Relationship between

Load
Shear Force
Bending Moment
Relationship is proved by derivation, Shear force and bending moment
diagram are also drawn for Uniformly Varying Distributed Load.

Moment of Inertia
Polar of Moment of Inertia
Parallel and Perpendicular Axis Theorem
Radius of Gyration

Bending Stress / Flexural Formula Derivation

Moment of Inertia and Bending Moment Calculations
Bending Stress Profile Along the Unsymmetrical Section

Shear Stress Formula Derivation

Moment of Inertia of Symmetrical Section by two different methods
Centroid / Neutral Axis of Symmetrical Section by two different methods
Distribution of Shear Stresses along the Section

1. Relationship:

The relationship between load, shear force, and bending moment can be expressed
mathematically as follows:

Rate of change of shear force with respect to distance (x) is equal to the
intensity of the load (w) at that point:
dV/dx = w(x)
Rate of change of bending moment with respect to distance (x) is equal to the shear
force (V) at that point:
dM/dx = V(x)
2. Derivation for Uniformly Varying Distributed Load (UVL):

Consider a beam of length L subjected to a uniformly varying load (w) that

increases linearly from zero at one end to w₀ at the other end.
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beam with a uniformly varying load

Let's analyze a section of the beam at a distance x from the left end. The
intensity of the load at this section is:

w(x) = (w₀/L) * x
Shear Force (V):

To find the shear force at section x, we integrate the load intensity equation:

V(x) = ∫ w(x) dx = ∫ (w₀/L) * x dx

Integrating and applying the limits, we get:

V(x) = (w₀/2L) * x² + C₁
To determine the constant C₁, we can use the boundary condition that the shear
force at the left end (x = 0) is zero:

V(0) = 0 = (w₀/2L) * 0² + C₁
Therefore, C₁ = 0.
So, the shear force equation becomes:

V(x) = (w₀/2L) * x²
Bending Moment (M):

To find the bending moment at section x, we integrate the shear force equation:

M(x) = ∫ V(x) dx = ∫ (w₀/2L) * x² dx

Integrating and applying the limits, we get:

M(x) = (w₀/6L) * x³ + C₂
To determine the constant C₂, we can use the boundary condition that the bending
moment at the left end (x = 0) is zero:

M(0) = 0 = (w₀/6L) * 0³ + C₂
Therefore, C₂ = 0.

So, the bending moment equation becomes:

M(x) = (w₀/6L) * x³
3. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for UVL:

Shear Force Diagram:

The shear force diagram is a parabola.

It starts from zero at the left end and increases parabolically to a maximum value
at the right end.
Bending Moment Diagram:

The bending moment diagram is a cubic curve.

It starts from zero at both ends and reaches a maximum value somewhere between the
two ends.
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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for UVL
Key Points:

The slope of the shear force diagram at any point is equal to the load intensity at
that point.
The slope of the bending moment diagram at any point is equal to the shear force at
that point.
The area under the load intensity diagram between two points is equal to the change
in shear force between those two points.
The area under the shear force diagram between two points is equal to the change in
bending moment between those two points.
By understanding the relationship between load, shear force, and bending moment,
engineers can analyze the behavior of structures under various loading conditions
and design them accordingly.

Moment of Inertia

The moment of inertia (I) is a measure of an object's resistance to rotational

motion. It's analogous to mass in linear motion, where a larger mass resists linear
acceleration. In rotational motion, a larger moment of inertia resists angular
acceleration.

Mathematically, it's defined as the sum of the product of the mass of each particle
in the object and the square of its distance from the axis of rotation:
I = Σ mr²
Where:

I: Moment of inertia
m: Mass of a particle
r: Distance of the particle from the axis of rotation
Polar Moment of Inertia

The polar moment of inertia (J) is a measure of an object's resistance to torsional

deformation. It's calculated by summing the product of the mass of each particle
and the square of its distance from the axis of rotation in a plane perpendicular
to the axis of torsion.

For a plane lamina, the polar moment of inertia is related to the second moments of
area about two perpendicular axes in the plane:

J = Ix + Iy
Where:

J: Polar moment of inertia

Ix, Iy: Second moments of area about the x and y axes, respectively.
Parallel Axis Theorem

The parallel axis theorem states that the moment of inertia of a body about any
axis is equal to the moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the center of
mass plus the product of the mass of the body and the square of the distance
between the two axes.

Mathematically:

I = Icm + Md²
Where:

I: Moment of inertia about the given axis

Icm: Moment of inertia about the parallel axis through the center of mass
M: Mass of the body
d: Distance between the two axes
Perpendicular Axis Theorem

The perpendicular axis theorem applies to planar laminas. It states that the moment
of inertia of a planar lamina about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the
lamina is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about any two
perpendicular axes in the plane of the lamina that intersect at the point where the
perpendicular axis passes through the lamina

Bending Stress / Flexural Formula Derivation

Assumptions:

Linear Elastic Material: The material of the beam obeys Hooke's law, meaning stress
is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit.
Plane Sections Remain Plane: After bending, plane sections initially perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis remain plane.
Small Deflections: Deflections of the beam are small compared to its length.
Derivation:

Consider a beam subjected to a bending moment M:

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beam subjected to a bending moment

Neutral Axis: A line within the beam where the longitudinal fibers experience zero
stress. This is due to the assumption that plane sections remain plane.

Strain Distribution:The strain at any point is proportional to the distance from

the neutral axis:
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strain distribution in a beam

ε = y/R
where:

ε: Strain
y: Distance from the neutral axis
R: Radius of curvature of the beam
Stress Distribution: Using Hooke's Law (σ = Eε), we get:
σ = Ey/R
where:

σ: Stress
E: Young's Modulus of Elasticity
Moment Equilibrium: The total moment produced by the internal stresses must equal
the external bending moment M:
M = ∫(σ * y * dA)
Substituting σ = Ey/R:

M = (E/R) ∫(y² * dA)

The integral ∫(y² * dA) represents the moment of inertia (I) of the cross-sectional
area about the neutral axis.

Therefore, the bending stress formula (also known as the flexural formula) is:

σ = My/I
Moment of Inertia and Bending Moment Calculations

The moment of inertia (I) depends on the cross-sectional shape of the beam. For
common shapes like rectangular, circular, and I-beams, there are standard formulas
to calculate I.

The bending moment (M) at a specific point in a beam depends on the applied loads
and the beam's support conditions. It can be calculated using equilibrium equations
or by analyzing the shear force and bending moment diagrams.

Bending Stress Profile Along an Unsymmetrical Section

For an unsymmetrical section, the neutral axis does not coincide with the
centroidal axis. To determine the location of the neutral axis, we need to
calculate the first moment of area (Q) about the neutral axis:

Q = ∫(y * dA)
The neutral axis is located where Q = 0.

Once the location of the neutral axis is determined, we can calculate the moment of
inertia (I) about the neutral axis and then use the bending stress formula to
determine the stress distribution along the section.
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bending stress profile in an unsymmetrical section

The bending stress will vary linearly along the section, with the maximum tensile
and compressive stresses occurring at

the points farthest from the neutral axis

Shear Stress Formula Derivation

Assumptions:

Shear stress is uniformly distributed across the width. This assumption is

reasonable for beams with rectangular cross-sections and for points far from stress
concentrations.
Plane sections remain plane after bending. This is a fundamental assumption in beam
theory.
Derivation:

Consider a beam subjected to a shear force V. Let's analyze a small element of the
beam with width b and height dy at a distance y from the neutral axis.
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beam crosssection with a small element

The shear force V acting on the cross-section above the element causes a shear
stress τ on the element.

Equilibrium of Forces:

The shear force V acting on the cross-section above the element must be balanced by
the shear force resisted by the material below the element. This can be expressed
as:

V = ∫(τ * b * dy)
Shear Stress Distribution:

To determine the distribution of shear stress, we need to relate τ to the bending

moment M and the moment of inertia I of the cross-section.

From the bending stress formula, we know:

σ = My/I
Differentiating both sides with respect to y, we get:

dσ/dy = M/I
But, dσ/dy is also equal to the shear stress τ at that point. Therefore:

τ = VQ/Ib
Where:

τ: Shear stress
V: Shear force
Q: First moment of area of the cross-sectional area above the element about the
neutral axis
I: Moment of inertia of the entire cross-section about the neutral axis
b: Width of the element
Moment of Inertia of Symmetrical Section by Two Different Methods
Method 1: Integration

For a symmetrical section, the moment of inertia can be calculated by integrating

the product of the area element (dA) and the square of its distance (y²) from the
neutral axis:

I = ∫(y² * dA)
Method 2: Using Standard Formulas

For common shapes like rectangular, circular, and I-beams, there are standard
formulas to calculate the moment of inertia. For example, for a rectangular section
with width b and height h:

I = (bh³) / 12
Centroid / Neutral Axis of Symmetrical Section by Two Different Methods

Method 1: Integration

The centroid of a section is the point where the first moment of area about any
axis is zero. For a symmetrical section, the neutral axis coincides with the
centroidal axis.

ȳ = (∫(y * dA)) / A
Where:

ȳ: Distance of the centroid from the reference axis

A: Total area of the section
Method 2: Using Symmetry

For symmetrical sections, the centroid and neutral axis lie on the axis of
symmetry.

Distribution of Shear Stresses Along the Section

The shear stress distribution varies along the height of the section. It is maximum
at the neutral axis and zero at the top and bottom surfaces. The distribution is
parabolic for rectangular sections and more complex for other shapes.
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shear stress distribution in a rectangular section

By understanding the shear stress formula and the methods to calculate moment of
inertia and centroid, engineers can analyze the stress distribution in beams and
design them to withstand the applied loads.