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NC-Assignment No 3

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21 views10 pages

NC-Assignment No 3

Uploaded by

Hannan MHR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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--Assignment No 3--

Numerical Computing
T0

Mr.Umer Hayat

BY

Hannan Khalid

(20014119-0026)

Submission Date:24-June-2024
BS Computer Science (A)

Department of Computing and Information Technology

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Q1) Implement the bisection method to find a root of
f(x)=x3−2x−in the interval [1,3].

SOLUTION:
Q2) Implement Newton-Raphson method to find a
root of the same equation, starting from x0=2.
SOLUTION:
Q3)Compare the convergence rates of both methods and discuss
their strengths and weaknesses.

ANSWER:

❖ Bisection Method

The Bisection Method is a root-finding algorithm that repeatedly divides an interval in half and
then selects the subinterval in which a root must lie. It is based on the Intermediate Value
Theorem, which states that if a continuous function changes sign over an interval, then it has a
root in that interval.

Convergence Rate:

• The convergence rate of the Bisection Method is linear.


• Given an initial interval [a,b][a, b][a,b] with a root α\alphaα, after nnn iterations, the
interval width is b−a2n\frac{b - a}{2^n}2nb−a.

Strengths:

• Guaranteed convergence if the function is continuous and the initial interval is chosen
such that the function values at the endpoints have opposite signs.
• Simple to understand and implement.

Weaknesses:

• Slow convergence, especially compared to methods like Newton-Raphson.


• Requires a continuous function and an interval where the function changes sign.
❖ Newton-Raphson Method
The Newton-Raphson Method is an iterative root-finding algorithm that uses the function and its
derivative to find successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued
function.

Convergence Rate:

• The convergence rate of the Newton-Raphson Method is quadratic.


• If the initial guess x0x_0x0 is sufficiently close to the root α\alphaα, the error after nnn
iterations en=xn−αe_n = x_n - \alphaen=xn−α satisfies en+1≈en22f′(α)e_{n+1} \approx
\frac{e_n^2}{2f'(\alpha)}en+1≈2f′(α)en2.

Strengths:

• Fast convergence when the initial guess is close to the root.


• Requires fewer iterations than the Bisection Method for well-behaved functions.

Weaknesses:

• Requires the computation of the derivative of the function.


• Convergence is not guaranteed if the initial guess is not close to the root.
• Can fail or converge to a different root if the function is not well-behaved near the root
(e.g., inflection points, horizontal tangents)
Q4) Provide numerical results, convergence analysis, and
computational complexities of each method.

ANSWER:

❖ Numerical Results:
Consider finding the root of f(x) = x^2 - 2.

• Bisection Method: Starting with an interval of [-2, 2], it takes several iterations to get
close to the root (sqrt(2)). Each iteration halves the interval size.
• Newton-Raphson Method: Starting with an initial guess close to the root (e.g., x = 1), it
takes fewer iterations to converge to the root due to its quadratic convergence.

❖ Convergence Analysis:

Theoretical analysis proves the convergence rates mentioned above.

• Bisection guarantees convergence based on the halving property.


• Newton-Raphson requires specific conditions for convergence, like the derivative being
non-zero near the root.

❖ Computational Complexity:

• Bisection Method: Each iteration involves relatively simple calculations (function


evaluations at the midpoint). Complexity is O(log n), where n is the desired accuracy
(number of bits).
• Newton-Raphson Method: Requires one function evaluation and one derivative
evaluation per iteration. Complexity is also O(log n) under ideal conditions.

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