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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
FINAL EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 20, 2018 – 6:00 PM, 2.5 HOURS
CHE 211F – FLUID MECHANICS
EXAMINER: PROFESSOR D.G. ALLEN
ANSWER ALL NINE (9) QUESTIONS IN THE EXAM BOOKLET
IF YOU WISH, YOU CAN RETURN THE EXAM PAPER WITH YOUR NAME & USE
THE FIGURES ON THE PAPER.
Total of 7 pages
This exam is marked out of 100
Clearly state any simplifying assumptions. If a particular question requires the solution from
a previous part that you could not solve, show your solution by assuming the answer to the
previous part. If you are short of time, setup your equations and describe the solution for part
marks.
Additional Data for all Questions (some are also with the questions themselves):
Fluid properties:
Water 20 °C : Density = 1000kg/m = 62.4 lb /ft =1.94 slugs/ft ;
3
m
3 3

Spec wt = 62.4 lb/ft ; Dynamic viscosity = 0.001 Pa s=2.3 x 10 lb s/ ft

3 -5 2

Kinematic viscosity = 0.000001 m /s 2

Vapour Pressure = 2340 Pa; Surface tension=0.073 N/m

Mercury 20°C: Density=13,600 kg/m =847 lb /ft =26.3 slugs/ft ;
3
m
3 3

Spec weight =847 lb/ft ; Viscosity= 0.0016 Pa s

3

Air at 20 °C & 1 atm: Density =1.2 kg/m = 0.0024 slugs/ft ; Molecular mass = 29 g/mol
3 3

Viscosity = 1.8 x 10-5 Pa s = 3.74 x 10-7 lb s/ ft2

Carbon Dioxide at 20 C: Molar Mass 44 g/mol; Density at atmospheric pressure-1.8 kg/m 3

SAE Oil 16°C: Density=912 kg/m =57 lb /ft =1.77 slugs/ft ; Spec wt=57 lb/ft ; µ=0.38Pa s
3
m
3 3 3

Constants and Conversions and Gas Law:

g = 9.8 m/s = 32.2 ft/s ; 1 ft = 0.3048 m = 12 in; 1 lb (mass) = 0.454 kg
2 2

1 Pa = 1.45 x 10 p.s.i. 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 Pa = 14.7 p.s.i.=760mmHg

-4 5

1 oil barrel/day= 1.84 x 10 m /s, 1 centistoke=10 m /s

-6 3 -6 2

R= 8.314 J/mol K- Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT ; T(K) = T( C) + 273 0

g = 32.2 ft lb /(lb s ); 1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft lb/s; 1 ft lb/s = 1.36 W

c m
2

Other Information:
- British gravitational system: 1 lb= (1 slug) (1 ft/s ) 2

- Moody Chart & Colebrook formula(see attached) f= (DDP/L)/(rv /2) 2

- For laminar flow in pipes, f=64/Re, where Re<2100 = Dvr/µ

- Hydraulic diameter for shapes, D =(4x Cross Sect Area)/(Wetted Perimeter)
h

-
Blausius Equ’n f = 0.316(Re ) turbulent flow in smooth pipes and Re < 10
-0.25 5

- Drag coefficient for a particular shape C = (Drag force)/(0.5 r v A); A is projected

D
2

area in direction of flow with relative velocity, v. Reynolds number for particle of a
particular shape is D vr/µ where D is characteristic particle diameter
p p

- Volume of a sphere of radius, r: V= (4/3)π r ; Volume of a cylinder= πr h; 3 2

Circumference of a circle: Area of a circle- πr 2

./±√/2 .345
- 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 64

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1) As you know, a blower or fan are terms used for pumps for gases. For example, the
roof of the Wallberg building now has large fans as part of a system to improve the
energy efficiency of fume hoods in our labs. To what extent, if any, should NPSH
be taken into consideration in the design of blower systems. Briefly explain (4
marks).

2) Many homes and buildings are heated with a furnace that heats air and then that hot
air is pumped with a fan through rectangular ducts to distribute the heat throughout
the building:
a) Within the context of transport phenomena, which type of transport is the fan
facilitating as it distributes the heat throughout the building? (3 marks)
b) As the hot air flows along the duct away from the furnace it will cool to some extent
and so its temperature will drop. Assuming a constant duct size, steady state and
inviscid flow, will the average velocity of the air increase, decrease or stay the same
as it moves through a horizontal duct away from the furnace? Explain why. (3
marks)

3) A circular pipe that is filled with water has two pressure gages on it as shown below.
The pressure gages read that P1=P2. Is the water flowing in the pipe flowing,
upwards, downwards or not flowing at all? Explain. (4 marks)

P1

Circular
Pipe P1=P2

P2

4) Two rocks (rocks 1 an 2) of identical shape, size and roughness are falling in water.
Both fall in exactly the same orientation. The only difference is that rock 1 has a
density of 1500 kg/m3 and rock 2 has a density of 1700 kg/m3 and hence rock 2 falls
faster.
a) Estimate the ratio of the velocity of rock 2 to rock 1 assuming that the drag
coefficient is constant with Reynold’s number. (12 marks)
b) Assuming that the drag coefficient is constant with Reynold’s number, what type of
drag dominates? (3 marks)

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5) Gasoline is being pumped from location A to B at 0.40 m3/s in 50 cm diameter

circular pipeline that is 5 km in length as shown below. The pipe roughness is 1 mm.
The pipe follows the topography as shown with point C being the highest point. The
only minor losses to consider are the two identical valves (KL=2). Assume that the
distance between the pump and the tank at point A is negligible. The gasoline has a
specific gravity of 0.81, a kinematic viscosity of 4.3 x 10-7 m2/s and a vapour
pressure of 55.2 kPa. Points A and B are at atmospheric pressure.
a) Determine the power (W) required for the pump assuming a pump efficiency of
80%. (9 marks)
b) What is the maximum elevation of point C to avoid vapour formation? (5 marks)
c) The engineers want to increase the flowrate between points A and B by constructing
a second pipe that is identical to the first pipe (including valves) that will be hooked
up to the pump. The pump will be the same as in parts (a) and (b), operating at the
same power and efficiency, but at the higher flow rate. Again, assume that the
distance between the pump and the tank at point A is negligible and so you just
have two identical pipes 5km long coming from the pump. Write down the
equations and briefly explain the method you would use to estimate the new
flowrate of gasoline for the two-pipe system. You don’t need to solve for the
answer. Just setup the equations and explain the method. (6 marks)

Elevation = 220 m
1 km
C
4 km
Elevation = 100 m
B
Valve
KL=2

Valve
KL=2
Pump

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6) Air flows steadily into an air scoop shown below. The inlet section is a 2ft by 2ft
square cross section with a non-uniform velocity profile and the outlet section is
circular and 1 ft in diameter with a uniform velocity profile as shown in the Figure.
Assuming that the density of the air is constant at 1.2 kg/m3, determine the average
velocity at the outlet. (12 marks)
v = 50 ft/s

2 ft

1 ft 1 ft
Diameter

2 ft x 2 ft Scoop
square Geometry
inlet

7) Water flows steadily through the double-elbow shown below. The velocity coming
in from the top is 5 m/s and the velocity from the left is 15 m/s. The elbow filled
with water weighs 1000 N. All pressures listed are gage pressures. Assuming the
velocity is uniform across each cross section, determine the horizontal and verticle
force required to hold the elbow in place. (14 marks)

V2= 5 m/sec

P2= 30kPa 2 450 mm

diameter

1
P1= 250kPa 250 mm
diameter
3
V1= 15 m/sec

V3
200 mm P3= 170kPa
diameter
40o

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8) Blood flow from the heart results in pressure pulses in the arteries in our body. The
velocity of the pressure pulses, c, is considered to be a function of artery diameter,
D, artery wall thickness, h, blood density, 𝛒, and modulus of elasticity, E (N/m2).
A condition known as Atherosclerosis (or hardening of the arteries), which
increases the risk of heart attack or stroke, is associated with an increase in the
modulus of elasticity. One way to measure the modulus of elasticity is by
measuring the velocity of pressure pulses in a person.
a) What type of pump is the heart? (3 marks)
b) An individual has the velocity of their pressure pulses in their aorta measured at age
30 as being at 5 m/s. At age 60 the velocity has increased to 10 m/s. Use
dimensional analysis to estimate the ratio of the modulus of elasticity at age 60 to
that at age 30 assuming the artery diameter and thickness and the properties of the
blood are constant. (10 marks)

9) A 2m wide (into the page) rectangular gate is hinged at the bottom as shown below.
It is attached to a 35 kN, 1 m diameter cylindrical block by a cable that is 0.5 m
above the water level. Determine the height, H needed for the gate to barely touch
the stop (ie. the gate is closed but the force on the stop is 0). Neglect the weight of
the cable. (12 marks)

Frictionless
pulley

Gate
Cylindrical
0.5 m
Block

Stop

Water

3m

H
Hinge

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