`QA Shortcuts to be remembered

Arithmetic

➢ Basics to be cleared before starting this book

✓ Tables from 1 to 30
✓ Squares from 1 to 25
✓ Cubes from 1 to 15
✓ Powers from 21 to 210 , 31 to 38
✓ Percentage to fraction conversion (1/2 to 1/25)

➢ Some numbers to be remembered:

✓ 210 = 45 = 322 = 1024
✓ 38 = 94 = 812 = 6561
✓ 7 * 11 * 13 = 1001
✓ 11 * 13 * 17 = 2431
✓ 13 * 17 * 19 = 4199
✓ 19 * 21 * 23 = 9177
✓ 19 * 23 * 29 = 12673
✓ 145 = 1! + 4! + 5!
✓ 153 = 13 + 53 + 33

➢ Percentage
✓ Suppose the price of a product is first increased by X% and then decreased by Y% , then,
the final change % in the price is given by:
Final Difference% = X - Y - XY/100

✓ Suppose the price of a product is first increased by X% and then decreased by X% , then,
the final change % in the price is given by:
Final Decrease % = X2/100 %

✓ Set off : If a number is increased by (n/x) ,then the new number has to be decreased by
(n/x+n) to get back the original number___

➢ Profit and loss

✓ Two articles have same CP and same profit and loss %, Overall no profit ,no loss
✓ Two articles have same SP- and same profit and loss %, Overall loss X2/100 %
✓ Quantity discount (Buy 3 get 1 free) = ¼ = 25% = (free / total) * 100 .
✓ Profit by selling less quantity than claimed wt = (Claimed – true) / (true) * 100

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 ➢ Simple interest and Compound Interest
✓ Where ‘P’ represents principal and ‘R’ represents the rate of interest, then, the difference
between 2 years’ simple interest and compound interest is given by P * (R/100)2
✓ The difference between 3 years’ simple interest and compound interest is given by (P *
R2 *(300+R))/1003

➢ Ratio, proportion and variation ,Partnerships

➢ Averages
𝑋1+𝑋2+𝑋3+⋯…+𝑋𝑛
✓ Formula: 𝑋 = 𝑁
✓ It must lie between the smallest and the largest observation
✓ If the quantity of all the observations is increased by “k”, the average will
increase by “k”.
✓ If the quantity of all the observations is decreased by “k”, the average will
decrease by “k”.
✓ If the quantity of all the observations is multiplied by “k”, the average will
multiply by “k”.
✓ If the quantity of all the observations is divided by “k”, the average will divide by
“k”.
✓ The surplus above the average will always be equal to the deficit from the
average.
✓ Average of first ‘n’ natural numbers = (n+1)/2
✓ Average of first ‘n’ even numbers = (n+1)
✓ Average of first “n” odd numbers = n

➢ Alligations and Mixtures

✓ In Case of replacement
𝑋−𝑌 n
( 𝑋
) = Final / Inital

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 ➢ Time and work

✓ If A can finish a work in X time and B can finish the same work in Y time then both
of them together can finish that work in (X*Y)/ (X+Y) time.
✓ If A can finish a work in X time and A & B together can finish the same work in S
time then B can finish that work in (XS)/(X-S) time.
✓ If A can finish a work in X time and B in Y time and C in Z time then all of them
working together will finish the work in (XYZ)/ (XY +YZ +XZ) time
✓ In case of a work done by A and B together in “d” days. A can do it in d+9 days & B
can do it in d+4 days then d = Square root of 9*4 = 6 ie A and B together can work in
6 days
✓ If A can finish a work in X time and B in Y time and A, B & C together in S time
then
• C can finish that work alone in (XYS)/ (XY-SX-SY)
• B+C can finish in (SX)/(X-S); and
• A+C can finish in (SY)/(Y-S)

➢ Time, speed and distance

✓ If the ratio of speeds of A and B is m:n,then in case of a race in the same direction
they meet at (m-n) points
✓ If they run in opposite directions then the no. of points is :m+n All equally spaced.
✓ If the speed of A is 'm' times that of B, then when running in the same direction they
meet at exactly (m-1) points and these points r equally spaced at 1/(m-1) of the track
length.

➢ Calendar

✓ 1st January 0001 was a Monday.

✓ Calendar repeats after every 400 years.
✓ Leap year- it is always divisible by 4, but century years are not leap years unless
they are divisible by 400.
✓ Odd days- remainder obtained when no. of days is divided by 7. Normal year has
1 odd day and leap year has 2 odd days.Calendar moves ahead by number of odd
days.
✓ While checking leap year just analyze whether February falls in that period or
not.
✓ Century has 5 odd days and leap century has 6 odd days.
✓ In a normal year 1st January and 2nd July and 1st October fall on the same day. In
a leap year 1st January , 1st July and 30th September fall on the same day.
✓ 1st January 1901 was Tuesday.
✓ We calculate odd days on the basis of the previous month.

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 Algebra

➢ Basics of algebra

✓ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
✓ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
✓ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
✓ (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
✓ (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
✓ (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
✓ (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
✓ a3 + b3 + c3– 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
✓ If an equation (i.e. f(x) = 0) contains all positive co-efficients of any powers of x, it has
no positive roots. Eg: x3+3x2+2x+6=0 has no positive rootsx2+7x+12=0; the roots are -3
and -4 (there is no positive roots)
✓ For an equation, if all the even powers of x have same sign coefficients and all the odd
powers of x have the opposite sign coefficients, then it has no negative roots. x2-
7x+12=0; the roots are 3 and 4 (there is no negative roots) x3- 6 x2 + 11x – 6 = 0; the
roots are 1,2 and 3 (there is no negative roots)
✓ For an equation f(x)=0 , the maximum number of positive roots it can have is the number
of sign changes in f(x) ; and the maximum number of negative roots it can have is the
number of sign changes in f(-x)
✓ xn-an = (x-a)(a0xn-1 + a1xn-2 + .......+ x0an-1 ) Note : xn-an is always div by x-a
✓ xn + an = (x+a)(a0xn-1 - a1xn-2 + ....... x0an-1 ) (only if “n” is odd) [Note the alternating sign]
Note : xn + an is div by x+a when “n” is odd.
✓ e x = 1 + (x)/1! + (x2)/2! + (x3)/3! + ........to infinity (“e” is a constant)
✓ (m + n)! is divisible by m! * n!

➢ Linear equations

Consider the two equations

a1x+b1y=c1
a2x+b2y=c2
Then,
✓ If a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2, then we have infinite solutions for these equations.
✓ If a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2, then we have no solution.
✓ If a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2, then we have a unique solution.

➢ Quadratic equations
✓ Complex roots occur in pairs, hence if one of the roots of an equation is 2+3i, another has
to be 2-3i and if there are three possible roots of the equation, we can conclude that the
last root is real. This real root could be found out by finding the sum of the roots of the
equation and subtracting (2+3i)+(2-3i)=4 from that sum.

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 ✓ Roots of x2 + x + 1=0 are 1, w, w2 where 1 + w + w2=0 and w3=1
✓ For a cubic equation ax3+bx2+cx+d=o
• Sum of the roots = - b/a
• Sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = c/a
• Product of the roots = -d/a
✓ For a bi-quadratic equation ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e = 0
• Sum of the roots = - b/a
• Sum of the product of the roots taken three at a time = c/a
• Sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = -d/a
• Product of the roots = e/a
✓ The equation ax2+bx+c=0 will have max. value when a<0 and min. value when a>0. The
max. or min. value is given by (4ac-b2)/4a and will occur at x = -b/2a

➢ Surds and indices

➢ Functions
✓ Any function of the type y=f(x)=(ax-b)/(bx-a) is always of the form x=f(y)

➢ Inequalities

✓ For any set of positive numbers: AM ≥ GM ≥ HM (where AM, GM ,HM stand for
arithmetic, geometric , harmonic means respectively)
✓ For any 2 numbers a, b where a>b , a>AM>GM>HM>b & (GM)^2 = AM * HM
✓ For set of positive numbers
(a + b) * (1/a + 1/b) ≥ 4
(a + b + c) * (1/a + 1/b + 1/c) ≥ 9
(a + b + c + d) * (1/a + 1/b + 1/c + 1/d) ≥ 16
✓ For any positive integer n,
2 ≤ (1 + 1/n) n ≤ 3
✓ If for two numbers x + y=k (a constant), then their PRODUCT is MAXIMUM if x=y
✓ If for two numbers x*y=k (a constant), then their SUM is MINIMUM if
x=y
✓ If a + b + c + d=constant, then the product ap * bq * cr * ds will be maximum if a/p =
b/q = c/r = d/s

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 ➢ Progression

✓ For an AP
o Tn = a + (n – 1)d
o Sn = n/2 (a + l)
o Sn = n/2 (2a + (n-1) d)
o For inserting “n” AMs between a and b, d = (b-a) / (n+1)
o Sum of terms in an AP = Middle Term multiplied by (No of Terms)
ex 1+2+3+4+5 = 3*5, 2+4+6+8 = 5*4

✓ For a GP
o Tn = a r (n-1)
o Sn = [a (rn -1) ] / r-1
o Sum of an infinite GP = a / 1-r
o For inserting “n” GMs between a and b, d = (b/a) (1/(n+1))
✓ The sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2
✓ The sum of squares of first n natural numbers is n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
✓ The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is (n(n+1)/2)2
✓ The sum of first n even numbers= n (n+1)
✓ The sum of first n odd numbers= n2

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 Modern Maths

➢ Classification of numbers

✓ Total no. of prime numbers between 1 and 50 is 15

✓ Total no. of prime numbers between 51 and 100 is 10
✓ Total no. of prime numbers between 101 and 200 is 21
➢ Divisibility Rules
✓ If n is even, n(n+1)(n+2) is divisible by 24

➢ Factors and factorization

✓ If a number ‘N’ is represented as ax * by * cz… where {a, b, c, …} are prime numbers,
then

✓ The total number of factors of N is (x+1)(y+1)(z+1) ....

✓ The total number of relatively prime numbers less than the number is (Euler’s
number)
N * (1-1/a) * (1-1/b) * (1-1/c)....
✓ The sum of relatively prime numbers less than the number is
N/2 * N * (1-1/a) * (1-1/b) * (1-1/c)....
✓ The sum of factors of the number is (ax+1 -1/a-1 * by+1 -1/b-1 * cz+1 -1/c-1….)
✓ The number of squares in n*m board is given by
(n*m) + [(n-1)*(m-1)] + [(n-2) * (m-2)] …… until any one gets to 1
✓ The number of rectangles in n*m board is given by n+1C2 * m+1C2

➢ HCF and LCM

✓ If 2 numbers have HCF =1, they are called co-prime numbers

✓ LCM of coprime numbers equals to their multiplications
✓ For any 2 numbers A & B, A*B = HCF * LCM
✓ HCF is always a factor of LCM
✓ HCF and LCM of fractions
HCF = (HCF of num /LCM of denom) (Post simplifying the fractions

➢ Cyclicity
➢ Factorials
✓ No of zeroes in N! (where N is a natural number) is given by [N/5] + [N/25] + ....
( [.] Is the greatest integer function)
✓ The values of n for which n! is a perfect square are -- 0 and 1 --> only 2 values.
✓ For any prime number P, product of any P or more than P consecutive integers is
perfectively divisible by P!. Ex:- 63 * 64 * 65....* 91 is divisible by 29!

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 ➢ Remainders
✓ Remainder (aEuler’s no of b /b ) = 1, if a and b are co-prime
✓ Remainder ((n-1)! /n ) = n-1 (if n is prime)
✓ Remainder ((n-2)! /n ) = 1 (if n is prime)
✓ Remainder ((n-3)! /n ) = (n-1) / 2 (if n is prime)

➢ Set Theory
➢ Logarithms
➢ Permutations and Combinations
✓ NCr = NCn-r
✓ NC0 = NCn = 1
✓ NC1 = NCn-1 = n
✓ Sum of NC0 + NC1 ......... NCN = 2N
✓ The number of ways n identical items can be distributed among r people such that
anyone gets 0 or more items is equivalent to the number of non negative solutions to
the equation, x1 + x2 + .... + xr = n, which is equal to C(n+r-1, r-1)
✓ The number of ways n identical items can be distributed among r people such that
anyone gets 1 or more items is equal to C(n-1, r-1)
✓ The number of ways of selecting one or more items from a box containing N1 items
of type(1), N2 items of type(2), N3 items of type(3)....Nr items of type(r) is ((N1 +
1) (N2 + 1) (N3 + 1).....(Nr + 1)) -1
✓ For n>2, (n!)2 > nn

➢ Probability
✓ In case ‘n’ faced die is thrown k times, then, probability of getting atleast one
more than the previous throw = nC5/n5
✓ When an unbiased coin is tossed odd no. (n) of times, then, the no. of heads can
never be equal to the no. of tails i.e. P (no. of heads=no. of tails) = 0
✓ When an unbiased coin is tossed even no. (2n) of times, then,
P (no. of heads=no. of tails) = 1-(2nCn/22n)
✓ Where there are ‘n’ items and ‘m’ out of such items should follow a pattern, then,
the probability is given by 1/m!. Suppose there are 10 girls dancing one after the
other. What is the probability of A dancing before B dancing before C? would be
1/3!

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 Geometry

➢ Triangles

Area of a triangle
✓ 1/2*base*altitude
✓ 1/2*a*b*sin C (or) 1/2*b*c*sin A (or) 1/2*c*a*sin B
✓ root(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) where s=(a+b+c)/2
✓ a*b*c/(4*R) where R is the circumradius of the triangle
✓ r*s ,where r is the inradius of the triangle
For a right Angled triangle
✓ Circum-radius -- hyp/2
✓ In-radius -- (base x hgt) / (base+hgt+hyp)
✓ In Right triangle ABC right angled at B with altitude BD to the hypotenues...
BD^2=AD.DC, AB^2=AD.AC, BC^2=CD.CA
✓ In case of a right angled triangle the hypotenuse becomes the diameter of the
Circumcircle & also median on the hypotenuse is equal to half of hypotenuse.

In any triangle

✓ cos C = (a^2 + b^2 - c^2)/2ab

✓ sin 2A = 2 sin A * cos A
✓ cos 2A = cos^2 (A) - sin^2 (A)
✓ a/sin A=b/sin B=c/sin C=2R, where R is the circum radius
✓ CIRCUMCENTRE [O]
point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors
as is with perpendicular bisectors, all the points on it would be equidistant
from all the endpoints. So in a triangle, the point G would be equidistant
from all 3 vertices. Therefore a circle with G as centre can be drawn such
that it'd circumscribe the triangle. This is called Circumcircle &
circumradius is R
in an acute angled triangle, O is inside Tr, in an obtuse angled triangle it's
outside while in case of right angled triangle it is on midpoint of hypotenuse
Area of circumscribed triangle ABC : abc /4R
Also angle BOC = 2 angle A
In an 90degree Tr, R = H /2 (half of hypo)
✓ ORTHOCENTRE [H]
point of intersection of altitudes
angle BHC + angle A = 180
in a right angled Tr, H lies on side not containing hypo.
✓ INCENTRE [i]
point of intersection of angle bisectors
as all the pts on angle bis are equidistant from sides, the
point in a triangle where all angle bis meet would be equidistant from
all three sides. This point is called incentre; a circle can be drawn with

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 incentre as centre & radius 'r'.
Area of incircled Triangle = r.s where s is semi perimeter
angle BIC = 90 + half the apex angle
angle bis divides oppo sides in ratio of sides containing the angle.
Thus in an isoceles Tr., the anglebis is also perp bis of oppo sides
in a Tr ABC AB*AC - BD*DC = AD^2 [AD is anglebis]
✓ CENTROID [G]
point of intersection of medians, the side-bisectors.
G divides medians in ratio 2:1, with larger part being towards the
vertex.
every median divides Tr in 2 parts of equal area
sum of medians is less than perimeter of triangle
in equilateral traingle R = 2r. R = 2h/3; r = h/3.Also incentre, circumcentre
coincide
in rightangled triangle, R = Hypo/2, r = bc / a+b+c
* in case of similar triangles, ratio of sides = ratio of altitudes = ratio of perpbis = ratio of
anglebis = ratio of medians

✓ Ratio of Area of 2 similar traingle=(Ratio of sides)^2

✓ Ratio of sides of 2 triangles=ratio of altitudes,inradiu,circumradius
✓ The ratio of the radii of the circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral triangle is
2:1
✓ Appollonius Theorem In a triangle ABC, if AD is the median to side BC, then

AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2) or 2(AD2 + DC2)

✓ In an isosceles triangle, the perpendicular from the vertex to the base or the angular
bisector from vertex to base bisects the base.
✓ In any triangle the angular bisector of an angle bisects the base in the ratio of the
other two sides.
✓ The three medians of any triangle divide the triangle into six triangles of equal area.

➢ Quadrilaterals

✓ If any parallelogram can be inscribed in a circle, it must be a rectangle.

✓ If a trapezium can be inscribed in a circle it must be an isosceles trapezium (i.e.
oblique sides equal).
✓ For an isosceles trapezium, sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal in length to the
sum of the other pair of opposite sides (i.e. AB+CD = AD+BC, taken in order)
✓ For any quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at right angles, the area of the
quadrilateral is 0.5*d1*d2, where d1, d2 are the length of the diagonals.
✓ For a cyclic quadrilateral, area = root((s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d)), where
s=(a + b + c + d)/2

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 ✓ Further, for a cyclic quadrilateral, the measure of an external angle is equal to the
measure of the interior opposite angle.
✓ Area of a Rhombus = Product of Diagonals/2
✓ The quadrilateral formed by joining the angular bisectors of another quadrilateral is
always a rectangle.
✓ Let W be any point inside a rectangle ABCD, then, WD2 + WB2 = WC2 + WA2
✓ Given the coordinates (a, b); (c, d); (e, f); (g, h) of a parallelogram , the coordinates of
the meeting point of the diagonals can be found out by solving for
[(a + e)/2, (b + f)/2] = [(c + g)/2, (d + h)/2]

➢ Polygons

✓ For any regular polygon, the sum of the exterior angles is equal to 360 degrees, hence
measure of any external angle is equal to 360/n (where n is the number of sides)
✓ No of possible diagonals for a n sided polygon = nC2 – n
✓ Number of diagonals of a regular polygon with even number of sides(n) passing
through the centre is n/2
✓ For any regular polygon, the sum of interior angles =(n-2)*180 degrees
So measure of one angle is (n-2)/n *180

✓ If n lines no two of which are parallel and no three are concurrent then it will make
=(1 +2+ 3……..+n )+1
=[n(n+1)/2 ]+1
out of these total 2n will be unbound spaces

➢ Circle
✓ Let a circle have 2 chords AB & CD intersecting at a point O. Then AO*BO=CO*DO
✓ When there are 2 circles with radii r1 and r2 and with centres A,B and distance between
the centers (i.e. Distance AB) is’d’, then the no. of common tangents the circles will have
is as follows:
✓ If d>r1+r2, then 4 common tangents
✓ If d = r1+r2, then 3 common tangents
✓ if modulus(r1-r2)<d<r1+r2, then 2 common tangents
✓ If d=modulus(r1-r2) then 1 common tangent
✓ if d<modulus(r1-r2) then no common tangent

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 ➢ Area and Volume

➢ Height and distance and basics of Trigonometry

➢ Co-ordinate geometry

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 Other formulae:

2. If an equation f(x)= 0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign coefficients or if
f(x) = 0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign coefficients, then the equation
has no real roots in each case (except for x=0 in the second case)

For any positive integer n

3. x^n -a^n = (x-a)(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) + .......+ a^(n-1) ) ......Very useful for finding multiples. For
example (17-14=3 will be a multiple of 17^3 - 14^3)

4. e^x = 1 + (x)/1! + (x^2)/2! + (x^3)/3! + ........to infinity

Note: 2 < e < 3

5. log(1+x) = x - (x^2)/2 + (x^3)/3 - (x^4)/4 .........to infinity [Note the alternating sign . .Also note
that the logarithm is with respect to base e]

6. (m + n)! is divisible by m! * n!

7. When a three digit number is reversed and the difference of these two numbers is taken, the
middle number is always 9 and the sum of the other two numbers is always 9.

8. Any function of the type y=f(x)=(ax-b)/(bx-a) is always of the form x=f(y)

9. To Find Square of a 3-Digit Number

Let the number be XYZ

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 Step Operation to be Performed
No.

1 Last digit = Last digit of Sq(Z)

2 Second last digit = 2*Y*Z + any carryover from STEP 1

3 Third last digit 2*X*Z+ Sq(Y) + any carryover from STEP 2

4 Fourth last digit is 2*X*Y + any carryover from STEP 3

5 Beginning of result will be Sq(X) + any carryover from Step 4

Eg) Let us find the square of 431

Step Operation to be Performed

No.

1 Last digit = Last digit of Sq(1) = 1

2 Second last digit = 2*3*1 + any carryover from STEP 1=6+0=6

3 Third last digit 2*4*1+ Sq(3) + any carryover from STEP 2 = 8+9+0 = 17 i.e. 7
with carry over of 1

4 Fourth last digit is 2*4*3 + any carryover from STEP 3 = 24+1 = 25 i.e. 5 with
carry over of 2

5 Beginning of result will be Sq(4) + any carryover from Step 4 = 16+2 = 18

THUS SQ(431) = 185761

If the answer choices provided are such that the last two digits are different, then, we need to
carry out only the first two steps only.

10.
✓ The sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2

✓ The sum of squares of first n natural numbers is n(n+1)(2n+1)/6

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 ✓ The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is (n(n+1)/2) 2/4

✓ The sum of first n even numbers= n (n+1)

✓ The sum of first n odd numbers= n2

11. If a number ‘N’ is represented as a^x * b^y * c^z… where {a, b, c, …} are prime numbers, then

✓ the total number of factors is (x+1)(y+1)(z+1) ....

✓ the total number of relatively prime numbers less than the number is
N * (1-1/a) * (1-1/b) * (1-1/c)....

✓ the sum of relatively prime numbers less than the number is

N/2 * N * (1-1/a) * (1-1/b) * (1-1/c)....

✓ the sum of factors of the number is {a^(x+1)} * {b^(y+1)} * ...../(x * y *...)

12.
✓ Total no. of prime numbers between 1 and 50 is 15

✓ Total no. of prime numbers between 51 and 100 is 10

✓ Total no. of prime numbers between 101 and 200 is 21

13.
✓ The number of squares in n*m board is given by m*(m+1)*(3n-m+1)/6

✓ The number of rectangles in n*m board is given by n+1C2 * m+1C2

14. If ‘r’ is a rational no. lying between 0 and 1, then, r^r can never be rational.

15. Certain nos. to be remembered

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 ✓ 210 = 45 = 322 = 1024

✓ 38 = 94 = 812 = 6561

✓ 7 * 11 * 13 = 1001

✓ 11 * 13 * 17 = 2431

✓ 13 * 17 * 19 = 4199

✓ 19 * 21 * 23 = 9177

✓ 19 * 23 * 29 = 12673

16. Where the digits of a no. are added and the resultant figure is 1 or 4 or 7 or 9, then, the no.
could be a perfect square.

17. If a no. ‘N’ has got k factors and a^l is one of the factors such that l>=k/2, then, a is the only
prime factor for that no.

18. To find out the sum of 3-digit nos. formed with a set of given digits

This is given by (sum of digits) * (no. of digits-1)! * 1111…1 (i.e. based on the no. of digits)

Eg) Find the sum of all 3-digit nos. formed using the digits 2, 3, 5, 7 & 8.

Sum = (2+3+5+7+8) * (5-1)! * 11111 (since 5 digits are there)

= 25 * 24 * 11111

=6666600

19. Consider the equation x^n + y^n = z^n

As per Fermat’s Last Theorem, the above equation will not have any solution whenever n>=3.

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 20. Further as per Fermat, where ‘p’ is a prime no. and ‘N’ is co-prime to p, then,
N^(p-1) – 1 is always divisible by p.

21. 145 is the 3-digit no. expressed as sum of factorials of the individual digits i.e.

145 = 1! + 4! + 5!

22.
✓ Where a no. is of the form a^n – b^n, then,
• The no. is always divisible by a - b
• Further, the no. is divisible by a + b when n is even and not divisible by
a + b when n is odd

✓ Where a no. is of the form a^n + b^n, then,

• The no. is usually not divisible by a - b
• However, the no. is divisible by a + b when n is odd and not divisible by
a + b when n is even
23. The relationship between base 10 and base ‘e’ in log is given by
log10N = 0.434 logeN

24. WINE and WATER formula

Let Q - volume of a vessel, q - qty of a mixture of water and wine be removed each time from a
mixture, n - number of times this operation is done and A - final qty of wine in the mixture, then,

A/Q = (1-q / Q)^n

25. Pascal’s Triangle for computing Compound Interest (CI)

The traditional formula for computing CI is

CI = P*(1+R/100)^N – P

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 Using Pascal’s Triangle,

Number of Years (N)

-------------------

1 1

2 1 2 1

3 1 3 3 1

4 1 4 6 4 1

… 1 .... .... ... ... ..1

Eg: P = 1000, R=10 %, and N=3 years. What is CI & Amount?

Step 1:

Amount after 3 years = 1 * 1000 + 3 * 100 + 3 * 10 + 1 * 1 = Rs.1331

The coefficients - 1,3,3,1 are lifted from the Pascal's triangle above.

Step 2:

CI after 3 years = 3*100 + 3*10 + 3*1 = Rs.331 (leaving out first term in step 1)

If N =2, we would have had,

Amt = 1 * 1000 + 2 * 100 + 1 * 10 = Rs.1210

CI = 2 * 100 + 1* 10 = Rs.210

26. Suppose the price of a product is first increased by X% and then decreased by Y% , then, the
final change % in the price is given by:

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 Final Difference% = X - Y - XY/100

Eg) The price of a T.V set is increased by 40 % of the cost price and then is decreased by 25% of
the new price. On selling, the profit made by the dealer was Rs.1000. At what price was the T.V
sold?

Applying the formula,

Final difference% = 40 – 25 - (40*25/100) = 5 %.

So if 5 % = 1,000

Then, 100 % = 20,000.

Hence, C.P = 20,000

& S.P = 20,000+ 1000= 21,000

27. Where the cost price of 2 articles is same and the mark up % is same, then, marked price and
NOT cost price should be assumed as 100.

28.
✓ Where ‘P’ represents principal and ‘R’ represents the rate of interest, then, the difference
between 2 years’ simple interest and compound interest is given by P * (R/100)2

✓ The difference between 3 years’ simple interest and compound interest is given by (P * R 2
*(300+R))/1003

29.
✓ If A can finish a work in X time and B can finish the same work in Y time then both of them
together can finish that work in (X*Y)/ (X+Y) time.

✓ If A can finish a work in X time and A & B together can finish the same work in S time then B
can finish that work in (XS)/(X-S) time.

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 ✓ If A can finish a work in X time and B in Y time and C in Z time then all of them working
together will finish the work in (XYZ)/ (XY +YZ +XZ) time

✓ If A can finish a work in X time and B in Y time and A, B & C together in S time then
• C can finish that work alone in (XYS)/ (XY-SX-SY)
• B+C can finish in (SX)/(X-S); and
• A+C can finish in (SY)/(Y-S)

30. In case ‘n’ faced die is thrown k times, then, probability of getting atleast one more than the
previous throw = nC5/n5

31.
✓ When an unbiased coin is tossed odd no. (n) of times, then, the no. of heads can never be
equal to the no. of tails i.e. P (no. of heads=no. of tails) = 0

✓ When an unbiased coin is tossed even no. (2n) of times, then,

P (no. of heads=no. of tails) = 1-(2nCn/22n)

32. Where there are ‘n’ items and ‘m’ out of such items should follow a pattern, then, the
probability is given by 1/m!

Eg)1. Suppose there are 10 girls dancing one after the other. What is the probability of A dancing
before B dancing before C?

Here n=10, m=3 (i.e. A, B, C)

Hence, P (A>B>C) = 1/3!

= 1/6

Eg)2. Consider the word ‘METHODS’. What is the probability that the letter ‘M’ comes before ‘S’
when all the letters of the given word are used for forming words, with or without meaning?

P (M>S) = 1/2!

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 = 1/2

33. CALENDAR

✓ Calendar repeats after every 400 years.

✓ Leap year- it is always divisible by 4, but century years are not leap years unless they are
divisible by 400.

✓ Century has 5 odd days and leap century has 6 odd days.

✓ In a normal year 1st January and 2nd July and 1st October fall on the same day. In a leap
year 1st January 1st July and 30th September fall on the same day.

✓ January 1, 1901 was a Tuesday.

34.
✓ For any regular polygon, the sum of the exterior angles is equal to 360 degrees, hence
measure of any external angle is equal to 360/n (where n is the number of sides)

✓ For any regular polygon, the sum of interior angles =(n-2)*180 degrees
So measure of one angle is (n-2)/n *180

✓ If any parallelogram can be inscribed in a circle, it must be a rectangle.

✓ If a trapezium can be inscribed in a circle it must be an isosceles trapezium (i.e. oblique sides
equal).

35. For an isosceles trapezium, sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal in length to the sum of the
other pair of opposite sides (i.e. AB+CD = AD+BC, taken in order)

36.
✓ For any quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at right angles, the area of the quadrilateral
is
0.5*d1*d2, where d1, d2 are the length of the diagonals.

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 ✓ For a cyclic quadrilateral, area = root((s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d)), where
s=(a + b + c + d)/2
Further, for a cyclic quadrilateral, the measure of an external angle is equal to the measure
of the interior opposite angle.

✓ Area of a Rhombus = Product of Diagonals/2

37. Given the coordinates (a, b); (c, d); (e, f); (g, h) of a parallelogram , the coordinates of the
meeting point of the diagonals can be found out by solving for
[(a + e)/2, (b + f)/2] = [(c + g)/2, (d + h)/2]

38. Area of a triangle

✓ 1/2*base*altitude
✓ 1/2*a*b*sin C (or) 1/2*b*c*sin A (or) 1/2*c*a*sin B
✓ root(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) where s=(a+b+c)/2
✓ a*b*c/(4*R) where R is the circumradius of the triangle
✓ r*s ,where r is the inradius of the triangle

39. In any triangle

✓ a=b*cos C + c*cos B
✓ b=c*cos A + a*cos C
✓ c=a*cos B + b*cos A
✓ a/sin A=b/sin B=c/sin C=2R, where R is the circumradius
✓ cos C = (a^2 + b^2 - c^2)/2ab
✓ sin 2A = 2 sin A * cos A
✓ cos 2A = cos^2 (A) - sin^2 (A)

40. The ratio of the radii of the circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral triangle is 2:1

41. Appollonius Theorem

In a triangle ABC, if AD is the median to side BC, then

AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2) or 2(AD2 + DC2)

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 42.
✓ In an isosceles triangle, the perpendicular from the vertex to the base or the angular
bisector from vertex to base bisects the base.
✓ In any triangle the angular bisector of an angle bisects the base in the ratio of the other two
sides.

43. The quadrilateral formed by joining the angular bisectors of another quadrilateral is always a
rectangle.

44. Let W be any point inside a rectangle ABCD, then,

WD2 + WB2 = WC2 + WA2

45. Let a be the side of an equilateral triangle, then, if three circles are drawn inside this triangle
such that they touch each other, then each circle’s radius is given by a/(2*(root(3)+1))

46.
✓ Distance between a point (x1, y1) and a line represented by the equation
ax + by + c=0 is given by |ax1+by1+c|/Sq(a2+b2)
✓ Distance between 2 points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
Sq((x1-x2)2+ (y1-y2)2)

47. Where a rectangle is inscribed in an isosceles right angled triangle, then, the length of the
rectangle is twice its breadth and the ratio of area of rectangle to area of triangle is 1:2.
48. The number of factors os a number = (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)...so on where x=p^a*Q^b*r^c..so on
where p,q,r are prime numbers

49. if n lines no two of which are parallel and no three are concurrent then it will make

Sigma(n)+1 = nx(n+1)/2 +1 no of total spaces(both bound and unbound) out of these total 2n will be
unbound spaces.

50. Ptolemy’s Theorem - For a Cyclic Quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the two pairs of
opposite sides equals the product of the diagonals.. AC*BD = AB*CD + AD*BC
51. For a right Angled triangle Circum-radius -- hyp/2, In-radius -- (base x hgt) / (base+hgt+hyp)
52. to find out the last non zero digit of n!, z(n)-> denotes the last non zero digit in in expansion of n
factorial, L(n)-> denotes the last digit(unit digit) of n.z(n)=L[4^(number of tens in n)] * Z[n/5]
Note:-no of tens means the quotient obtained on dividing the number by 10 eg.Z(100) =
L(4^10)*Z(20), Z(20)=L(4^2)*Z(4), Z(4)=4, L(4^2)=6, Z(20)=4, so Z(100) = 6*4 = 24, hence last non
zero digit in 100! is 4
53. Sum of all numbers formed by n digits (a,b,c,d...n) = (n-1)! * (Sum of all digits) * 11...n times

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For eg. sum of all numbers formed by 2, 3, 4 & 5, = (4-1)! * (2+3+4+5) * 1111

= 3! * 14 * 1111 = 93324

54. No of possible diagonals for a n sided polygon = nC2 – n

55. Number of diagonals of a regular polgon with even number of sides(n) passing through the
centre is n/2
56. 1/1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + .... + upto infinity = (pie)^2/6
57. Sum of terms in an AP = Middle Term multiplied by (No of Terms), 1+2+3+4+5 = 3*5, 2+4+6+8 =
5*4
58. Inradius is always less than half of the altitude.
59. Incase of a work done by a person A in d+9 days & person B by d+4 days then d = Square root of
9*4 = 6 ie together they can finish of the work in 6 days.
60. if angles of an acute angle triangle are A, B and C , then sides are in the ratio sinA : sinB : SinC.
61. This is for Circular races: If the ratio of speeds of A and B is m:n,then in case of a race in the
same direction they meet at (m-n) points, If they run in opposite directions then the no. of
points is:m+n All equally spaced. If the speed of A is 'm' times that of B,then when running in the
same direction they meet at exactly (m-1) points and these points r equally spaced at 1/(m-1) of
the track length.
62. For any triangle wid S=sum of medians;P=perimeter the following relation holds: S<P<(4/3)S
63. Similarity of triangles...Ratio of ARea of 2 similar traingle=(Ratio of sides)^2Ratio of sides of 2
triangles=ratio of altitudes,inradiu,circumradius,etc
64. When there are 2 circles with radii r1 and r2 and with centres A,B and distance between the
centres (i.e. distance AB) is 'd', then the no. of common tangents the circles will have is as
follows: If d>r1+r2, then 4 common tangents, if d = r1+r2, then 3 common tangents, if
modulus(r1-r2)<d<r1+r2, then 2 common tangents, If d=modulus(r1-r2) then 1 common
tangent, if d<modulus(r1-r2) then no common tangent
65. On coprimes less than a Natural number number of coprimes less than a given natural number
N is given by the euler number expression for that number . For example , for N=400 = 2^4 *5^2
Euler number = 1/2 *4/5 *400 = 160, So there will be 160 coprimes to 400 less than it .The sum
of all these coprimes will be given by ...N/2 * {Euler no. of N}
How to find Pythagorus triplets. Select any number for which you want to find Pythagorus
triplets. let's say 7.Square it = 49. Now find two consecutive numbers which add upto 49 (in this
case 25 & 24).(This method will work only for odd numbers. For even numbers find the odd
factor of same and then proceed accordingly) i.e.Let us say 6:-6 = 3*2. find triplet for 3 and then
multiply the same by 2 i.e 3, 4 & 5 hence for 6 it will be 6, 8 & 10. The general formula is:B / A =
N + [ N / ( 2N + 1) ], the triplets are A, B and Ö(A² + B²).Just substitute N = 1,2,3,4,5……….
66. number of rectangles and squares <a> no. of rectangles of any size in a square of size n*n is
sigma(r=1,n)r^3 and no. of squares of any size is sigma(r=1,n)r^2 <b> in a rectangle of size
n*p(p>n) no. of rectangles of any size is, np(p+1)(n+1)/4, and no. of squares of any size is
sigma(r=1,n) (n+1-r)(p+1-r)

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 67. Important tips regarding CLOCKwhen the minute hand moves by x mins, hour hand moves by
(x/2) degrees from the previous houwhen minute hand moves by x mins, the angle it makes with
12 is 6x For eg If time is 3:40 then angle between minute and hour hand would be as follows 40
mins implies hour hand wud be at angle 20 degrees from 3 o'clock till 3 the angle wud b 90
degrees 40 mins implies minute hand wud make an angle 240 degrees with 12 o'clock hence
angle between hour and minute hand wud be 240 - 90 (3 o'clock makes with 12 o'clock) - 20
(hand hour moves by 20 degrees from 3) = 130 degrees or we can use (11m-60h)/2
68. Memorizing Reciprocal Percentage Equivalents.Tables can take care of multiplications
encountered. But if one has to develop speed in division, where the real tediousness lies,
reciprocal percentage equivalent are an absolute must. Lets see how reciprocals can be
memorized. Almost everyone knows that reciprocal of 2 is 50%, of 3 is 33.33% and of 5 is 20%. If
reciprocal of 2 is 50%, what will it be of 4…..half of 50%….25%. What will reciprocal of 8 be
…..half of 25%…..12.5%. Similarly reciprocal of 16 will be 6.25%. Also if I know reciprocal of 3 as
33.33%, can I also conclude reciprocal of 6, 9 will 16.66% and 11.11% Thus from 1 to 10, one
has to only mug up reciprocal of 7 which is 14.28% (simple two times 7 is 14 and two If
reciprocal of 9 is 11.11, reciprocal of 11 is 09.090909. Reciprocal of 9 is composed of 11s and
reciprocal of 11 is composed of 09s.Reciprocal of 12 will be half of reciprocal of 6 i.e. half of
16.66% i.e. 8.33%, effectively we need to mug up reciprocals of only 7, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29.
Some other numbers that can be remembered easily and the methods are :Reciprocal of 20 is
5%. Reciprocal of 21 is 4.76% and of 19 is 5.26%. Thus we can easily remember reciprocals of
(19, 20, 21) as (5.25%, 5, 4.75%) Reciprocal of 29 is 3.45% (i.e. 345 in order) and reciprocal of 23
is 4.35% (same digits but order is . Reciprocal of 22 is half of 09.0909% i.e. 4.545454% i.e.
consists of 45. Reciprocal of 18 is half of 11.1111% i.e. 5.55555% i.e. consists of only 5s

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