Southern Technical University

Engineering Technical College /Basrah

Department of Thermal Mechanical Engineering

MATHEMATICS II
Lecturer
Hadeel Omar Alkhaled

Chapter 1
Vector Analysis
 Vector Analysis Chapter 1
Definition Scalar Quantities : A scalar is a quantity which has only a
magnitude in space . such as : length, weight, volume, Temperature…etc.

Definition Vector Quantities is a quantity which has both

magnitude and direction in space such as :force ,speed …..elc
= , = , =

=
C

=
=

Note

(1) The zero vector is just a point, and it is denoted by 0, and has arbitrary
direction ,which is written as
(2) Given the two points and the vector
with the representation
Note that the vector above is the vector that starts at A and ends at B.
The vector that starts at B and ends at B is
(3)

Example 1: Given the vector for each of the following.

1- The vector from A=(2,-7,0) to B= (1,-3,-5)
2- The vector from C=(1,-3,-5) to D= (2,-7,0)
Solution
1-
2-

Example 2: Consider the vectors and in R3,

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where P = (2,1,5),Q = (3,5,7),
R = (1,−3,−2) and S = (2,1,0). Does = ?
Solution
= Q-P=(3−2,5−1,7−5) = (1,4,2).
= (2−1,1−(−3),0−(−2)) = (1,4,2).
∴ = = (1,4,2).

Definition Unit vector A vector of length 1 is called a unit vector. In an

xy-coordinate system the unit vectors along the x- and y-axes are denoted by
i and j, respectively. In an xyz-coordinate system the unit vectors along the
x-, y- and z-axes are denoted by i, j and k, respectively. Thus:

= ( 1,0) , j = ( 0,1) (2- dimension)

= ( 1,0,0) , j = ( 0,1,0 ), = ( 0,0,1) (3- dimension)

Note
All vectors can be expressed as linear combinations of the unit vectors
= ( v1 , v2 )= v1i + v2j (2- dimension)
= ( v1 , v2 , v3 )= v1i + v2j + v3k (3- dimension)

Example Write the vector = (3, 4,5) as linear combinations of the unit
vector
Solution
= 3i + 4j + 5k
A unit vector ( ) for any vector

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Defined as a vector whose magnitude is unity and is along of that is

Example:
Find the vector directed from point (2,-4,1) to point(0,-2,0) in
Cartesian coordinates and find the unit vector along
Solution
= -2i+2j-k

Definition Inverse Vectors An inverse vector is a vector of equal

magnitude to the original but in the opposite direction

 =-
 + = 0

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1- addition of the vector:

Given the two vectors and

The addition of the two vectors is given by the following formula

For = and = be two vectors

Then =

There are two method geometric interpretation of the addition or

(subtraction) of two vectors

1-First method (Triangle Method)

The sum of vectors and w, denoted by + is obtained by translating
so that its initial point is at the terminal point of ; the initial point of
+ is the initial point of , and its terminal point is the terminal point
of .
= , =

Example
1. Find + +
2. Find + + +

z
w
u+v+ w
u+v+w
w v+
u+v u+v+w+z
v u+vw
v
u
u

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2- Second method ( Complete the Parallelogram)
To add two geometric vectors, the following rule can also be used:
a) Position both vectors with their tails at the same point.
b) Build a parallelogram using the vectors as two sides.
c) The sum (resultant) is given by the diagonal of the parallelo-
gram starting from the common tail point.

Note
Adding a vector to itself
When you add a vector to itself, perhaps several times? We write, for
example, a + a + a = 3a.in the same way, we would write na = a + ... + a.

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 Vector Analysis

2- Subtraction of vector:
Given the two vectors and
the Subtraction vector is

For = and = be two vectors

Then =

The subtraction operation between two vectors can be

understood as a vector addition between the first vector and the
opposite of the second vector:
Here is the geometric interpretation of the difference of the two
vector

= - = +(- )

Definition scalar multiplication

Given the vectors and any number k scalar multiplication is

For =

Then =

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 Vector Analysis
i.e. If is a nonzero vector, k is a nonzero scalar, then the product (scalar
multiple) k is the vector whose length is |k| times the length of and whose
direction is the same as if k > 0, and opposite direction if k < 0. k = if k = 0
or = .

Scalar multiplication obeys the following rules :

 Distributive in the scalar: (k + d) = k + d

 Distributive in the vector: k( + ) = k + k
 Associate of product of scalars with scalar multiplication:
(kd) = k(d )
 Multiplying by 1 does not change a vector: 1 =
 Multiplying by 0 gives the zero vector: 0 =
 Multiplying by −1 gives the additive inverse: (−1) = −
Properties of vector algebra
If and are vectors and a and b two numbers then we have the
following properties:
a. For any vector v there is a vector (−v) such that + (− ) =
b. + = + Commutative Law
c. +( + ) = ( + )+ Associative Law
d. +0 = = 0+ Additive Identity
e. +(− ) = 0 Additive Inverse
f. (a + b) = a + b
Proof of +( + ) = ( + )+
Let and
+( + ) +( + )
= (u1, u2 ,u3)+(v1 +w1 , v2 +w2 , v3 +w3)
= (u1 +(v1 +w1) , u2 +(v2 +w2) , u3 +(v3 +w3))
= ((u1 +v1)+w1 , (u2 +v2)+w2, (u3 +v3)+w3 )
= (u1 +v1 ,u2 +v2 , u3 +v3)+(w1,w2,w3)
= ( + )+

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Note

Let = and = be two vectors

and

Example
1) find + for = (3i + 4j), = (-2i + j).
2) = 5(3i + 2j), = (7i + 3j).
Solution
1) + = (3i + 4j) + (-2i + j) = (3 - 2)i + (4 + 1)j = 1i + 5j = i + 5j =( 1 , 5)
2) 5(3i + 2j) - (7i + 3j) = (15i + 10j) - (7i + 3j) = (15 - 7)i + (10 - 3)j = 8i + 7j
=( 8 ,7)

Example:
Dos =
1) for = (-2, 1) , = (-2, 1)
2) = (5, 3) , = (3, 5)
Solution
1) =
because u1 =-2, v1 =-2 u1 = v1 and u2 =1, v2 =2 u2 = v2
2)
because. u1 = 5 v1 =3 , u1 v1 , u2 =3, v2 =5, u2 v2
Definition magnitude or (length) The magnitude or (length) of the vector
is denoted by the symbol or is.

Properties of the magnitude

a) . =
b) =0
c)
d) =0 if and only if =
e) +
f) .

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Example 3
Find the length of the vector , =(-1 , 3 , 2)

Solution
= = = =

Note

The magnitude of a vector is not in general equal to the sum of the

magnitudes of the two original vectors.

For Example
The magnitude of the vector (3, 0, 0) is 3, and the magnitude of the
vector (-2, 0, 0) is 2,
but the magnitude of the vector(3, 0, 0) + (-2, 0, 0) is 1, not 5!

Note

Two nonzero vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude
and the same direction. Any vector with zero magnitude is equal to
the zero vector.

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3-Dot Product
Definition Let = (v1,v2,v3) and = (w1,w2,w3) be vectors in R3.
The dot product of and , denoted by · , is given by:
· = v1w1 +v2w2 +v3w3
Similarly, for vectors v = (v1,v2) and w= (w1,w2) in R2, the dot product
is: · = v1w1 +v2w2
For vectors v = v1 i+v2 j+v3k and w= w1 i+w2 j+w3k in component
form, the dot product is still
· = v1w1 +v2w2 +v3w3
Properties Of The Dot Product

a) . = (commutative)
b) (s ). = s( ・ ) (respects scalar multiples)
c) .( + ) = . + . (distributes over vector sums)
d) ・ =0
e) . = 0 = or = or ⊥
f) s . = s.

Note
The associative law does not hold for the dot product of vectors Because for
vectors u, v, w, the dot product u·v is a scalar, and so (u·v) ·w is not defined
since the left side of that dot product (the part in parentheses) is a scalar and
not a vector.

Example
given =(2 , -2 ) , = (5, 8) , =(-4, 3 ) find each of the following:
1) .
2) ( . ) .
3) .( 2 )
Solution:
1) .
=(2 , -2 ) . (5 ,8) = 2x 5 + (-2)x8= 10-16= -6
2) ( . ) . = -6 (-4, 3 ) = (-6 x-4 , -6 x 3)
3) .( 2 ) = 2 ( . ) = 2x -6 =-12

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The Dot Product Of i, j And k

i·i=1 ,j·j=1 ,k·k=1

i·j=0 ,j·i=0 ,k·i=0
i·k=0 ,j·k=0 ,k·j=0

Define Projection let be are vectors the projection of onto

Is given by

Note

The projection of onto is given by

Example:
Determine the projection of vector =(2,1,-1)onto vector =(1,0,-2)
Solution

=4

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 Vector Analysis

(Direction cosines)
This application direction of the dot product requires that we be in three
dimensional spaces unlike all the other application we have looked at to
this point

Defection let =(v1,v2 , v3 )be a vector three dimensional space and

is the angle a vector makes with the x axis, α is the angle a vector makes
with the y axis, and β is the angle a vector makes with the z axis. These
angles are called Direction angle and the cosines of these angle are
called Direction cosines

The formulas for the direction cosines are

cos = v1= cos

cos = v2= cos
cos = v3= cos

Note

For any vector in Cartesian three-space, the sum of the squares of the
direction cosines is always equal to 1.
+ + =1

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Example
If = 5 and =70o, =85o, = 20o give the component form vector .
Solution
=( cos , cos , cos )

= ( 5 cos70 , 5 cos85, 5 cos20) = (1.7 , 0.43 ,4.7)

Example
Determine the direction cosines and direction angle for
Solution

cos =
cos =
cos =

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4-Cross Product:

Definition let = and = be vectors in space , the

cross product of and is the vector :
× = (u2v3 − u3v2 , u3v1 − u1v3 , u1v2 − u2v1)
The cross product × of two nonzero vectors and is also a nonzero vector, it
is perpendicular to both and .

We can now rewrite the definition for the cross product using these
determinants:
a) The top row consists of the unit vectors in order , , .
b) The second row consists of the coefficients .
c) The third row consists of the coefficients .

Properties of the cross product:

If , , and are vectors and s is a scalar, then :
1. x =– x (Anti-commutative)
2. (s )x = s( x )= x( )
3. x( + )= x + x (Distributive)
4. ( + )x = x + x

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5. ·( x )=( x )· = ( x )
6. x( x ) ( x ( )x (Not associative)
7. x( x )=( · ) –( · ) (both sides of this identity are vectors)
Note

For any vectors = (u1,u2,u3), = (v1,v2,v3), = (w1,w2,w3) in R3:

·( × )= = - +

The Cross Product Of i, j And k

i×j=k ,j×k=i ,k×i=j

i×i=0 ,j×j=0 ,k×k=0
i × k = −j , j × i = −k , k × j = −i
to find the cross product of any pair of basis vectors ,you travel around
the circle. Thus, to get i x j , you start at i, move to j and then on to k. If
you go around the circle clockwise, the answer is positive, if you go
counter-clockwise, it is negative. Thus, j x k =i , and so on, while k x j =-i ,
etc.

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Example:
Given = i – 2j + k and = 3i + j – 2k, find each of the following.

a. xv b. x c. x
Solution

a. xv =

= i- j+ k
= ( 4 – 1) i – (-2-3)j+(1+6)k= 3i+5j+7k

b. x =

= i- j+ k
= ( 1 – 4) i – (3+2)j+(-6-1)k= -3i-5j-7k

c. x =

= i- j+ k

= ( -2 + 2 ) i – (-6+6)j+(3-3)k= 0i-0j-0k = 0
Example:
Given the vectors = i − 2j+ 4k and = 3i + j− 2k find ×

Solution

× =

= i(4 − 4) - j(-2 -12) + k(1+ 6) = 14j + 7k

× = = = i(4 − 4) - j(12 + 2) + k(-6-1) = -14j - 7k

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Example:
Given the vectors = j+ 6k and = i + j find ×
Solution

× = = i(1.0 − 6) - j(0 -6) + k(0- 1) = -6i+6j -k

Example:
Find ×( × ) for = (1,2,4), = (2,2,0), = (1,3,0).
Solution:
Since · = 6 and · = 7, then
×( × ) = ( · ) −( · )
= 7(2,2,0)−6(1,3,0) = (14,14,0)−(6,18,0)
= (8,−4,0)

Note

Angle between Vectors

Let and be from R2 or R3 and let θ be the angle between them. Then

The angle between two vectors can be found by using the dot product.

cos ( ) = =cos-1( )

The angle between two vectors can be found by using the cross product.
sin = = sin -1( )

. is

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Example
What is the angle in degrees between =(1, 1, 1) and = ( 2 ,1 , 0),

Solution

. = 1.2 + 1. 1 +1.0= 3

= = =

= = =

cos ( ) = = = = cos-1 ( ) =39:23o

Example:
Find the angle between = 2i+3j+k & = -i+5j+k.

Solution:
=2.(-1)+3.5+1.1 =-2+15+1 =14
|| ||= ,|| ||=

cos ( ) = = =

∴ = cos-1 ( ) =43.93o 44o

Example
Given = 2i − 3j + 5k and = 5i + 3j − 7k, compute the angle between and
Solution

cos =

. = 2 x 5 + (-3)x 3 +5x(-7)= -34

= = =

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= = =

cos ( ) = = =

Note
One of the application of cross product to find unit vector normal ( on
and

Example:
Find the normal unit vector perpendicular on and for
and
Solution

x = = 5i -4j - 2k

Parallel Vectors
Two nonzero vectors and are parallel if there is some scalar c such
that
=c
Or
Two non-zero vectors and are parallel × = 0.

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Example

Which of the following vectors is parallel to = (– 6 , 8, 2)?

a. = (3, –4, –1)
b. =( 12, –16, 4)
Solution
a. Because = (3 ,– 4 , – 1) = (– 6, 8, 2) = – , you can
conclude that u is parallel to w.
OR

wxu= = ( 8x-1 – 2x-4,2x3 - -6x-1, -6x-4-8x3) =(0 , 0, 0)

b. In this case, you want to find a scalar c such that

(12, –16, 4) = c( –6, 8, 2) .

12 = –6 c = –2
–16 = 8 c = –2
4=2 c=2
Because there is no c for which the equation has a solution ,the
vectors are not parallel.

Orthogonal Vector
Two non-zero vectors and are orthogonal . =0

Example

Show that vectors =( 1, -1, 0) and = (2,2 ,4) are orthogonal,

Solution
1*2+-1*2+0*4=0

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Example

Determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal, parallel or

neither:
(1) =(-2, 6, -4) , = (4 ,-12 , 8).
(2) =i-j+2k , =2i-j+k.
(3) =( a ,b, c) , =(-b, a , 0)
Solution
(1) =(-2 ,6, -4) , = (4, -12, 8).
Because = (4, -12 , 8 ) = - (-2, 6 ,-4)= 2 , you can conclude that is
parallel to
(2) conclude that is parallel to
. = 2+1+2 = 5 ,

x = = ( -1x1 – 2x-1 , 2x2 - 1x1 , 1x-1- -1x2) =(1 , 3, 1)

the vectors are neither orthogonal nor parallel.

(3) =( a, b, c) , =(-b ,a , 0).
. = -ab + ab + 0 = 0, so the vectors are orthogonal.

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Parametric Equations

The parametric equations of a line in 3-space for a line passing

through p0 (x0,y0,z0) and parallel to v = ai + bj + ck:
is x = x0 + at , y = y0 + bt , z = z0 + ct
The above equation are called parametric equations for the line

Vector Equation

The vector equation of the line is: = +t

Where = (x0, y0, z0) is a vector whose components are
made of the point (x0, y0, z0) on the line L and
= ( a, b, c ) are components of a vector that is parallel to
the line L

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Example:
Find the parametric equation of the line passing through p0(1,3,2)
parallel to 2i−j+3k.
Solution:
The parametric equation is
x = 1 + 2t
y=3−t
z = 2 + 3t
Example:
Find a vector equation and parametric equations for the line that
passes through the point (5, 1, 3) and is parallel to the vector
v= i + 4j − 2k.
Solution
Here r0 = (5, 1, 3) = 5i + j + 3k and v = i + 4j − 2k, so the vector
r = r0 + tv
becomes
r = (5i + j + 3k) + t(i + 4j − 2k)
r = (5 + t)i + (1 + 4t)j + (3 − 2t)k

Parametric equations are

x = 5 + t , y = 1 + 4t , z = 3 − 2t

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Symmetric Equations for a Line

Consider the parametric form equations for a line:

L : x = x0 + at , y = yo + bt , z = z0 +ct.
If a, b and c are all nonzero, we can solve each equation for t to get :

=t
=t
=t
We called these three equation symmetric form of the system of equations
for line L, If we set:
= = =t
If one or more of a, b and c is zero, we can still obtain symmetric
equations. For example, if a = 0, the symmetric equations are

x =x0 , = =t

Example:
Find the symmetric equation for line through point (1,-5,6) and is parallel
to vector (-1,2,-3)
Solution
= =

Equations of Planes

To obtain an equation for a plane in space, we need a point P0(x0, y0,z0) on the
Plane and anon zero vector perpendicular(orthogonal) to
the plane. The vector is called normal vector. Now, assume that p=(x,y,z)
is any point in the plane.
– – –

Is the vector that lies in the plain (Because point P0 and point p lies in
the plain)
⊥ (Because is perpendicular to the plane, it is also Perpendicular
to any vector that lies in the plain)

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∴
a (x – x0) + b (y – y0) + c (z – z0) = 0
The above equation is called the equation of plane.

Note

To find the equation of a plane in R3, we need to know:

1. A point on the plane P0(x0, y0, z0).
2. A normal (perpendicular) vector to the plane.

Example:
Find the equation of plane through point (1,-1,1) and with normal
vector i+j-k
Solution
Given point is (1,-1,1(
Here a=1,b=1,c=-1
We know that equation of plane is given by-:
a (x – x0) + b (y – y0) + c (z – z0) = 0
1 (x-1)+1(y+1)-1(z-1)=0
x+y-z+1=0

Example: .
Find the equation of the plane with normal n = )1, 2, 7) which
contains the point P0 (5, 3, 4)
Solution
a (x – x0) + b (y – y0) + c (z – z0) = 0
1 (x – 5) + 2 (y – 3) + 7 (z – 4) = 0
x -5 +2y-6+7z-28=0
x+2y+7z-39=0

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Example:
Determine the equation of the plane that contains the points
P1 = ( 1 -2 0 ) , P2 = ( 3 1 4 ) , P3 = ( 0 -1 2 )
Solution
In order to write the equation of plane we need a point and a normal
vector , We need to find a normal vector.

Step 1

First convert the three points into two vectors by subtracting one
point from the other two
= ( 3-1 1-(-2) 4-0) = (2 3 4)
= ( 0-1 -1 –(-2) 2-0) = (-1 1 2)

Step 2

Find the cross product of the vectors found in Step 1. we know that
the cross product of two vectors will be orthogonal to both of these
vectors. Since both of these are in the plane any vector that is
orthogonal to both of these will also be orthogonal to the plane.
Therefore, we can use the cross product as the normal vector.

= x = = 2 i -8j +5k

Step 3

The coefficients a, b, and c of the planar equation are ( 2 -8 5), then

We can used any of the three points to find The equation of the plane >
a (x – x0) + b (y – y0) + c (z – z0) = 0
2 (x – 1) - 8 (y + 2) + 5(z – 0) = 0
2x – 2 -8y -16 +5z =0
2x -8y +5z =18

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Example:
Find an equation of the plane which contains the points
P1 (−1, 0, 1), P2 (1, -2,1) and P3 (2, 0, −1).
Solution

Step 1

= (2, -2 , 0)
= (3 , 0 ,-2)

Step 2

= x = = 4i + 4j + 6k

Step 3
= (4, 4 , 6)
a (x – x0) + b (y – y0) + c (z – z0) = 0
4 (x + 1) + 4 y + 6(z – 1) = 0
4x + 4 +4y +6z-6 =0
4x +4y +6z =2

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Note
In two dimensions, two lines either intersect or are parallel; in three
dimensions, lines that do not intersect might not be parallel.
Two lines that are not parallel and do not intersect are called skew lines.

Example:
Show that the lines
L1: x = t1 – 1, y = t1 + 5, z = 1
L2:x = t2 – 3, y = – t2 + 1, z = t2 + 2
Intersect , and find the point of intersection .

Solution:
If they intersect, we can find a value of t1 and t2 that satisfy the
equations
x0 = t1 – 1= t2 – 3 -------------------------(1)
y0 = t1 + 5= – t2 + 1----------------------(2)
z0 = 1 = t2 + 2-----------------------------(3)
from equation (3)
1 = t2 + 2 t2 = -1

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From equation (1) or (2)
t1 – 1= t2 – 3
t1 – 1= -1 – 3 t1 = -4+1=-3
then check whether the three sets of equations are satisfied by (t2, t1)
x0 = t1 – 1= t2 – 3 -3- 1= -1-3 -4=-4
y0 = t1 + 5= – t2 + 1 -3+5 = -(-1)+1 2=2
z0 = 1 = t2 + 2 1= -1+2 1 =1
the point of intersection (x0, y0, z0) = (– 4, 2, 1 )

Example:
Let L1 and L2 be lines with parametric equations
L1 : x = 1 + 2t1 ; y = 3 + 2t1 ; z = 2 – t1
L2 : x = 2 + t2 ; y = 6 – t2 ; z = -2 + 3t2
Determine whether the lines are parallel, skew, or intersecting. If
they intersect, find the point of intersection

Solution:
The direction vectors are = (2; 2;-1) and = (1;-1; 3)

parallel . Do they intersect

If there is an intersection point (x0; y0; z0), we will find it by solving
the system of three equations in parameters t1 and t2:
x0= 1 + 2t1 = 2 + t2 --------------------- (1)
y0 = 3 + 2 t1 = 6 - t2 -------------------- (2)
z0 = 2 - t1 = -2 + 3 t2 ------------------- (3)
solve the first two equation for t1 , t2 .
1 + 2t1 = 2 + t2 --------------------- (1)
3 + 2 t1 = 6 - t2 --------------------- (2)
Subtract equation (2) from equation (1) we get
-2 = -4+2t2 2t2 = -2+4
t2 =1
We can find t1 by substituting this value of t2 in either the first or second
equation
1 + 2t1 = 2 + t2 1 + 2t1 = 2 + 1
2t1 = 2 t1 = 1
Then check whether the three sets of equations are satisfied by (t2, t1)
x0 = 1 + 2t1 = 2 + t2 1+ 2= 2+1 3=3
y0 = 3 + 2 t1 = 6 - t2 3+2= 6-1 5=5
z0 = 2 - t1 = -2 + 3 t2 2-1= -2+3 1 =1
The point of intersection (x0, y0, z0) = (3, 5, 1 )

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 Vector Analysis

Example:
Determine whether the lines
L1 : x = 1 + 2t1 ; y = 3t1 ; z = 2- t1
L2 : x = -1 + t2 ; y = 4 + t2 ; z = 1 + 3t2
parallel, skew or intersecting.
Solution
The direction vectors are = (2, 3,-1) and = (1, 1, 3)

parallel . Do they intersect

If there is an intersection point (x0; y0; z0), we will find it by solving the
system of three equations in parameters t1 and t2
x0 = 1 + 2t1 = -1 + t2 ----------------------- (1)
y0 = 3t1= 4 + t2 ----------------------- (2)
z0 = 2 - t1= 1 + 3t2 ------------------------ (3)

Let us solve the first two equations.

1 + 2t1 = -1 + t2 ----------------------- (1)

3t1 = 4 + t2 ----------------------- (2)
subtract equation (2) from equation (1) we get
1 - t1 = -5 t1 = 6

we can find t2 by substituting this value of t1 in either the first or second

equation

3t1 = 4 + t2
3(6) = 4 + t2 t2 = 18 -4 =14

Then check whether the three sets of equations are satisfied by (t2, t1)
x0 = 1 + 2t1 = -1 + t2 1 + 2(6) = -1 + 14 13 =13
y0 = 3t1= 4 + t2 3(6)= 4 + 14 18 =18
z0 = 2 - t1= 1 + 3t2 2- 6= 1 + 3(14) -4 = 43

The solution does not satisfy the third equation. So these lines do not
intersect, therefore, they are skew.

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 Vector Analysis

Distance between a Point and a Line

Let L be a line and let P be a point not on L. The distance d from P to L is

the length of the line segment from P to L which is perpendicular to L
,Pick a point P0 on L, and let w be the vector from P0 to P. If is the
angle between w and v, then
d= sin .
= sin
∴ sin = d=

Example:
Find the distance d from the point P = (1,1,1) to the line
L : x = −3+7t, y = 1+3t, z = −4−2t
Solution
The distance d from P to L :
d=
= ( 7 ,3 ,-2)

= = ( 1- (-3) , 1- 1 , 1- (-4) ) = (4, 0 ,5)

= = 15i - 43j – 12k

= =

= = =

∴d= = = 5.98

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 Vector Analysis

Example:
Find the distance d from the point P = (1, 4, -3 ) to the line
L : x=2+t, y=-1-t, z=3t
Solution
The distance d from P to L :
d=
= ( 1 ,-1, 3)
= = ( 1- 2 , 4- (-1), -3- 0 ) = (1 ,5, -3)

= = -12i - 6j + 6k

= =

= = =

∴d= = = 4.43

Distance between two lines

Let P1 be a point on line L1 and P2 be point on line L2 .

1. If x = 0 OR =c L1 L2

d=

2. If x 0& .( x ) 0 L1 L2
d=0

3. If x 0& .( x ) 0 the two lines are

skew
d=

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 Vector Analysis
Example:
Find the distance d between the two lines:
1. L1 : x=1+2t, y=2+t, z=-3+3t
L2 : x=2+10t, y=-2+5t, z=3+15t
2. L1 : x=1+2t, y=2+2t, z=-3+3t
L2 : x=2+t, y=-2-t, z=3+7t
3. L1 : x=1+t, y=1-2t, z=8+t
L2 : x=3t, y=2+5t, z=8-8t

Solution

1. L1 : x=1+2t, y=2+t, z=-3+3t

L2 : x=2+10t, y=-2+5t, z=3+15t
The direction vectors are = (2 1 3) and = (10 5 15)

So these vectors are parallel

d=
= ( 2-1 , -2-2, 3- (-3))= (1 ,-4, 6)

= = 18i - 9j - 9k

= =

= =

d= = 5.9

2.L1 : x=1+2t, y=2+2t, z=-3+3t

L2 : x=2+t, y=-2-t, z=3+7t

The direction vectors are = (2 , 2, 3) and = (1 , -1, 7)

So these vectors are not parallel

= ( 2-1 , -2-2 , 3 – (-3)) = (1 , -4 , 6)

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Vector Analysis

x = = 17i - 11j - 4k

.( x ) 1 x 17 +(-4 x 11) +6 x (-4) = 17-44-24 =37 0

x 0& .( x ) 0 the two lines are skew

d=

= =

∴d= = = 1.79

3. L1 : x=1+t, y=1-2t, z=8+t

L2 : x=3t, y=2+5t, z=8-8t
The direction vectors are = (1 , -2 , 1) and = (3, 5 ,-8)

So these vectors are not parallel

= ( 0-1 ,2-1 , 8–8) = (-1, 1, 0)

x = = 11i + 11j +11k

.( x ) = -1 x 11+1 x 11+0 x 11=0

x 0& .( x ) 0 L1 L2
∴d=0

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 Vector Analysis

Distance between Point and Plane

The distance from a point P to a plane is the shortest distance from P
to any point on the plane; this is the distance measured from P
perpendicular to the plane , This distance is the absolute value of the
scalar projection of onto a normal vector .
1- Let a x +b y +c z +d the equation of plane .
2- Let P0 = (x0, y0, z0) be any point in the plane.
3- Let P1 = (x1, y1, z1) be any point in does not lie in Plane.
4- = (a,b, c) is a normal vector for P.
5- let be the angle between and .
(0 90 cos > 0 )

D = cos = = . =

D=

D=

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Vector Analysis

Example:
Find the distance D from point (2,4,−5) to the plane from
5x - 3y + z−10= 0
Solution
D= =

D= = = = = 2.87

Example:
Find the distance D from point(1, 6 , -1)to the plane from
2x + y - 2z - 19= 0
Solution
.

D=

D= = = = =3

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 Vector Analysis

Intersecting Planes:
The angle between planes is defined to be the angle between their
normal vectors. If this angle is either 0 or , then the normal vectors
are parallel, and we say that the planes are parallel. Otherwise, the
planes intersect, and this intersection is a line.

= cos - 1

The line of intersection must be perpendicular to both &

n1 ×n2 ⊥ n1 , n1 ×n2 ⊥ n2

Thus, we can write L in the following vector form

L : r + t(n1 ×n2) , for −∞< t <∞

where r is any vector pointing to a point belonging to both planes. To

find a point in both planes, find a common solution (x, y, z) to the two
normal form equations of the planes. This can often be made easier by
setting one of the coordinate variables to zero, which leaves you to solve
two equations in just two unknowns.

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 Vector Analysis

Example:
Find the angle between the planes P1 = x + y + z - 1 = 0 & P2 = x - 2y + 3z -
1 = 0. Find their intersection.
Solution
The normal to P1 is = (1, 1 , 1)and the normal to P2 is = (1 , -2,
3). Therefore, the angle between them is
= cos - 1

= cos - 1 = cos - 1 = 72o

To find the equation of a line intersect in a line.

we need a point and vector , The vector of the line will be
perpendicular to both and

x = = 5i - 4j - 6k

x + y + z - 1 = 0 ------------(1)
x - 2y + 3z - 1 = 0 -------------(2)

Set z = 0. Then the above equations are reduced to

x + y - 1 = 0 ----------(1)
x - 2y - 1 = 0 ---------(2)
Subtract equation (2) from equation (1) we get
3y =0 y=0
We can find x by substituting this value of y in either the first or second
equation
x+0-1 =0 x=1
the point ( 1, 0 ,0 )
L : r + t(n1 ×n2)
L :( 1 ,0 ,0) + t(5 ,-4 , -6)
L : x = 1 + 5t y = - 4t z = -6t

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 Vector Analysis

Example:
Find the line of intersection L of the planes P1 = 5x−3y+z−10= 0 &
P2 = 2x+4y−z+3 = 0.
Solution
The plane 5x−3y+ z−10 = 0 has normal vector = (5,−3,1) and the
plane 2x+ 4y−z+3 = 0 has normal vector = (2,4,−1)
c
the two planes are not parallel and hence will intersect.
To find the equation of a line intersect in a line.
we need a point and vector , The vector of the line will be
perpendicular
to both and

x = = -i + 7j + 26k

5x−3y+ z−10 = 0 ------------(1)

2x+4y− z+ 3 = 0 -------------(2)
Set x = 0. Then the above equations are reduced to
−3y+ z−10 = 0 ----------(1)
4y− z+ 3 = 0 ---------(2)
------------------------------------- +
y =7
We can find z by substituting this value of y in either the first or second
equation
−3(7)+ z−10 = 0 z = 31
the point (0 , 7 , 31)
L : r + t(n1 ×n2)
L :( 0 , 7 , 31 ) + t(-1, 7 , 26)
L : x = -t y = 7 + 7t z = 31 + 26 t

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