the mass M, of
the bottle with water is found.

Empty bottle With dry Soil With Soil & Water With Water
(Mass M,) (Mass M,) (Mass M,) (Mass M)

The specific gravity of soil solids is computed as;

(M2-M
(M-M)-(M-M)

14 Summ er-2019 GTE- 2240

Draw phase diagram of soil when soil is :

()Moist, (ii) Fully saturated
Label the diagrams.
i) Phase diagram of moist soil :
Volume Weght

Air
W,-o

Water

Solid
-
-Water
Solid

Moist Soil mass 3 Phase system

i) Fully Saturated Soil :

Vohume Weight

Water Water

Solid

Sobd

Saturated Soil 2Phase System