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Unit 2.0 Creep Test - Q & A

ABOUT CREEP TESTING

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24 views6 pages

Unit 2.0 Creep Test - Q & A

ABOUT CREEP TESTING

Uploaded by

Nagaraju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C18-D MET E-18MET404C

MATERIAL TESTING

Unit 2.0 Creep test

PART – A

1. Define creep

Ans:

Creep is defined as the time-dependent plastic deformation at constant stress which is below the
yield stress of material and at temperatures in excess of Tm/3. (Tm is the melting point of
material in Kelvin).

2. Define equicohesive temperature

Ans:

The temperature at which the grain is as strong as the grain boundary is called the equicohesive
temperature.

3. During creep test which one between stress and time is kept constant

Ans:

During creep test Stress is kept constant

4. At what temperature the grain boundary is as strong as the grain

Ans:

Equicohesive temperature

5. In which of the creep stages, do we observe a constant deformation rate?


Ans: Steady state creep stage (or secondary creep stage) is the stage, which is characterised by a
constant deformation rate.
6. In which of the creep stages do the deformation rate increases and causes failure?
Ans: the tertiary creep (or Fracture stage) is that stage where the material deformation rate increases
and finally results in failure of that material.

PART – B

1. Describe the importance of creep test


Ans:

o High temperature strength of metals is an important requirement.


o A bearing gets heated up in continuous use, yet it should not soften.
o The design of moving parts for high speed machinery and many auto and aero engine
parts necessitate the employment of materials with good high temperature properties.
o Rocket technology demands materials with very high and rigid creep requirements.
o In fact, new alloys have been and are still being developed to meet these challenges of
high temperature service requirements.
o In the assessment of high temperature properties of materials and to develop high
temperature resistant materials creep test is important

2. Describe creep mechanism by dislocation glide

Ans:

Creep Mechanism by Dislocation glide

 This mechanism involves dislocations moving along slip planes and overcoming barriers
by thermal activation.
 This mechanism occurs at high stress, σ/G>10-2.
 The creep rate is established by the ease with which dislocations are impeded by
obstacles such as precipitates, solute atoms, and other dislocations
3. Describe the specifications of standard test specimen for creep test

Ans:

Specifications of Standard Specimen for creep test

 Round specimens of 16 mm, 12 mm and 6 mm diameters with gauge lengths equal to


four times the diameter are recommended.
 The larger sizes are preferred because measurement of strain will be easier and accurate.

4. Describe creep mechanism by grain boundary sliding

Ans:
Creep Mechanism by Grain boundary sliding:

 This mechanism involves the sliding of grains past each other and the creep rate is very
high ultimately leading to failure.
 This mechanism takes place at relatively high temperature close to melting points
 At such temperatures the grain boundary becomes very week compared to grain
PART – C

1. Explain the creep curve and its regions

Ans:

Creep curve and its regions

A constant stress (load) is applied to a tensile specimen held at a constant temperature. The strain
(extension) produced is measured as a function of time and these values are plotted. An ideal
creep curve is illustrated in the following Fig.

 The slope of this curve is called the 'creep rate'. When the load is applied to the specimen,
there occurs an almost instantaneous elongation.
 This is denoted by є0.
 The creep rate decreases with time during this period and is known as the primary creep.
 The creep rate later becomes approximately constant in the second stage.
 The third stage is marked by a rapid increase in the creep rate, which continues until the
fracture occurs.
 In actual experiment, the third stage is not attained.
 That is the creep curve consists of essentially three regions they are
o Primary creep – decreasing creep rate as dislocation microstructure develops to
reduce strain rate
o Secondary creep - equilibrium is established between deformation and recovery
mechanisms to maintain a steady state strain rate.
o Tertiary creep – increasing creep rate as the effective cross section reduces
leading to failure.

2. Explain creep mechanism by Diffusion creep

Ans:

Diffusion creep mechanism:

 It involves the flow of vacancies and interstitials through a crystal under the influence of
applied stress. Occurs for σ/G<10-4.
 This category includes Nabarro-Herring and Coble creep.

Nabarro – Herring creep:

Deformation occurs by the movement of atoms between differently oriented grain boundaries
under the influence of an imposed stress to produce a macroscopic shape change. Creep occurs
by this mechanism at low stresses and at relatively high temperatures where the diffusion is fast
enough to produce a measurable creep rate.

Grains s undergoing diffusion creep under tensile stress – the material within the dotted
boundaries has come from the predominantly vertical boundaries. The arrows represent the flux
of atoms.

Coble Creep:

As diffusion is very sensitive to temperature, at lower temperatures the main diffusion path is
along the grain boundaries since the activation energy for grain boundary diffusion is
considerably less than that for bulk diffusion. This mechanism of creep at low temperatures is
called coble creep.
3. Explain the procedure of creep test

Ans:

 Determination of the creep properties of metals is quite simple.


 The equipment needed is similar to the one needed for a tensile test.
 However, the specimen is enclosed in a furnace whose temperature is very accurately
controlled and determined.
 The set-up for creep testing is schematically illustrated in the following figure.
 The extensometers should be very sensitive and accurate.
 While conducting the test, special attention should be paid to the tip of the thermocouple.
It should make contact with the specimen under test.

Features of creep testing machine

 Round specimens of 16 mm, 12 mm and 6 mm diameters with gauge lengths equal to


four times the diameter are recommended. The larger sizes are preferred because
measurement of strain will be easier and accurate.
 Prepare the given sample as per the above recommended specifications
 The specimen is fixed in the machine and is heated to the temperature of the test in the
unloaded condition.
 After the temperature of testing is attained by the specimen the load is applied; quickly,
but without any shock
 The initial instantaneous extension is noted, which consists largely of the elastic strain,
thereafter measurements of strain are made at fixed time intervals with accurate
extensometer.
 At least fifty observations are needed to plot the creep curve which is a plot of strain Vs
time.
 At each observation of the strain the temperature also should be recorded. The average of
all these readings should be reported as the actual test temperature.
 Calculate the creep rate as a function of time and identify the various stages of creep
 Report the minimum creep rate at each stage
 Plot strain vs time

4. Describe creep mechanism by dislocation creep

Ans:

Creep mechanism by dislocation creep:

 It involves the movement of dislocations which overcome barriers by thermally assisted


mechanisms involving the diffusion of vacancies or interstitials.
 This mechanism occurs for 10-4< σ/G< 10-2.
 Dislocation creep occurs by dislocation glide aided by vacancy diffusion.
 The steady-state creep rate represents a balance between the competing factors of rate of
strain hardening and the rate of thermal recovery by rearrangement and annihilation of
dislocations.
 A steady-state creep condition occurs when the rate of recovery is fast enough and the
rate of strain hardening is slow enough that a balance is reached between these competing
factors.
 The steady state creep rate is given by
. Q
 s  B n Exp( )
kT
Where Band n are material constants
Q is the activation energy for creep
.
 s Is the steady state creep rate

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