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Multi-Platform
Graphics Programming
with Kivy
Basic Analytical Programming for 2D,
3D, and Stereoscopic Design
—
Moisés Cywiak
David Cywiak
Multi-Platform
Graphics
Programming
with Kivy
Basic Analytical Programming
for 2D, 3D, and
Stereoscopic Design
Moisés Cywiak
David Cywiak
Multi-Platform Graphics Programming with Kivy: Basic Analytical
Programming for 2D, 3D, and Stereoscopic Design
Moisés Cywiak David Cywiak
Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico Queretaro, Mexico
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������365
vii
About the Authors
Moisés Cywiak is a researcher in physical optical sciences. He has over
20 years of teaching experience in physics, mathematics, electronic
engineering, and programming in C, C++, and Python at the Centro de
Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.
David Cywiak received his PhD in Physics in 2014 from the Universidad
de Guanajuato. From 2012 to 2013, he collaborated as a guest researcher
at the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-
Columbia, in the development of an optical-photoacoustic system
intended for the detection of photoacoustic signals generated by
cancerous cells. Since 2014, he has been working as a metrologist in the
Thermometry Department at the Centro Nacional de Metrologia, México.
His research includes photoacoustics, optical engineering, and radiation
thermometry. He has over seven years of experience teaching physics,
mathematics, and programming in C to undergraduate students. He also
has over five years of experience teaching temperature measurement
techniques and calibration of instruments in the thermometry area to
industry professionals.
ix
About the Technical Reviewer
Ahmed Gad is a machine learning engineer pursuing his Phd in computer
engineering at the University of Ottawa. He works with companies like
Paperspace and NeptuneAI on machine learning projects and their
documentation. Ahmed created PyGAD, a Python open-source library for
building the genetic algorithm and has a history of four books in the field.
xi
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Natalie Pao, Jessica Vakili, Ahmed Gad, and James
Markhan for providing valuable comments and suggestions during the
review of this book.
xiii
CHAPTER 1
Getting Started:
Software installation
The code presented in this book can be executed on any platform running
Python. However, to translate the programs into applications that can
be installed and executed on Android, the developing operating system
must be Ubuntu. We briefly describe the preliminary steps to run Python
along with the required applications in Ubuntu. In this case, we are using
Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS.
Although Python3 is already installed in Ubuntu, we need to install
pip3 and IDLE. We cover how to use pip3 later, which is necessary to install
the additional packages and libraries that the programs will require. IDLE
is the shell that allows you to write and execute the code.
To install pip3 and IDLE, you have to type the following three
commands, in the order indicated.
2
Chapter 1 Getting Started: Software installation
You can verify that Kivy has been installed by typing pip3 list. In our
case, we obtained Kivy version 1.10.1. As you will see, it is important to
make a note of the version number.
3
Chapter 1 Getting Started: Software installation
1.9.0 0.21.2
1.9.1 0.23.1
1.10.0 0.25.2
1.10.1 0.28.2
1.11.0 0.29.9
1.11.1 0.29.9
2.0.0 0.29.10
4
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came the troops formed in column of platoons, the leading platoon,
preceded by the band playing “Garry Owen,” being composed of the
sharpshooters under Colonel Cook, followed in succession by the
squadrons in the regular order of march. In this order and
arrangement we marched proudly in front of our chief, who, as the
officers rode by giving him the military salute with the sabre, returned
their formal courtesy by a graceful lifting of his cap and a pleased
look of recognition from his eye, which spoke his approbation in
language far more powerful than studied words could have done. In
speaking of the review afterwards, General Sheridan said the
appearance of the troops, with the bright rays of the sun reflected
from their burnished arms and equipments, as they advanced in
beautiful order and precision down the slope, the band playing, and
the blue of the soldiers’ uniforms slightly relieved by the gaudy colors
of the Indians, both captives and Osages, the strangely fantastic part
played by the Osage guides, their shouts, chanting their war songs,
and firing their guns in air, all combined to render the scene one of
the most beautiful and highly interesting he remembered ever having
witnessed.
After marching in review, the troops were conducted across the
plain to the border of Beaver creek, about a quarter of a mile from
General Sheridan’s camp, where we pitched our tents and prepared
to enjoy a brief period of rest.
We had brought with us on our return march from the battle-
ground of the Washita the remains of our slain comrade, Captain
Louis McLane Hamilton. Arrangements were at once made, upon our
arrival at Camp Supply, to offer the last formal tribute of respect and
affection which we as his surviving comrades could pay. As he had
died a soldier’s death, so like a soldier he should be buried. On the
evening of the day after our arrival at Camp Supply the funeral took
place. A little knoll not far from camp was chosen as the resting
place to which we were to consign the remains of our departed
comrade. In the arrangements for the conduct of the funeral
ceremonies, no preliminary or important detail had been omitted to
render the occasion not only one of imposing solemnity, but deeply
expressive of the high esteem in which the deceased had been held
by every member of the command. In addition to the eleven
companies of the Seventh Cavalry, the regular garrison of Camp
Supply, numbering several companies of the Third Regular Infantry,
the regiment in which Captain Hamilton had first entered the regular
service, was also in attendance. The body of the deceased was
carried in an ambulance as a hearse, and covered with a large
American flag. The ambulance was preceded by Captain Hamilton’s
squadron, commanded by Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel T. B. Weir, and
was followed by his horse, covered with a mourning sheet and
bearing on the saddle—the same in which Captain Hamilton was
seated when he received his death wound—the sabre and belt and
the reversed top-boots of the deceased. The pall-bearers were
Major-General Sheridan, Brevet Lieutenant-Colonels J. Schuyler
Crosby, W. W. Cook, and T. W. Custer, Brevet Major W. W. Beebe,
Lieutenant Joseph Hall, and myself.
Our sojourn at Camp Supply was to be brief. We arrived there on
the 2d of December, and in less than one week we were to be in the
saddle with our numbers more than doubled by reinforcements, and
again wending our way southward over the route we had so lately
passed over.
Before setting out on the last expedition, I had stated to the
officers in a casual manner that all parties engaged in the conduct of
the contemplated campaign against the Indians must reconcile
themselves in advance—no matter how the expedition might result—
to becoming the recipients of censure and unbounded criticism; that
if we failed to engage and whip the Indians—labor as we might to
accomplish this—the people in the West, particularly along and near
the frontier, those who had been victims of the assaults made by
Indians, would denounce us in unmeasured terms as being
inefficient or lukewarm in the performance of our duty; whereas if we
should find and punish the Indians as they deserved, a wail would
rise up from the horrified humanitarians throughout the country, and
we would be accused of attacking and killing friendly and
defenceless Indians. My predictions proved true; no sooner was the
intelligence of the battle of the Washita flashed over the country than
the anticipated cry was raised. In many instances it emanated from a
class of persons truly good in themselves and in their intentions, but
who were familiar to only a very limited degree with the dark side of
the Indian question, and whose ideas were of the sentimental order.
There was another class, however, equally loud in their utterances of
pretended horror, who were actuated by pecuniary motives alone,
and who, from their supposed or real intimate knowledge of Indian
character and of the true merits of the contest between the Indians
and the Government, were able to give some weight to their
expressed opinions and assertions of alleged facts. Some of these
last described actually went so far as to assert not only that the
village we had attacked and destroyed was that of Indians who had
always been friendly and peaceable toward the whites, but that
many of the warriors and chiefs were partially civilized and had
actually borne arms in the Union army during the war of rebellion.
The most astonishing fact connected with these assertions was not
that they were uttered, but that many well-informed people believed
them.
The Government, however, was in earnest in its determination to
administer proper and deserved punishment to the guilty; and as a
mark of approval of the opening event of the winter campaign, the
following telegram from the Secretary of War was transmitted to us
at Camp Supply: