Drilling

 Why We Drill
Ø TO KNOW THE SUB-SURFACE
Ø TO GET WATER FROM UNDERNEATH
Ø TO GET THE BLACK GOLD ( OIL ) & GAS
Cable tool
 are sometimes called pounders, percussion, spudder or walking beam
rigs.
 operate by repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy string of drilling
tools into the borehole.
 The drill bits breaks or crushes consolidate rock into small fragments
or in unconsolidated formations, the bit primarily loosens material
 Water, either from the formation or added by the driller, mixes the
crushed or loosened particles into a slurry at the bottom of the
borehole.
 An experienced cable tool driller feels when the accumulated slurry
has reached the point where it is reducing bit penetration to an
unacceptably slow level.
 At this point slurry is removed from the borehole by a bailer.
 Once the slurry is removed, the bit is reinserted into the hole and
drilling continues
 Cable Tool Drill String Components

 For a cable tool drill to operate the drill string must

have these four components:

• Drilling cable - lifts tools, turns tools, controls tool

motion.
• Swivel socket - connects cable to tools, allows
cable to unwind.
• Drill stem - provides weight, steadies and guides
bit.
• Drill bit - penetrates formation, crushes and reams,
mixes cuttings.
Many cable tool drillers now employ
Tungsten Carbide studded bits to aid in hard
rock penetration.
Advantages of the cable tool

1. Highly suitable for remote settings.

 low fuel consumption,
 small needs for water and other materials and
 reliability make it an excellent choice for remote site locations.

2. Less capital and maintenance costs than new rotary drilling

machines of similar capacity.
 cable tool maintenance is less expensive than parts for the less
mechanical, more hydraulically equipped rotary systems.
3. Particularly suited to water poor areas.
 Cable tool drilling more easily identifies each water bearing
formation penetrated, even those of small yields.
4. Efficient use of personnel.
 Operated by a single person.
Disadvantages of Cable tool drilling
1. Low productivity ( holes/day) than other drill
types
2. Hard rock penetration rates very low.
AUGER DRILLING
 Used for
 site investigation
 environmental and geotechnical drilling and sampling,
and
 boreholes for construction purposes
The advantages of auger drilling
 low operating costs
 fast penetration rates in suitable formations
 no contamination of samples by fluids.
 Augers come in
 continuous flight
 driven by top head rotary machines
 carry their cuttings to the surface on helical flights
 Continuous flight augers with hollow stems are often used
for sample recovery in environmental, geotechnical
operations.

 short flight/plate augers and

 Bucket augers.
 The above two are used for large diameter holes.
 The cuttings are lifted out of the hole and then removed
before drilling continues.
Rotary Drilling

 Uses a sharp, rotating drill bit to dig down through

the Earth's crust

 The basic rotary drilling system consists of four

groups of components.
1. The prime movers-provide power
2. Hoisting equipment
3. Rotating equipment
4. Circulating System
Rotary Fluid Circulation
 Several types of rotary drilling methods are best classified by the type of
drilling fluid used, and/or the way in which the fluid is circulated through the
borehole.
1. Direct circulation- Mud Rotary
 water or water with additives-mud- is pumped down the drill pipe and out through the
ports or jets in the drill bit.
 The fluid then flows up the annular space between the hole and the drill pipe carrying
cuttings in suspension to the surface.

2. Reverse mud circulation

 was developed to allow for larger borehole drilling without the limiting factors of
drilling fluid pump capacities.
 drilling fluid flows from the mud pit down the borehole outside the drill rods and
passes upward through the bit
 Cuttings are carried into the drill rods and discharged back into the mud pit
3. Reverse air method
4. Down The Hole(DTH) method
5. Jet Drilling method
Basic Drilling Engineering
 Contents
Ø WHY WE DRILL
Ø PROSPECT SELECTION
Ø HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Ø MODIFICATION IN DRILLING
Ø TYPES OF DRILLING
Ø WHAT ARE DIFFERENT WELL LOCATIONS IN TERMS OF
DRILLING
Ø CONVENTINAL DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
Ø RIG COMPONENTS
Ø ADVANCEMENT IN ROTARY DRILLING
Ø MUD TYPES & THEIR USAGE
Ø WHAT WE CALL A SUCCESSFUL DRILLING OPERATION
 Why We Drill

Ø TO KNOW THE SUB-SURFACE

Ø TO GET WATER FROM UNDERNEATH

Ø TO GET THE BLACK GOLD ( OIL ) & GAS

 Prospect Selection

Ø In case of Production wells, prospect selection is

identified by the need to maintain or increase reservoir
production
Ø Exploration wells require geological and geophysical
data gathering, processing and evaluation
• Surface geological study
• Subsurface mapping
• Identification of structures e.g. anticlines, salt
domes, fault traps, sand bodies lenses
• Seismic Evaluation
 Historical Background

Ø 1808 PERCUSSION DRILLING BY CHINESE

FIRST COMMERCIAL WELL

Ø 1859 CABLE TOOL PERCUSSION DRILLING

Ø 1918 WORLD DEEPEST WELL BY CABLE

TOOL ( 7386 ft )
Ø 1930 ROTARY DRILLING
 Modification In Drilling

Rotary Drilling Coil Tubing

Cable Tool

BY THE PONDING BY THE ROATARY USED FOR THE

ACTION OF THE ACTION OF THE HORIZONTAL &
DRILLING BITS DRILL BITS MULTILATERAL
DRILLING
What are the different Well Locations
in terms of Drilling
Onshore and Offshore
 Basic Drilling Rig Functions

Ø HOISTING
• DEERICK
• DRAW WORKS
• BLOCKS
• HOOK

Ø ROTATING

• ROTARY TABLE
• SWIVEL
• KELLY
 Basic Drilling Rig Functions
Ø CIRCULATING
• PUMPS
• STAND PIPES
• SOLIDS CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Ø CONTROLLING

• BLOWOUT PREVENTOR
• CHOKE SYSTEM
 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
DERRICK
The function of a derrick is to
provide vertical clearance to the
raising and lowering of drill string
into and out of borehole
Two type of Derricks
Standard Derricks - it is of bolted
construction and assembled part
by part
Mast – a portable derrick, one
capable of being erected as a unit
 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
CROWN BLOCK
The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves)
located at the top of the derrick or mast
over which the drilling line is threaded.
TRAVELLING BLOCK
A pulley (sheave) assembly that
connects the drilling line to the
hook and swivel
 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
DRAWWORKS

Ø It is the control center from

which the driller operates the
rig. It contains clutches, chains
and other controls
Ø It houses the drum which spools
drilling line during hoisting and
allows feed off during drilling
 Rig Components (Rotating System)
KELLY
Ø A Kelly is a square or
hexagonal length of pipe that
fits into a bushing in the rig's
rotary table. As the rotary
table turns to the right, the
Kelly turns with it.
Ø The main function of a Kelly RAT HOLE
is to transfer energy from the
rotary table to the rest of the
drill string
SWIVEL
Ø It suspends the drill string
and allows rotation at the
same time

KELLY
ROTARY TABLE
 Rig Components (Rotating System)
DRILL PIPES
Drill pipe furnishes the
necessary length for drill
string and serves as a
conduit for the drilling fluid

DRILL COLLARS
Provides weight and
stability to the drill bit,
maintain tension on the drill
pipe and help keep the hole
on a straight course
 Rig Components (Rotating System)
• HEAVY WALL DRILL PIPES
provides additional hole stability
and aids in directional control
• STABILIZERS
centralize the drill collars, help
maintain the hole at full-gauge
diameter
• JARS
provides sharp upward or
downward impact to free stuck
pipe
• REAMERS
helps to maintain a full-gauge
hole diameter
• CROSS OVER SUBS
which join components having
different types of connections.
 Rig Components (Rotating System)
BITS
Most critical component in rotary drilling
operations. Different types of bits
Two main type of bits:
Rolling cutter bits - consist of cutting
elements arranged on cones (usually three
cones, but sometimes two) that rotate on
bearings about their own axis as the drill
string turns the body of the bit. These bits
can have teeth or buttons
 Rig Components (Rotating System)
• Fixed cutter bits - also known
as drag bits, consist of stationary
cutting elements that are integral
with the body of the bit and are
rotated directly by the turning of
the drill string. The principal
types of fixed cutter bits are
• natural diamond
• polycrystalline diamond
compact (PDC)
 Rig Components (Circulating System)
MUD PUMPS

Ø Their function is to circulate the drilling fluid at

the desired pressure and volume
Ø The pump normally used for this service is
reciprocating piston, double acting and duplex
type

STANDPIPE

Ø A rigid metal conduit that provides the high-

pressure pathway for drilling mud to travel
approximately one-third of the way up the derrick
where it connects to a flexible high-pressure hose
(Kelly hose)
Ø Many large rigs are fitted with dual standpipes so
that downtime is kept to a minimum if one
standpipe requires repair
 ADVANCEMENTS IN ROTARY
DRILLING
Ø DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

Ø HORIZONTAL DRILLING

Ø MULTILATERAL DRILLING

Ø COIL TUBING DRILLING

 Drilling Hazards

Ø Tools dropped while drilling

Ø Pipe stuck
Ø Increased size of hole
Ø Lost circulation problems
Ø Sloughing shale
What we call a successful Drilling
Operation

Through which we get our desired

results without any accidents.
 Quiz Test
Q.1 The first commercial well was drilled by

Q.2 write down the names of hoisting

equipment
Q.3 What is the function of Derrick ?

Q.4 What is the Function of BOP ?

Q. 5 what is the Latest Technique of drilling?

 Directional Drilling
 is the process of directing the drill hole along some
trajectory to a predetermined target.
 When it is Used ?
 Developing a field under a city using directionally drilled
wells
 Drilling of directional wells where the reservoir is
beneath a major surface obstruction like a mountain
Drilling Bits
 2 types
 drag bits
 fixed cutter blades that are integral with the body of the bit
 rotate as a unit with the drill string
 The cutting element consists of:
 Steel cutters
 diamond, or
 polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC).

 rolling cutter bits

 two or more cones containing the cutting elements
 rotate about the axis of the cone as the bit is rotated at the
bottom of the hole.
Types of Core Drilling
 Conventional
 The entire string of roads and core barrel are brought
to the surface after each core run to retrieve the rock
core
 Wireline (preferred)
 Inner tube is uncoupled and raised separetly by means
of wire line hoist
 Advantages
 Increased drilling production
 Improved quality of recovered core
 Can be used in any rock coring job but typically for depth >
25m
Coring Bits
 Three basic types
 Diamond
 Carbide Insert
 Saw tooth

 Selected based on expected formation and drilling

fluid