The cell

Ust: Magdolin Ahmed

 The Cell
Definition:
The Cell is the structural and functional unit of
the body organs.
The Cells arc bound together to form tissues. the
tissues, arc combined to form organs. Several
organs having interrelated functions constitute
the different systems of the body (digestive
system. urinary system, ….)
Functions of Cells:
The cells in the body perform many functions as:
secretion. excretion. respiration. absorption.
conduction. contraction. sensation and
regulation of the other body functions.
.
Size of cells:
The different cells vary in size. Some cells arc
small as cells of the cerebellum. The others are
large as the musde cells
The majority of body cells are medium-sized.
Shape of cells:
The different body cells vary in shape. Some cells
are rounded ,oval , flat , cubical or columnar in
shape
Structure of cells:
Each cell is composed of the following two main
parts:
I. The Cytoplasm.
2. The Nucleus.
 The Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is formed of the following four
main components:
Cytoplasmic Matrix : It is a colloidal gel-like
solution of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,
minerals, enzymes and ions.
Cytoplasmic Organelles :They are two types:
Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles:
Non-membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles.
Cytoplasmic Cytoskeleton: They form a
supportive network within the cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic Inclusions (Cell Inclusions): They
are stored of food as: glycogen and fat or the
pigments as: carbon and melanin.
 Cell Organelles
The Organelle is small Organ .
The Organelles. are classified into:
Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles:
Are covered by membranes.
Non-Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles:
Are not covered by membranes.
The Membranous Cell Organelles:
Are The Following:
 The Cell Membrane or plasma membrane.
 The Mitochondria.
 The Golgi Apparatus.
 The Lysosomes.
 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)
 Peroxisomes.
 Endosomes
 Coated Secretory Vesicles.
The Non-Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles:

They are not covered by membranes as:

Ribosomes
Centrioles
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Cilia
Flagella.
The Membranous Cell Organelles
The Cell Membrane
Definition:
It is the outermost covering of the cytoplasm.
Thickness:
Its thickness ranges from 8 to I0nm
The Structure of The Cell Membrane:
It is formed of:
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Carbohydrates.
 Functions of the Cell Membrane
The Main Function of The Cell Membrane Is:
o Control the Exchange of materials Between
The Cell And Its Surroundings.
(allow gases, potassium, ions and oxygen to pass
into the cell.It also allows carbon dioxide and
other metabolic wastes to leave the cell).
o Selective Transport of Materials:
(Transport of Solid Materials By Phagocytosis,
Transport of Fluid Materials By Pinocytosis)
o Conduction of Nerve Impulses:
In nerve and muscle cells, membranes facilitate
conduction of nerve impulses from one cell to
another.
 Mitochondria
They are formed of:
 Protein
 Lipid
 DNA
 RNA
 Zinc
 Calcium
 Magnesium.
Functions of Mitochondria
They are responsible for cell respiration.
They are considered as the power house of the
cell.
They supply energy to all cellular activity.
They contain the many enzymes.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
Formed of communicating wide and narrow
tubules.
They synthesize protein, carbohydrate, lipid and
regulate mineral metabolism.
There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum;
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (granular)
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(non granular).
 Golgi Apparatus
They are formed of small flat sac .
The sacs are arranged above each other forming
stacks. - Each srack has a concave mature
surface and a convex immature surface
Function of Golgi Apparatus
 Is responsible for collecting the secretory products
of the cells.
 It adds sulfates to secretory products of the cells.
 It adds carbohydrates to some secretory products
of the cell.
 Plays an important role in Keeping the cell
membrane and the cell coat in a good condition.
 It provides additional protein to the secreted
products.
 Lysosomes
They are spherical in shape, their diameters vary
from 0.2 to 0.4 micron
Functions of Lysosomes
 During life are concerned with intracytoplasmic
digestion of nutritive materials.
 Play and important role in defending the body
against invading organisms, they can kill
bacteria and viruses.
 They can digest old mitochondria.
 They can loosen the stored inactive hormones
in the endocrine cells
 They facilitate the process of penetration of
sperm to ovum during fertilization.
 Peroxisomes or Microbodies
They are small cell organelles surrounded by
membranes. They contain peroxidase and
catalase enzymes which remove H2 02 from the
cells.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum and
polysomes share in their formation.
They remove toxic from liver and kidney cells.
 Coated Secretory Vesicles
They are small vesicles covered by protein
membranes. They may contain digestive
enzymes. They contain hormones.
They are formed through the interaction between
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi
apparatus
The Non - Membranous Cell Organelles

The Ribosomes
They are rounded or oval cytoplasmic organelles
formed of ribo-nucleoprotein (RNA + Protein),
They synthesize proteins. They are formed in
the nucleolus, They pass through the nuclear
pores to reach the cytoplasm.
Functions Of Ribosomes:
Ribosomes with the organization of transfer RNA
and messenger RNA form the different types of
proteins.
• Free ribosomes form the cytoplasmic protein
• Attached ribosomes form the secreted protein .
 Centrioles
They form the cytoskeleton of the cell. They arc
present near the nucleus. which contains a pair
of ccntroiles. They are tubular structures. Each
centriole is a hollow cylinder, closed at one end
the other end is opened.
Functions Of Centrioles
 They play an important role during cell
division
 Contribute in the formation of cilia and flagella
in cells.
 Cilia
Cilia arc formed of microtubulcs covered by the
cell membrane.
They extend from the free surface of cells. Cilia
arc found on the surfaces of cells which line the
respiratory and female genital traets
They help in the movements of fluids or small
bodies
 The Flagella
Is similar in its structure to the cilia, but it is rather
longer. In man the only cell with a single
flagellum is the spermatozoon, it forms its tail
and facilitates its movements
 Cytoskeleton Of The Cell
It forms the skeleton of each cell and is
responsible for its specific shape.
It consists of microtubules, microfilaments and
intermediate filaments
The Microtubules
They are present in all kinds of cells.
They are cylinderical filamentous structures about
25 nm in diameter.
They are formed of protein. They are formed by
the centrioles from the cytoplasmic protein.
 Functions of Micortubules
They form the skeleton of the cell.
They facilitate transport of particles in the
cytoplasm
They are concerned in the formation and
movemeent of cilia and flagella
They play an important role during cell
divison,.
 The Microfilaments
The microtilament is from 7 to 10 nm in
diameter
Types of microfilament:
 Thin Actin Filaments are formed of protein (G
and F Actin). They are found in muscle cells, in
microvilli and in the cytoplasm of all cells.
 Thick Myosin Filaments formed of protein
(myosin) and are found in muscles.
 Intermediate Filaments
 Micro villi
They are finger like projections present on the
surface of cells of the body as cells of intestine,
liver and kidney.
They are formed of microfilaments covered with
cell membranes. They increase the process of
absorption and the surface area of the cell.
 The Nucleus
The Nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell.
It plays an important role in heredity, in cell
division and in controlling all cellular functions.
Blood RBC and blood platelets have no nuclei.
Number:
Usually each cell contains one nucleus. Two
nuclei present in some liver cells and some
superficial cells of the transitional epithelium.
Many nuclei are present in the osteoclast cells
of bone and in skeletal muscle cells.
Size:
Small, medium-sized or large.
Shape:
There are various shapes for the nuclei. They
rounded, oval flattened, rod-shaped, bilobed
(horse shoe). lobulated. kidney-shaped. or
segmented.
Position:
The nucleus may be central. eccentric, peripheral
or basal in position.
Structure Of Nucleus
The nucleus consists of the following FOUR
Components:
1.Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope.
2. Nuclear Sap (nuclear matrix).
3. Nucleolus
4. Nuclear Chromatids
Nuclear Envelope:
It is a dark basopilic membrane which surrounds
the nucleus..
The Nuclear sap ( Nuclear Matrix):
It is a protein solution present between
the condensed chromatin.
Functions Of Nuclear sap:
It has a role in Gene Transcription.
It is the site for chromosomal duplication and
ribosomal movement.
 The Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a basophilic mass formed of
many ribosomal RNA. and few inactive DNA.
It is surrounded by chromatin materials. - The
nucleolus disappears during cell division but it
reappears in new daughter cells.
The End